Plant kingdom

Liverworts
LECTURE 4
Pradeep Singh
M.Sc Botany, B.Ed
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Plant kingdom
Liverworts
LECTURE 4
Plant Kingdom

General characteristics of Bryophytes

Found in moist, shady, damp and humid places.

First group of plants to colonize the land.

Amphibians of plant kingdom, because they need water for

fertilization.
Plant Kingdom

General characteristics of Bryophytes

Plant Kingdom

General characteristics of Bryophytes

Do not grow very tall, as they have no vascular tissues.

Dominant phase (of plant body) is the gametophyte and the

sporophyte is borne on the gametophyte.
Plant Kingdom

Reproduction in Bryophytes Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction
Plant Kingdom

Asexual Reproduction Fragmentation.

Gemmae.

Regeneration.

Adventitious branches.

Protonema.
Plant Kingdom

Sexual Reproduction Sexual reproduction is oogamous.

Male and female sex organs are antheridia and

archegonia respectively.

Sex organs are jacketed and multilayered.

Plant Kingdom

Sexual Reproduction
Plant Kingdom

Bryophytes Bryophytes

Liverworts Mosses
Plant Kingdom

Liverworts are found all around the world.

Liverworts
About a dozen species are even found on the continent of
Antarctica.

They are only able to grow in moist environments because

of their poor ability to store water but have an impressive
ability to grow over soil, plants and rock.
Plant Kingdom

Grow in moist areas.

Liverworts
Plant body is thallus like, not differentiated into stem, leaves
or roots.

Thallus is dorsoventrally flat and is attached to the

substratum.
Plant Kingdom

A thalloid liverwort is strap-like and often forms large

Liverworts colonies on the surface on which it grows.

A liverwort is nonvascular green plant.

Plant Kingdom

Liverworts It does not have phloem and xylem like ferns, conifers and
flowering plants to transport water, food and minerals
through the plant.
Plant Kingdom

Liverworts They remain small, with only a few cells thick and grow in
moist locations or in locations that receive a lot of
precipitation or fog.
Plant Kingdom

Marchantia Marchantia is a member of the Marchantiaceae family.

It embraces the substrate on which it grows, usually moist

soil or wet rocks.

The thallus segments are dichotomously branched and are

green to dark green in colour.
Plant Kingdom

Marchantia The segments are 10 to 15 millimeters (0.4 to 0.6 inches)

wide, and frequently form large mats.

The surface of the thallus is covered with tiny pores.

Plant Kingdom

Marchantia These are holes to allow gas exchange between the inside
of the thallus and the atmosphere.
Plant Kingdom

Marchantia Small saucer-like structures (gemma cup) can be found

inside of which are small green lentil-shaped objects
(gemmae).

Gemmae helps the plant to reproduce asexually.

Plant Kingdom

Marchantia Each gemma is capable of growing into a new thallus if the

conditions are correct.

Rain drops, insects, and small mammals all can spread the
gemmae in the environment.
Plant Kingdom

Marchantia
Plant Kingdom

Marchantia A gametophore grows on a female plant and the structure

produces female gametes.
Plant Kingdom

Marchantia If the a gametophore is growing on a male plant, it will

produce male gametes.
Plant Kingdom

Marchantia Reproduction in Marchantia

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

❖ Vegetative reproduction
(Fragmentation)
❖ Formation of Gemmae (green
multicellular asexual buds)
Plant Kingdom

Marchantia
Plant Kingdom

Marchantia
Plant Kingdom

Spore dispersal The spores are discharged by elater movements.

The elaters are hygroscopic.

They twist or untwist, depending on the moisture content

of the surrounding air.
Plant Kingdom

Spore dispersal A mature capsule splits open, with a globose mass of

spores intermixed with long, straight vertically aligned
elaters.
Plant Kingdom

As these begin to dry out they twist and become entangled

Spore dispersal with each other.

Strains develop in such entangled elaters as they twist

further and pull on each other.
Plant Kingdom

Spore dispersal
Plant Kingdom

Spore dispersal From time to time one elater or another may suddenly free
itself from its neighbours and do so with a sudden, jerky
movement that throws the associated spores into the air.
Plant Kingdom

Marchantia
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