ISSN: 2277-3754

ISO 9001:2008 Certified

International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 5, Issue 7, January 2016

Designing of Three Phase Squirrel Cage

Induction Motor for Good Efficiency
1
Jagdish Singh, 2Khushdeep Singh, 3Harleen Kaur
are induction motors. The minimization of electrical energy
Abstract— squirrel cage induction motors are mainly consumption through a better design becomes a major
employed in almost all applications. They always operate at low concern. The aim of this work is to give a further contribution
power factor which ultimately results in less efficiency. Different
in the design of a three phase induction motor for good
methods are employed to raise the power factor of the induction
motors for maximizing efficiency. Instead of making efficiency. In this work a conventional three phase
arrangements to improve efficiency, design of induction motor for squirrel-cage type induction motor with specifications 10 hp,
good efficiency is better option. The significance of this work is 415V, star-delta connected and 4 poles is chosen for
highlighted by the recent concerns in the various publications comparison with our motor, which is designed for good
stressing on the importance of designing motor for good efficiency.
efficiency. This work is introducing the designing of new three
phase squirrel cage induction motor with an objective of getting
good efficiency. A motor rating of 10 horse power, 415 volts with
1440 rpm and 4-pole is selected for design problem and an
equivalent circuit model is developed to find out the various
performance parameters like efficiency, starting torque, torque
developed, efficiency at full load, rotor copper losses, stator copper
losses etc in ‘matlab’ using graphical user interface tool. Then the
results are compared with a pre-existed motor having identical
power ratings and presented the same. It is observed that new
design gives more efficiency (90.156%) than the pre-existed
designed motor (87.907%). One important application of this
model is that with the help of this model we can analyze the
performance of squirrel cage induction motor having any rating.
This model also helps to find the optimum parameters required
for design.

Index Terms—IM, good efficiency, SCIM, MATLAB, GUI, Fig (1) Energy Consumption Chart of Different Motors
design
II. THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
I. INTRODUCTION Induction motor is simply an electric transformer whose
Although the design procedures for induction motors are
magnetic circuit is separated by an air gap into two relatively
well established, there are some areas which require special
movable portions, one carrying the primary and the other
attention. The manual design of induction motor is the
secondary winding. Alternating current supplied to the
combination of lengthy calculations and special attention.
primary winding from an electric power system induces an
[16] And in order to get acceptable results redesign procedure
opposite current in the secondary winding, when the later is
is sometimes needed. The design features of an induction
short-circuited or closed through external impedance.
motor are classified as constructional wise and performance
Relative motion between primary and secondary structure is
wise and results are combined. The squirrel cage induction
produced by the electromagnetic forces corresponding to the
motors are 90% used in various industrial, domestic and
power thus transferred across the air gap by induction. The
commercial applications. Particularly, the squirrel cage type
essential features which distinguish the induction machine
is simplicity, robustness and low cost, which has always made
from other type of electric motors is that the secondary
it very good-looking and therefore, captured the leading place
currents are created solely by induction, as in transformer
in industrial sector. The average load factor of electric motors
instead of being supplied by a dc exciter or other external
in both industrial and tertiary sectors is estimated to be less
power sources, as in synchronous and dc machines [20] .
than 60%. However, in some industrial sector, the average
load factor for some motor power ranges can be as low as
25%. Individual motors in those ranges have even lower load III. DESIGN
factors. Because the motor load factor is an average of motor Design of three-phase induction motor is very tedious task.
load during a period. As a result of its extensive use in the The art of design lies in suitable and economic distribution of
industry, induction motors consumes considerable amount of space to iron, copper, insulation, stator diameter, rotor
electrical energy [15]. Approximately 65-70% of electric dimensions, windings and air-gap in the machine. Basically
energy is consumed by electric motors and over 90% of them the design of electric motor involves the study of the voltages

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 ISSN: 2277-3754
ISO 9001:2008 Certified
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 5, Issue 7, January 2016
induced in the windings, the load currents and terminal Z1 Stator impedance
voltages under different loading conditions, the power Vth Thevenin voltage
received or given out by the machine, the speed at which the Zsh Shunt impedance
machine is running, frequency and the torque produced under Zth Thevenin impedance
different loading conditions [11]. Io No Load Current
A. Nomenclature P ag Air-gap power
IM Induction motor T d Developed torque
SCIM Squirrel cage induction motor P m Gross mechanical power
MATLAB Matrix laboratory P c (stator) Stator copper loss
GUI Graphical user interface P cu (rotor) Rotor copper loss
L Rotor Length Qkva Required input in KVA
Is Stator Current L i Net Iron Length
g Slots per Pole per Phase
Ts Stator winding turns
Lmt Length of Mean Turn
Es Voltage per Phase
λs Stator Slot Permeance
Kw Winding Factor
Kd Distribution Factor
P Poles Kp Pitch Factor
Bav Specific Magnetic Loading Prot Rotational losses
D Stator bore diameter M1 Newly designed motor
ac Specific Electric Loading M2 Existed motor
Co Output Coefficient Tst Starting Torque
Cosϕ Power Factor Tmax Maximum Torque
Wb Weber To Output Torque
A Amperes Pout Output Power
KVA Kilovolt Amperes θm Temperature rise
HP Horse Power Rating
Zs Total Stator Conductors B. Rating of Motor
Ss Stator Slots Power ratings = 10Hp, Operating speed = 1440 rpm,
Zss Conductors per Stator Slots Synchronous speed = 1500 rpm, Poles = 4, Frequency = 50
As Area of Stator Conductors Hz, Operating voltage = 415 Volts, squirrel cage rotor type,
δs Current Density in Stator Winding Starting = star–delta, Efficiency = 0.94, Power factor = 0.90
Ass Area of stator slots
dss Depth of Stator Slot Table 1: Constraints Data
Wss Width of Stator Slot S.N Constraint
Lg Length of Air Gap Variables Value selected
o values
Sr Rotor slots
Ib Current in Rotor Bars 1. Air-gap flux density 0.3-0.65 Wb/m2 0.45 Wb/m2
m Motor Phases 5000-45000
2. Ampere conductors 20000 A/m2
Kws Stator Winding Factor A/m2
Ab Area of rotor bar
3. Winding factor 0.955 0.955
δb Current Density in Rotor Bars
Lb Length of Rotor Bars Current density
4. 3-8 A/mm2 3 A/mm2
Rb Resistance of rotor bar (stator)
Nb Number of Rotor Bars Current density
5. 4-8 A/mm2 4 A/mm2
Cub Copper Losses in Rotor Bars (rotor)
Ae Area of End Ring End ring current
6. 4-10 A/mm2 4 A/mm2
Ie End Ring Current density
δe Current Density in End Rings
Do Outside Diameter of End Rings 7. Air-gap length 0.35-0.70 mm 0.5 mm
Dr Rotor diameter
Din Inside Diameter of End Rings 8. Ratio of L and Tau 1.5 1.5
Dm Mean Diameter of End Ring
Re Resistance of End Ring C. Design Procedure
Cue Copper Losses in Two End Rings Design procedure consists of the following steps:
Im Magnetising Current 1. Input Rating:
Z2 Rotor impedance referred to stator Input rating in KVA=Hp×0.746÷(η×Cos )

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 ISSN: 2277-3754
ISO 9001:2008 Certified
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 5, Issue 7, January 2016
D 2L=KVA÷  Co ×Ns  These are also called as rotational losses. They are assumed to
2. Stator Turns Calculation be equal to 1% of the rated output power. These losses are
Number of Turns per Phase Ts =Es ÷  4.44×K w ×f×m  actually ranges between 1.5 to 3% of the rated output. But by
using roller and ball bearings these can reduce upto 1% of the
3. Stator Conductor
rated output power [15].
Total stator conductors  Zs  =6Ts
18. Development of Equivalent Circuit Model using Matlab
4. Stator Current per Phase
GUI: A standard equivalent circuit model of an induction
Stator Current Is =  KVA×1000  ÷ 3×Es  motor is developed with the help of matlab software, and
5. Stator Slots presented the same. Then it is solved to form Thevenin
Stator slots Ss =g×m×P equivalent circuit. This simplified equivalent circuit allows us
to calculate the operating parameters for an induction motor.
Conductors in single slot Zss = 6T S
SS
6. Area of Stator Conductor
Area of Stator Conductor As =Is /δs
7. Area of Stator Slots
Area of stator slots Ass =  As ×Zss  ÷0.4
8. Air-gap Length
Length of air-gap Lg =0.2+2×  D×L 
0.5

9. Rotor Slots
Following rules should be satisfied while selecting rotor slots:
1. To evade cogging and crawling: (a) Sr ≠ Ss
(b) Sr –Ss ≠ ±3P
2. To shun synchronous hooks as well as cusps Ss – Sr ≠ Fig (2) Equivalent Circuit Developed in matlab
±P, ±2P, ±5P.
3. To Avoid raucous function Ss – Sr ≠ ±1, ±2, (±P ±1), The subsequent equations were considered to compute the
(±P ±2) fitness function:-
Therefore, the possible stator-rotor slot combinations for four Per phase resistance of stator winding R1 =0.021×Ts ×Lmts
pole machine are: 24/34, 36/28, 36/44, 36/45, 48/35, 48/38, Impedance of rotor referring towards stator Z2 =  R 2 /S +jX2
48/36, 48/40, 48/57, 60/38, 60/48, 60/76, 72/60
10. Rotor bar Current Stator winding impedance Z1 =R1 +jX1
The value of rotor bar current is calculated by the relation: Thevenin voltage Vth =  V1×Zsh  ÷  Z1 +Zsh 
Rotor bar current Ib =  2×m×K ws ×Ts ×Is ×Cos  ÷Sr
11. Area of Rotor Bars
Area of rotor bar Ab =Ib ÷δb mm 2
12. Copper Losses in the Rotor Bars
Length of the rotor bar Lb = L+Skewing allowance
Total copper losses in the rotor bars Cub = I b2×R b×N b
13. Area of Each End Ring
Current in each end ring Ie = Sr ×Ib  ÷(3.14P)
Area of each end ring Ae =Ie ÷δe
14. Mean Diameter of End Ring
Outer diameter Do =Dr –  2×Total depth of rotor slots 
Inner diameter Din =Do –  2×depth of end ring 
Mean diameter of end ring Dm =  Do +Din  ÷2
15. Total Rotor Resistance Fig (3) Thevenin Equivalent Circuit Developed in MATLAB
Total resistance of the rotor R 2 =R b +R e
16. Magnetizing Reactance No load rotor current Io = I1 –I2
Magnetizing or acoustic reactance Xm =Es ÷I m
Air gap power Pag =3R 2 ×I 22
17. Friction and Windage Losses
Developed Torque Td =Pag /δs

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 ISSN: 2277-3754
ISO 9001:2008 Certified
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 5, Issue 7, January 2016
Gross mechanical power Pm = 1-S Pag Table 2: Parameter Required for Equivalent Circuit (Motor 1)
Obtained
Stator copper loss Pcu (stator) =3Is2 R1 S.No Parameters
Values
Magnetization current Im =Es ÷Xm
1. Stator resistance R1 1.63 Ώ
Rotor Copper loss Pcu (rotor) =3I 2 2 R 2
Output power 2. Stator reactance X1 1.742 Ώ
Efficiency =
Input power Rotor side resistance referred to
3. 1.6339 Ώ
stator side R2
IV. RESULTS Rotor leakage reactance referred
4. 1.294 Ώ
to stator side X2
QKVA = 8.81 KVA
Output Coefficient Co= 94.06 5. Rotational losses Prot 74.60 Watts
D2L = 3.746×10-3 m
L = 1.1775D m 6. Magnetizing reactance Xm 162.936 Ώ
D = 0.147 m
L = 1.1775×.147 = 0.173 m
Net Iron Length Li = 0.155 m
Stator flux = 9×10-3 Wb
Number of turns Ts = 216 turns
Type of winding used: Wave Winding
Total Conductors Zs = 1296 Conductors
Stator slots Ss = m × P × g = 3×4×3 = 36 slots
Conductors per Stator Slot Zss = 36 Conductors
Stator Current per Phase Is = 7.07 Amp
Area of Stator Conductor As = 2.356 mm2
Approximate area per slot (Ass) = 213.84 mm2
Area of stator slots = dss × Wss
Take dss/Wss = 2
Width of stator slot Wss = 10.34 mm
Depth of stator slot dss = 20.68 mm
Length of mean turn Lmt = 0.851mm Fig (4) Snapshot of Equivalent Circuit of Designed Motor
(Motor 1)
Stator winding resistance R1 = 1.63
Stator slot permeance = λs = 1.642 Ώ
Stator Slot leakage reactance X2 = 1.742 Ώ
Skewing angle = 20o
Distribution factor Kd = 0.9597
Stator winding factor Kws =0 .9597
Air-gap length Lg = 0.5 mm
Rotor diameter Dr = 146 mm
Select Rotor Slots = 45
Rotor bar Current Ib = 175.86 Amperes
Length of rotor bar after skewing Lb = 0.184 m
Area of rotor bar Ab= 44 mm2
Total resistance of all rotor bars = 3.861×10-3 Ώ
End ring current Ie = 629.140 Amp
The value of current density in end ring is taken as 4 A/mm2
Area of each end-ring Ae =157 mm2 Fig (5) Results of the Model for Motor 1
Outside dia. of end ring = 121 mm
Inside dia. of end ring = 91 mm In the graph, torque-speed characteristics of the induction
Mean dia. of end ring Dm = 106 mm motor are plotted with the help of gui.m tool of the matlab. In
Total end rings resistance Re = 8.904×10-5 Ώ these results starting torque, maximum torque, losses, current
Total rotor resistance Rr = 3.95×10-3 Ώ on no-load etc. are calculated with the help of Thevenin
Resistance of rotor referred to stator side R2 = 1.63395 Ώ equivalent circuit. From the above graph, it is clearly visible
Total permeance coefficient of rotor slots = 1.53 Ώ that designed motor exhibits a maximum efficiency of
Permeance referred to stator side λsr = 1.224 Ώ 90.156%.These results will be compared with the results of
Rotor’s seepage reactance referred to stator side X2 = 1.294 Ώ same rated machine. Parameters of the existing motor (i.e
Magnetizing reactance Xm = 162.936 Ώ motor 2) necessary from the equivalent circuit point of view
Rotational losses = 1% of rated output = 74.60 watts for analyzing its performance are arranged in below table.

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 ISSN: 2277-3754
ISO 9001:2008 Certified
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 5, Issue 7, January 2016
Table 3: Parameter Required for Equivalent Circuit (Motor 2) Table 4: Comparison of Two Motors Having Same Ratings
Recorded
S.No Parameters
Values S.N Name of Designed Existing Motor
o Parameter Motor (M1) (M2)
1. Stator resistance R1 2.05 Ώ
1. Stator slots 36 36
2. Stator reactance X1 1.68 Ώ
2. Rotor slots 45 44
Rotor resistance referred to
3. 1.826 Ώ
stator side R2 2. Turns per phase 216 240
Rotor leakage reactance
4. 1.249 Ώ
referred to stator side X2 3. Conductor area 2.376 mm2 2.0106 mm2
5. Rotational losses Prot 149.20 Watts Stator
4. 1.63 Ώ 2.05 Ώ
resistance R1
6. Magnetizing reactance Xm 201.65 Ώ Rotor resistance
5. 1.6339 Ώ 3.87 Ώ
R2
7. Slip S 0.033
Magnetizing
6. 171.77 Ώ 201.65 Ώ
reactance Xm

7. Efficiency 90.156% 87.907%

Torque
8. 24.22 N-m 18.093 N-m
developed Td
Starting torque
9. 89.305 N-m 84.219 N-m
Tst
Maximum
10. 106.833 N-m 96.668 N-m
torque Tmax

Fig (6) Equivalent Circuit of Existing Motor (Motor 2)

Fig (8) Comparison Graph of Two Motors

Fig (7) Results of the Model for Motor 2
The comparison between the two motors is also shown in the
graphical as well as in tabular form as:
V. CONCLUSION
Firstly designing of three phase squirrel cage induction
motor for good efficiency is done; an equivalent circuit model
is developed in matlab with the help of graphical user
interface tool, then comparison a comparison is performed
between newly designed motor and a conventional existing
motor. Newly designed motor shows higher efficiency
(90.156%) as compared to existing motor’s efficiency
(87.907%).

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 ISSN: 2277-3754
ISO 9001:2008 Certified
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT)
Volume 5, Issue 7, January 2016
[16] Vincent, Deepa and R, Bindu (2013) “Three Phase Induction
VI. FUTURE SCOPE Motor Design in Windows Programming Platform”, IJEIT,
In future scope this work can be extended as optimization Vol. 3, Issue 1, July 2013.
process for designing of three phase squirrel cage induction [17] Www.mathswork.com/help/matlab/gui_developement.
motor. Improvement of existing designs of other motors for [18] Www.wikipedia.org/wiki/inductionmotor.
good efficiency can be carried out. Finite element analysis of
the developed motor could be carried out instead of GUI [19] Yanawati .Y and Daut .I (2012) “Efficiency Increment on 0.35
mm and 0.50 mm Thicknesses of Non-Oriented Steel Sheets
analysis. Different designs for getting high torques, lowest
for 0.5 Hp Induction Motor”, IJME, 2(2), pp. 1-5.
manufacturing cost can be carried out.
[20] Ansari A A and Deshpande D M (2010) “Mathematical Model
of Asynchronous Machine in MATLAB Simulink”,
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