ENERGY METHODS AND CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREMS

CEE 421L. Matrix Structural Analysis

Fall, 2012

Z
• Strain Energy: U = 1
2 {σ}T {} dV
V
Z Z
• External Work: W = F dD ; Complementary Work: W∗ = D dF
• Superposition: N = No +
P P P
n i F i ; M = Mo + mi Fi ; V = Vo + vi Fi ; etc.
• Castigliano’s First Theorem: Fi = ∂U / ∂Di
• Castigliano’s Second Theorem: Di = ∂U ∗ / ∂Fi
• Linear Elastic Systems: U = U ∗

Mechanical Loads

1
Z
N2 1 X N 2L Z
N ni X N ni L
Axial U= 2
dl = ni = ∂N/∂Fi Di = dl =
EA 2 EA EA EA

1
Z
M2 Z
M mi
Bending U= 2
dl mi = ∂M/∂Fi Di = dl
EI EI

1
Z
V2 Z
V vi
Shear U= 2
dl vi = ∂V /∂Fi Di = dl
G(A/α) G(A/α)

1
Z
T2 Z
T ti
Torsion U= 2
dl ti = ∂T /∂Fi Di = dl
GJ GJ
Temperature Loads
X
∂U
X ∂N
Axial U= N α∆T L ∂Fi
= α∆T L
∂Fi
" # " #
Z
∆Tb − ∆Tt ∂U
Z
∂M ∆Tb − ∆Tt
Bending U= Mα dl ∂Fi
= α dl
h ∂Fi h
Statically Indeterminate Structures and Superposition

1. Remove I redundant forces, Ri , i = 1, . . . , I, where I is the degree of indeterminacy.

2. Solve for the internal forces, Mo , No , Vo , in the resulting statically determinate structure (without
the redundant forces), due to the real applied loads.
3. Now, remove all of the real applied loads, and apply I unit loads to the structure, collocated with
the redundant forces, one at a time.
4. Solve for I sets of internal forces, mi , ni , vi , in each of the I different statically determinate systems.
5. Apply superposition for bending moments, axial forces, and shear forces.
I
X I
X I
X
M = Mo + Ri mi N = No + Ri ni V = Vo + Ri vi
i=1 i=1 i=1

6. Write I statements of Castigliano’s Second Theorem, one for each virtual system, enforce compati-
bility with respect to support settlement and relative positions, and solve for the redundant forces,
Ri .

CC BY-NC-ND H.P. Gavin