ASSESSMENT COVERSHEET

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Section A: Submission Details

Programme : BSC. (H.) IN PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY

Course Code & Name : RCB10403 – HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Course Lecturer(s) : DR. FAIZAN NAEEM RAZALI
Submission Title : ASSIGNMENT 1: FAILURE OF HUMAN ENDOCRINE SYSTEM FUNCTION AND ITS
DISEASE ASSOCIATION
Deadline : Day 4th Month June Year 2020 Time 11:59PM
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Office Receipt of Submission

Date & Time of

Student Name(s) Student ID(s)
Submission (stamp)

04/06/2020 NUR AIRIN FATHYHAH BINTI ABDULLAH 59217119315

1:30AM

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Date & Time of

Course Code Submission Title Student ID(s) & Signature(s)
Submission (stamp)

04/06/2020 Assignment 1: Failure of Human 59217119315

1:30AM RCB10203 Endocrine System Function and
its Disease Association
Title: Failure of Human Endocrine System Function and Its Disease Association

An endocrine system is a group of glands which produce and secrete hormones used
by the body for a variety of functions. In specific, a gland selects and extracts chemicals from
the blood, refining it and releasing the finished chemical substance for the body. Hormones
are chemical triggers that regulate the various functions of the body. The endocrine word
derives from the Greek terms "endo" which is inner and "crinis" which is to be secreted. The
endocrine system controls a variety of body functions by hormone production. The endocrine
system consisting of the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid, testicles
for men and ovary for women. It helps to manage the systems and processes of response to
stimuli, homeostasis, reproduction process, metabolism and also growth and development.
Even though hormones are circulating all across the body, every hormone type is directed
towards certain organs and tissues. The most important gland in the endocrine system is the
pituitary gland. It is located at the base of the brain and is smaller than the pea. Although
small, it is called the master gland because it controls all the other endocrine gland in the
body and secret many hormones such as growth hormones, oxytocin, endorphins,
antidiuretic and many more. Other glands for instance thyroid gland release thyroid
hormones, pancreas secrete insulin and glucagon, and adrenal gland produces adrenaline.
Just the smallest mistake with one or more of these glands, it will throw off the body's
fragile hormone balance and contribute to endocrine disease. Hormone levels which are
either too low or too high means there is an endocrine problem. Endocrine diseases and
disorders even happen when the body is not reacting to hormones the way it should. The
most popular endocrine disease in Malaysia is diabetes mellitus, a disease in which the body
is not processing glucose properly due to an inadequate amount of insulin secreted by the
pancreas, the biggest gland in the body. The pancreas contains a number of cells called the
Langerhans Islets that produces insulin and also glucagon. There are several types of
diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder. The immune cells fight and damaging
the cells of the pancreas that produce insulin. Type 2 diabetes is a serious medical condition
that affects how glucose is metabolized by the body. And lastly is gestational diabetes that
usually occurs to pregnant women and will usually resolve after giving birth. Hyperglycaemia
or high blood glucose level is a common sign of uncontrolled diabetes, causing severe
damage to several body organs, particularly in the kidney, nerves and blood vessels.
Neuropathy of the feet increases the risk of foot ulcers as a due lack of blood supply which
usually leads to amputation of the limbs. This will give a very bad impact on one’s quality of
life.
 On the normal, non-diabetic person blood sugar regulation, the carbohydrate will be
broken down to glucose after being digested. The glucose then is absorbed through the
gastrointestinal tract and into the blood vessel. Once the glucose is in the blood, it travels to
the cells of the body such as muscle cell where it will be used as energy. Or it will travel to
the liver where the glucose will be stored to be used as energy in the future when needed.
This is where the role of the pancreas become important. As it detects the increase in blood
sugar, it will secrete a hormone known as insulin. It allows the glucose to be stored in the
liver and used by the muscle cell as energy to do work. This will continue until the blood
sugar is getting low. The pancreas will sense the low blood sugar, it will stop secreting
insulin and start releasing glucagon. Glucagon will stimulate the liver to release the stored
glucose back into the blood to replenish the blood glucose level, and eventually, the blood
glucose level will return to normal. The problem with people with diabetes is that either they
do not produce enough insulin, the insulin they generate is not functioning right, or their cells
do not respond to insulin properly. Thus, resulting in their blood glucose level not
decreasing. The unbalance of the hormone production will cause hyperglycemia and the
body will also try to compensate for the increase of blood sugar concentration in the blood, it
will try to dilute the blood with water from cells and the person then becomes dehydrated.

There are a few possible causes that contribute to the failure of the endocrine
system. The person maybe has a problem with their endocrine system feedback. A feedback
system usually gives a sign to the correct gland to fix the problem. A hormone imbalance will
happen if this feedback system is having trouble keeping the correct amount of hormones in
the bloodstream. Other than that, the inability of a gland to trigger other glands to generate
hormones may also contribute to the endocrine system failure. For example, a hypothalamic
problem could interfere with the hormone production of the pituitary gland. The other
possible causes are the person may have injury or tumour on their endocrine glands. But
most people who suffer from diabetic, lifestyle habits give a huge impact, especially on type
2 diabetes development. Most of them are unconcerned about physical activities such as
exercising. They also choose to eat unhealthy food frequently. Lack of physical activity and
poor diet will cause obesity that will make them possible to become resistant to insulin.
Because of this, they require to take an insulin injection treatment as the substitute
for natural insulin due to declining pancreatic insulin development. Diabetic patients have to
regularly measure their blood sugar levels and know when and how to adjust their insulin
dosage to optimize their glucose levels. A diabetic person needs to make sure that their
blood sugar levels maintained as normal as possible so that fragile tissues and organs
especially blood vessels in the kidneys, eyes, and peripheral nerves system (PNS) may not
suffer long-term damage from high levels of glucose. Excellent control of diabetes tends to
help reduce the risk of complications of long and short-term symptoms of diabetes. Besides,
they also have to be active and do physical exercises regularly so the glucose in their cells
will be used efficiently. Last but not least, patients need to aware about their food intake.
They must reduce sugar intake and saturated fat in their diets so that the glucose level in
their blood will always on a healthy level.
To conclude, the endocrine system plays a major role in our body to ensure that we
survive the change that occurs inside of our body. There are so many processes that are
done every day through the secretion of hormones, for instance, metabolism, sexual
development, growth, heart rate, and digestion. It making sure that the hormones in our body
are well balanced. Any slight abnormalities in the endocrine system will lead to the endocrine
disease that will change the qualities of our life. Some of the endocrine failures cannot be
avoidable such as type 1 diabetes. But there are a few that can be prevented by simply
having a healthy lifestyle.
REFERENCES

1. Tamagno, G., & Epelbaum, J. (2015). Neurological and psychiatric disorders in

endocrine diseases. S.l.: Frontiers Media SA.

2. Williams, R. H., Melmed, S., Larsen, P. R., Kronenberg, H. M., Polonsky, K. S., &
Achermann, J. C. (2016). Williams textbook of endocrinology. Philadelphia: Elsevier.

3. Gebel, E. (11AD). The Endocrine System. Diabetes Forcast.

4. Simon, E. J. (2019). Campbell essential biology. NY, NY: Pearson.

5. Zimmermann, K. A. (2018, February 16). Endocrine System: Facts, Functions and

Diseases. Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/26496-endocrine-system The
endocrine system is the,and mood, among other things.

6. Dansinger, M. (2019, August 11). Endocrine Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms,

and Treatments. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/endocrine-
system-disorders

7. ‫( بوابة فريق وزارة الصحة‬2018, March 4). 001 // . Retrieved from

https://www.moh.gov.sa/en/HealthAwareness/EducationalContent/Diseases/Endocrin
ology/Pages/ Diabetes is a chronic disease, body cannot effectively use insulin.

8. Editor. (2020, March 6). The endocrine system consists of a number of different
glands which secrete hormones that dictate how cells and organs behave. Retrieved
from https://www.diabetes.co.uk/body/endocrine-system.html

9. Advanced endocrine system physiology | Health and medicine. (2015). Retrieved

from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/advanced-
endocrine-system

10. Diabetes mellitus. (2018, February). Retrieved from

https://www.yourhormones.info/endocrine-conditions/diabetes-mellitus/