UMTS System Overview PDF

UMTS Network Systems
Overview
Day 1
U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 1

Introductory Session

Introductions
• Hello
• I am Richard Edge, your course presenter

Contents and Session Aims

•Introduction to AIRCOM • This session is a ‘get to know you’
session
• It aims to answer the following
•Target Students questions:
•Course Prerequisites Who are AIRCOM and why are
they here training us?
Should I be here?
•Aims of the Course Why am I here?
• It also aims to cover the logistics of
the course
•Course Schedule and When’s the lunch/coffee/cigarette
Organisation break?
What are we going to learn about
and when?

Target Students
• This course is aimed at:
Engineers and technical specialists familiar with telecommunications and
looking for an introduction to UMTS
Technically orientated managers looking to understand the technology
behind UMTS

Prerequisites
• An understanding of the basic concepts of:
Telecommunications
Cellular communications
Wireless communications

Aims of Course
• To teach the student about
The background to UMTS
The basics of CDMA cellular technology
The elements and architecture of a UMTS network
Techniques specific to UMTS
The UMTS air interface

Course Schedule
Day 1 Day 2
9:30- 1 st/2 nd Generation
UTRAN
10:15 Cellular Systems
Overview
Drinks Break Drinks Break
rd
10:45- 3 Generation Drivers
UTRAN (cont.)
11:30 and Standards
12:00- CDMA Mobile
UMTS Core Network
12:45 Technology Overview
Lunch Lunch
13:45- UMTS Architecture UMTS Fixed Network
14:30 Overview Interfaces
15:00-
UTRA Air Interface UMTS Mobiles
15:45
16:15- UTRA Air Interface
UMTS Services
17:00 (cont.)
17:00-
Day 1 Roundup Course Roundup
17:30

How the Sessions are Organised

• Locator Slide
To remind you where you are when you wake up!
There’s also a section title at the top left of the slide...
• Contents and Aims
• New Material for the Session
• Questions (please ask anytime!)
Questions to You (to make sure you’ve been listening and understand)
Questions to Me (if you don’t understand or want to know more)
• Section Summary

Locator Slide
• Introductory Session • Day 2 Introductory Session
• 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular • UTRAN
Systems Overview • UMTS Core Network
• 3rd Generation Drivers and • UMTS Fixed Network Interfaces
Standards
• CDMA Mobile Technology • UMTS Mobiles
Overview • UMTS Services
• UMTS Architecture Overview • Course Roundup
• UTRA Air Interface
• Day 1 Roundup

Questions
• Any questions?

1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Overview
Locator Slide
Standards
• UTRA Air Interface
• Day 1 Roundup

1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems

Overview


•What is Cellular? • This is a background session to set
the scene for UMTS, essentially a
cellular history lesson
• Firstly we will examine what we
mean by cellular communications
• We will look at different
•Cellular Generations generations of cellular and briefly
•1st Generation at major standards
•2nd Generation • This will allow us to see why 3G
•2.5G has moved forward in the way that
it has

What is Cellular?
• There are three major types of Cellular
terrestrial mobile communications
technologies
• Cellular
Users are provided wide area
mobility from multiple base stations
with handover permitted MSC PSTN
• Cordless Communication
Paging
Users are provided limited mobility Control
from a dedicated base station Centre
Cordless
• Paging
Brief numeric, alphanumeric or voice
messages are sent to the subscriber
typically using simulcasting Paging

Cellular Generations
Data
• People talk about mobile
rate
technology in terms of generations
1st Generation or 1G
2nd Generation or 2G
2.5G
3rd Generation or 3G
• But what do these mean?
Progress of data rates with

time and generation time

1st Generation
• 1976+, though really the
technology of the 1980’s
• Analogue modulation
• Frequency Division Multiple
Access
• Voice traffic only
• No inter-network roaming possible
• Insecure air interface
The 1st Generation of

Cellular Technology makes
use of analog modulation
techniques such as FM

1st Generation Standards

• AMPS (Analogue Mobile Telephony System)
North American Standard in cellular band (800MHz)
• TACS (Total Access Communications System)
UK originated Standard based on AMPS in 900MHz band
• NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony System)
Scandinavian Standard in 450MHz and 900MHz bands
• C-450
German Standard in 450MHz band
• JTACS (Japanese Total Access Communications System)
Japanese Standard in 900MHz band

1st Generation Planning

• Macrocellular
High sites for coverage driven
planning
Antennas above roof height
• Frequency planning required
• Large cell size
Cellular Networks are commonly
Order 30km represented as hexagon grids.
The above diagram shows how
• Hard handover different frequencies are used in
Only ever connected to a single different cells in a cellular network
(different frequencies represented
cell
by different colours).
For networks with more cells than
frequencies these must be
planned

2nd Generation
• 1990’s
• Digital modulation
• Variety of Multiple Access
strategies
• Voice and low rate circuit switched
data
• Same technology roaming
• Secure air interface
The 2nd Generation of

Cellular Technology is the
first to use digital modulation

GSM
• First networks in 1992
• European developed standard, but GSM phones from 1999/2000
with worldwide subscriber base
• Different frequency bands
GSM450, GSM900, GSM1800,
GSM1900
• Largest 2nd Generation subscriber
base
• Frequency/Time Division Multiple
Access
• Open/Standardised Interfaces

GSM Planning
• Macrocells and microcells
Capacity driven planning
• Frequency planning required
• Optional parameters requiring
planning
Hierarchical Cell Structures
Frequency Hopping
GSM networks use microcells
Discontinuous Transmission to provide additional capacity.
Power Control As with 1st generation
networks frequency planning
• Simple subscriber/traffic analysis is required
Capacity limited by number of

TRX’s
• Hard Handover

D-AMPS/PDC
• TDMA (D-AMPS) • PDC
North American TDMA/FDMA Japanese TDMA/FDMA based
based standard based upon AMPS standard
Predominantly used in North and Predominantly used in Asia
South America Planning Similar to GSM
ANSI-41 Core Network
Planning Similar to GSM
TDMA and PDC phones from

1999/2000

cdmaOne
• First networks in 1996
cdmaOne phones from
• Derived from Qualcomm IS-95 air 1999/2000
interface
• Largely American subscriber base
with some Asian networks
• Code Division Multiple Access
This is in many ways the closest
2nd generation standard to many
of the 3rd generation standards
• ANSI-41 core network
• Chip rate of 1.2288Mcps

cdmaOne Planning
• Macrocells and microcells
• Single Frequency Unlike GSM there is no
frequency planning
multiple frequencies for hotspots required for cdmaOne
However soft handover
• Soft Handover (multiple means that there are
connections between mobile and zones where there are
network) two/three connections to
the network
• Code Planning
• Capacity Interference Limited
1 Connection
2 Connections
3 Connections

Worldwide Mobile Communications in the
1990s
Million Subscribers
700 Second Generation -

600 D-AMPS
400 PDC
200 GSM
0 cdmaOne
First Generation -
91
93
95
97
99
01
19
19
19
19
19
20
Analogue
Year Source:Wideband CDMA for 3rd
Generation Mobile Communications, Artech
House, 1998

Worldwide Mobile Subscribers

Million Subscribers
2000
European Union
1500 Countries
North America
1000
Asia Pacific
500
Rest of World
0
1995 2000 2005 2010
Year Source:Third Generation Mobile

Communications, Artech House, 2000

2.5G
• Now...
• Digital modulation 2.5G technologies are
based upon existing 2G
• Voice and intermediate rate technologies but are
circuit/packet switched data focussed at increasing
the maximum data rates
• Same technology roaming that the technologies can
deliver
• Based upon existing dominant
standards such as GSM or
cdmaOne

HSCSD
• High Speed Circuit Switched Data
• Enhancement to the GSM standard
• Utilises:
Multiple channel coding schemes
(4.8kbps, 9.6kbps, 14.4kbps per
timeslot)
Multiple timeslots
• Circuit Switched Data rates to
57.6kbps (4 slots with 14.4kbps
channel coding per slot)
Nokia Cardphone

GPRS
• General Packet Radio Service
• Enhancement to the GSM standard
• Utlilises
Multiple Channel Coding Schemes
(9.05kbps, 13.4kbps, 15.6kbps,
21.4kbps)
Multiple Timeslots
Packet Switching
Ericsson R520 Alcatel One Touch 700
• Packet Switched Data typically to (available 1Q 2001)
Sagem MC850
(available October 2000)
rates of 115kbps
Theoretically 171.2kbps for 8
timeslots

IS--95B
IS
• Enhancement to cdmaOne
standard
• Utilises
High rate coding scheme
Combined code channels
packet switching
• Packet Switched Data to rates of
114kbps Qualcomm PDQ
Smartphone

2G and 2.5G Standards Compared

GSM TDMA cdmaOne PDC
Multiple TDMA TDMA CDMA TDMA
Access
Modulation GMSK π/4-DQPSK QPSK π/4-DQPSK
Carrier 200kHz 30kHz 1.25MHz 25kHz

Spacing
Frame Length 4.615ms 40ms 20ms 20ms
Slots per 8 6 1 3/6

Frame
Frequency 450/ 900/ 1800/ 800/ 1900 800/ 1900 850/ 1500
Band 1900
Max Data HSCSD: IS-136+: IS-95A: 28.8kbps
Rate 115kbps 43.2kbps 14.4kbps
GPRS: 115 – IS-95B:
172kbps 115.2kbps
Frequency Yes No N/A No
Hopping
Handover Hard Hard Soft Hard

Questions
• What defines a 1st generation technology and a 2nd generation
technology?
• What is are the main differences between GSM and cdmaOne?
• How do 2.5G standards relate to 2G standards?

Session Summary
• We’ve now set the scene - we can start talking about where
people want to go from here now…
• The generations of cellular technology may be summarised:
1G is analog voice
2G is digital voice
2.5G is digital intermediate rate data
• You also know it’s the coffee break now…and to come back at
10:45!

3rd Generation Drivers and Standards
Locator Slide
Standards
• UTRA Architecture Overview • Course Roundup
• UMTS Air Interface
• Day 1 Roundup


Introduction and Session Aims

•IMT-2000 • This session is focussed at looking
at how and why the 3rd Generation
•IMT-2000 spectrum standards have evolved
• Firstly we will look at the goals and
the focus of the ITU in IMT-2000
•Drivers from Europe,
America and Asia • We will then examine what drivers
from the regions and the various
•Regulatory bodies industry bodies who have an
•Standardisation bodies interest in 3rd Generation
•Industry associations • Finally we will round up by looking
at the IMT-2000 cellular standards
•3rd Generation Cellular

Standards

IMT--2000
IMT
• IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications 2000) is a
program focussed at providing a single global standard for
mobile communications
• Development started in 1985 as FPLMTS
Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications System
• Proposed by the ITU (International Telecommunications Union)

Who does IMT-

IMT-2000 serve?
• Integrating all the following users
fixed
cellular
cordless
professional mobile radio
paging
satellite
specialised (aeroplane, etc)
IMT-2000 terminal
and services

Aspects of IMT-
IMT-2000 Networks
Different aspects of
IMT-2000 access
networks

What are the IMT-

IMT-2000 goals?
• Data Rates
Local area - 2 Mbps
In office, stationary
Limited mobility - 384 kbps
Urban pedestrian
Full mobility - 144 kbps
Rural in car
• High spectrum efficiency compared to existing systems

• High flexibility to introduce new services

IMT--2000 Spectrum
IMT
1885 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200
ITU IMT-2000 IMT-2000
IMT-2000
MSS MSS
(WARC-92) Land Mobile Land Mobile Land Mobile
1880 1900 1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200

UMTS UMTS UMTS
Europe GSM 1800 DECT
UMTS UMTS UMTS
Unpaired Paired UL SAT Unpaired Paired DL
SAT
1920
IMT-2000 1980 2110 IMT-2000 2170
Japan
Land Mobile UL Land Mobile DL
1920 1980
IMT-2000 2110 IMT-2000 2170
Korea
Land Mobile UL Land Mobile DL
1850 PCS 1910 1930 1990 2110 2200

PCS
USA UL
Reserved
DL
1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200

IMT--2000 Future Spectrum

IMT
ITU 806 960 1710 2500 2690
(WRC-2000) New IMT-2000 New IMT-2000 New IMT-2000
890 960 1710 1880

Europe GSM 900 GSM 1800
Japan
Korea
USA Cellular PCS
600 1000 1400 1800 2200 2400 3000

IMT--2000 Candidate Technology Evaluation

IMT
• The ITU issued a request for proposals for the Radio
Transmission Technology (RTT) for IMT-2000 to be submitted
in June 1998
• Following this a self evaluation of the RTT submitted was
required by September 1998
• Candidate technologies were then evaluated according to their
compliance with the goals for IMT-2000

IMT--2000 Candidate Harmonisation

IMT
• A number of technologies were submitted many of which had
distinct similarities
• Of course operators were generally keen on a single standard
to allow global roaming and economies of scale
Operators Harmonisation Group (OHG)
• This led to two partnership projects being set up:
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
Dealing with UMTS FDD/TDD and related candidate technologies a
3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2)
Dealing with cdma2000 and related candidate technologies

3G Standardization Environment
Key Players and

their relationships
in the IMT-2000
standardisation
environment

IMT--2000 Selected Air Interface Standards

IMT
• Five candidate technologies were
eventually selected:
IMT-DS (Direct Spread)
UMTS FDD
IMT-MC (Multi Carrier)
cdma2000
IMT-TC (Time Code)
UMTS TDD
IMT-SC (Single Carrier)
EDGE/UWC-136
IMT-FT (Frequency Time)
DECT

IMT--2000 Selected Core Network Standards

IMT
• Three candidate technologies will
be used:
GSM MAP Evolved
ANSI-41 Evolved
IP Based
Driven forward by 3GIP

IMT--2000 Standards
IMT
The IMT-2000
family of standards

North America Drivers

• North America and US influenced countries
Dominated by 2G TDMA/cdmaOne
USA has slower growth because recipient party pays
Mess of digital systems at 800 and 1900 MHz
US manufacturers have pushed forward growing cdmaOne standard
PCS spectrum overlaps IMT-2000 band
Major Drivers
Spectrum sharing and compatibility with 2G standard
National/International roaming
EDGE (TDMA operators)

cdma2000 (cdmaOne operators)

European Drivers
• Europe and European Influenced Countries
GSM provided 2nd generation roaming across Europe
Plenty of Capacity at 1800MHz
IMT2000 band compatible with current spectrum usage leads to no
spectrum sharing issues
EU enforced standardisation means UMTS for ‘at least 1 operator’ per
country
Major Drivers
Higher Data Rates
Continued global dominance of European based standard
UMTS

Japan/Korean Drivers
• Japan and Korea
PHS and PDC left Japanese manufacturers isolated
IMT2000 band compatible with current spectrum usage leads to no
spectrum sharing issues
Political US relationships...
Major Drivers
Capacity for Voice
Global market for cellular infrastructure
UMTS

Cordless Drivers
• You can’t get 2Mbps out of the cellular standards
• Hence a requirement for cordless style standards
UMTS TDD Mode
DECT

Industry Bodies - Radio Regulatory

• ITU (International)
http://www.itu.int/
• ERO (EU)
European Radio Office
http://www.ero.dk/
• RA (UK)
Radiocommunications Agency
http://www.radio.gov.uk/
• FCC (USA)
Federal Communications
Commission
http://www.fcc.gov/

Industry Bodies - Trade Associations

• UMTS Forum
http://www.umts-forum.org/
• GSM Association
http://www.gsmworld.com/index1.html
• CDMA Development Group
http://www.cdg.org/
• GSM Suppliers Association
http://www.gsacom.com/home.html
• Universal Wireless Communications Consortium
http://www.uwcc.org/

Industry Bodies - Standards Groups

• 3GPP
UMTS FDD and TDD
Standards Development
http://www.3gpp.org/
• 3GPP2
cdma2000
Standards Development
http://www.3gpp2.org/
• 3GIP
IP Core Network
http://www.3gip.org/

Partnership Projects and Standards

Organisations
Relationships
between the
standards
organisations

3GPP Member Organisations

• ETSI (EU)
http://www.etsi.org/
• ARIB (Japan)
http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/
• T1 (USA)
http://www.t1.org/
• TTC (Japan)
http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/
• TTA (Korea)
http://www.tta.or.kr/
• CWTS (China)
http://www.cwts.org/cwts/index_eng.html

3GPP2 Member Organisations

• TIA (USA)
http://www.tiaonline.org/
• TTA (Korea)
http://www.tta.or.kr/
• TTC (Japan)
http://www.ttc.or.jp/e/
• ARIB (Japan)
http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/
• CWTS (China)
http://www.cwts.org/cwts/index_eng.html

The Road to 3G
HSCSD
Possible Evolution
Paths to 3G

3rd Generation Cellular

• 2002+
• Digital modulation
• Voice and high rate data
• Multi technology roaming
• Standards
UMTS FDD (CDMA based)
UMTS TDD (CDMA based)
cdma2000 (CDMA based)
EDGE (TDMA based)

UMTS FDD
• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Frequency
Division Duplexing Mode
• Built onto enhanced GSM core network
• Utilises:
QPSK modulation
Multiple channel coding and bearer rates
Variable spreading factors and multi-code transmission
CDMA
FDD
Asynchronous operation
• Data up to rates of 2Mbps (typically less)

UMTS Compared to GSM

UMTS GSM
Carrier Spacing 5MHz 200kHz
Frequency Reuse 1 1-18
Factor
Power Control 1500Hz 2Hz or lower
Frequency
Quality Control Radio Resource Frequency Planning
Management and Network
algorithms Optimisation
Frequency Diversity 5MHz bandwidth gives Frequency Hopping
multipath diversity with
rake reciever
Packet Data Load Based Packet Time Slot based
Scheduling Scheduling with GPRS
Transmit Diversity Supported to improve Not supported by

downlink capacity standard but may be
applied

UMTS Compared to IS95

UMTS IS-95
Carrier Spacing 5MHz 1.25MHz
Chip Rate 3.84Mcps 1.2288Mcps
Power Control 1500Hz Uplink 800Hz,
Frequency Downlink slow
Base Station No Yes via GPS
Synchronisation
Frequency Inter Yes, slotted mode Possible but
Frequency measurements measurements not
Handovers specified
Packet Data Load Based Packet Packets as short CS
Scheduling calls
Radio Resource Efficient algorithms to Not required for
Management provide QoS speech only
Transmit Diversity Supported to improve Not supported by
downlink capacity standard

UMTS TDD
• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Frequency
Division Duplexing Mode
• Built onto enhanced GSM core network
• Utilises:
QPSK modulation
CDMA
TDD
Asynchronous operation

cdma2000
• Built onto ANSI-41 core network
• Utilises:
QPSK modulation
CDMA
FDD
Multiple carriers on the downlink to allow compatibility with cdmaOne
Synchronous operation

EDGE
• Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution
Sometimes called E-GPRS (Enhanced GPRS)
• Enhancement to the GSM and TDMA standards
• Utlilises:
8PSK Modulation
Possible 1.6MHz carrier under IS-136
8 Channel Coding Schemes
Multiple Timeslots
TDMA
• Data up to rates of 384kbps (typically less)

3rd Generation Standards Compared

UMTS FDD UMTS TDD cdma2000 EDGE
Multiple CDMA CDMA CDMA TDMA

Access
Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK 8-PSK
Carrier 5MHz (200kHz 5MHz (200kHz 3.75MHz 200kHz/1.6MHz
raster) raster) UL/1.25MHz DL
Spacing
Frame Length 10ms 10ms 20ms 4.615ms
Slots per 15 15 16 8/16/64
Frame
Multiple Multi-code, Multi-code, multi- Supplemental Multiple channel
Variable slot Channels, Multiple code, multi-slot
Rates Spreading Factor spreading Factors
Chip Rate 3.84Mcps 3.84Mcps 3.6868Mcps
Max Data 2Mbps 2Mbps 2Mbps 521/4750kbps
Rate
Synchronous No No Yes Yes
Handover Soft Hard Soft Hard

4th Generation...
• Probably 2005-2007
• Broadband data rates in excess of
1Mbps
• Probably 10MHz+ carriers
• ...

Questions
• What is IMT-2000 and why is it related to UMTS?
• Why do the American operators want cdma2000 and EDGE?
• What is the major difference between UMTS and cdma2000?

Session Summary
• In this session we have discussed:
The key goals of IMT-2000
The drivers for 3rd generation from the regions
The key industry bodies and their relationships
The four cellular air interfaces for IMT-2000 are:
UMTS FDD
UMTS TDD
cdma2000
EDGE

CDMA Mobile Technology Overview
Locator Slide
Standards
• Day 1 Roundup



•Multiple Access • This session aims to cover some
basic CDMA terminology and
Strategies Explained technology before dealing with
•CDMA for Cellular UMTS in more detail
• Key generic areas of CDMA
include
•Codes in CDMA
How CDMA works and relates to
other multiple access schemes
•Soft Handover How the codes are generated and
what their properties are
Soft Handover - what and how?
The pilot channel
•The Pilot Channel

Multiple Access Explained

• Imagine you are in a cocktail party…
• Now imagine you are trying to talk to somebody
(rather than fighting your way to the punch bowl again...)
• If you are trying to listen to somebody you need to be able to
pick out their speech from everybody else’s speech.
• Everybody is using the same medium to talk - the air in the
room

Cliché Explanation
• This is Multiple Access
Many conversations/channels share the same medium
• There are a number of different Multiple Access (MA) strategies
you can try:
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

TDMA at the Cocktail Party

• We divide time into a number of timeslots
• Everybody takes turns to speak within a timeslot
• Once everybody has spoken we go back to the start of the list and begin
again - this is a frame
• This ensures that two conversations/channels don’t get confused.
• Conversation/Channel separation is provided in time.
• Bit of problem if people speak late or early…
We may need guard periods between timeslots when nobody speaks
• People need to know when to speak…
We need signaling to tell people their timeslot

TDMA
Timeslot Period Frame Period
frequency
Available
Frequency
Band
time
User 1 User 1 Idealised TDMA
(with no guard
periods)

FDMA at the cocktail party

• We divide the available frequency band into a number of frequency
channels of the same channel bandwidth
• People speak continuously at different frequencies/pitches, and use
earpieces to filter out frequencies they’re not interested in.
• Again this ensures that two conversations don’t get confused.
• Conversation/Channel separation provided in frequency.
• Bit of a problem as the filters aren’t perfect…
We may need guard bands between timeslots when nobody speaks
• People need to know the frequency of the conversation…
We need signaling to tell people their frequency channel

FDMA
Frame Period (we may still need
frequency
frames/timeslots for signaling)
Channel
Bandwidth
User 1
time
Idealised FDMA
(with no guard
bands)

FDMA/TDMA
• Of course we could also be clever and use a combination of
TDMA and FDMA…like in GSM
• This is commonly referred to as simply TDMA

FDMA/TDMA
frequency
Channel
Bandwidth
User 1 User 1 Idealised time

FDMA/TDMA (with
no guard bands or
guard periods)

FH at the Cocktail Party

• If we combine TDMA and FDMA and change the frequency of transmission
every frame we have Frequency Hopping
• Frequency hopping improves the received quality of the
conversation/channel
We can tolerate the occasional collision of words:
The next ‘word’ is almost certain to get through
We can always repeat the odd word
This generally won’t have too great an impact on the meaning of the conversation.
• This is sometimes called frequency hopping spread spectrum
This is because the total bandwidth used for an individual conversation is greater
than that strictly required for the individual conversation
i.e. the spectrum has been spread

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

frequency
Channel
Bandwidth
User 1
time
User 1 Idealised FH (with
no guard bands or
guard periods)

Frequency Hopping Power Spectrum

Power
Frequency
Power
Power
Frequency
Frequency
Power Time Averaged
Power Spectrum
Frequency
Instantaneous Power
Spectra for a channel in
different frames

CDMA at the Cocktail Party

• We can actually be more sophisticated than this.
• If we know the characteristics of the persons voice we can tune in to what
they are saying and ignore what other people are saying
• This is like CDMA where the conversation/channel separation is provided by
the characteristics of the channel
i.e. the code
• The only problem is that we do pick up some of the noise from the other
channels…
This limits the number of conversations/channels that can use the same medium
• We also need to know the code in use…
We need signaling to tell people their code
• This is sometimes called Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

CDMA - Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

frequency
code
Frame Period (we may still need

frames/timeslots for signaling)
time

CDMA Power Spectrum
Power Power
Frequency Frequency
Power Spectrum for the Power Spectrum post

equivalent unspread spreading
channel
Note: The power spectrum
has been spread similar to
that in a Frequency
Hopping system

More CDMA permutations

• Of course we can start getting a bit clever again...

CDMA/FDMA
frequency
code
CDMA/FDMA can be used to

provide multiple carriers OR to Idealised time
provide Frequency Division CDMA/FDMA (with
Duplexing - separate carriers for no guard bands)
the uplink and downlink

CDMA/TDMA/FDMA...
frequency
code
Combining CDMA and TDMA can be used

Idealised
CDMA/TDMA/FDMA
time
to provide Time Division Duplexing (with no guard bands or
guard periods)

CDMA Spreading
•Essentially Spreading involves changing the symbol rate on the air interface
Spreading Despreading
P P
Channel
f f
P
Tx Bit Stream P P Rx Bit Stream
f
f Air Interface f
Chip Stream
Identical
codes
Code Chip Stream Code Chip Stream

Spreading and Despreading
1
Tx Bit Stream
-1
Spreading X
Code Chip Stream
Air Interface
Chip Stream
Despreading X
Code Chip Stream
Rx Bit Stream

Spreading
• If the Bit Rate is Rb , the Chip Rate is Rc, the energy per bit Eb
and the energy per chip Ec then
Rc
Eb = Ec .
Rb
• We say the Processing Gain Gp is equal to:

Rc
Gp =
Rb
• Commonly the processing gain is refereed to as the Spreading
Factor

Spreading in noise
Tx Signal Rx Signal (= Tx Signal + Noise)
P P
f f
P P
Channel
f f
Signal Spreading Code Spreading Code Signal

P
Wideband Noise/Interference
• The gain due to despreading of the signal over wideband noise
is the Processing Gain

Types of Codes
• There are essentially two types of
codes used in CDMA networks: S2
Channelization Codes C1 C2 C3
Are used to separate channels from
a single cell or terminal
Scrambling Codes
Are used to separate cells and S1
terminals from each other rather than C1 C2 C3
purely channels
• Channelization/scrambling codes
may be either:
short (the length of the code is equal
to the bit period) S3
long (longer than the bit period) C1 C2 C3

Channelisation Codes
• Channelisation codes are orthogonal and hence provide
channel separation
• Number of codes available is dependant on length of code
• Channelisation codes require an equal number of 1’s and -1’s
to be orthogonal
This is because we use integration to demodulate the signal
• Typically channelisation codes are used to spread the signal

Channelisation Code Generation

• Channelisation codes can be generated from a Hadamard
matrix
• A Hadamard matrix is: x x 
 x − x
 
Where x is a Hadamard matrix of the previous level
• For example 4 chip codes are:

1,1,1,1
1,-1,1,-1
1,1,-1,-1 Note: These two codes
correlate if they are time
1,-1,-1,1 shifted

Scrambling Code Generation

• Scrambling codes are not orthogonal since they are not
synchronised to each other at the receiver
• Hence it is sufficient to use Pseudo Random sequences
• Maximal length sequences used which repeat after 2R-1 bits
R relates to the number of taps in the generator
• Scrambles signals but can also be used to de-scramble
• Sequences with different offsets do not correlate
Generate a single code
Plan the offsets on the downlink

Scrambling Code Generation
1 2 3 R-1 R
Start value 1 2 3 4 5 OUTPUT

1 0 1 0 1 -
for offset 1 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0
Output sequence: 1,0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0,...

Orthogonality of Codes
• If orthogonal mean interference power over a bit is zero
Bit Period Chip Period
1
Code
-1
0.25 X
Signal Chip Stream
-0.25
0.25
‘Bit Value’
-0.25
Sum = 0 Sum = 1 Sum = -0.75

=> Orthogonal => Correlated => Non-orthogonal

Multi Channel Spreading and Despreading

P P
f f
P P
f f
c1 Channel c1
P P
f f
P
P
f f
c2 c2
• Since the channels are orthogonal the resulting interference is

entirely removed by the despreading process

CDMA in Cellular
• Cellular systems have multipath channels with a delay spread
Channels from the same transmitter are no longer perfectly orthogonal
Channelisation codes are no longer perfectly synchronised
Downlink Channels on the same cell interfere with each other
Worst case scenario can be treated as white noise
Otherwise use ‘orthogonality factor’ (0.6 in urban macrocells typically)
– The orthogonality factor gives the percentage of interference that is rejected

CDMA in Cellular
P P
f P P f
f f
c1 Channel c1
P P
f P
P f
f f
c2 c2
• Multipath reduces the orthogonality of the downlink codes

resulting in interference between channels from the same
transmitter

Visualising the Processing Gain

W/Hz W/Hz W/Hz
Ec
Before After
Spreading Spreading With Noise Io
f f f
Eb
W/Hz W/Hz dBW/Hz
After Post Eb/Io
Despreading/ Filtering Eb
Correlation Orthog = 0 Io Io
f f f
Signal
W/Hz dBW/Hz
Eb
Intra-cell Noise Post
Eb
Eb/No
Filtering
Inter-cell Noise Orthog > 0 No No
f f

A Channelised Transmitter
Channel 1 Pulse Shaping and

Modulation
Bit Stream
c1 s1
Typically in a multi-channel transmitter,
Channel 2 channels are first spread and channelised
Bit Stream using the channelisation codes, then
combined and finally scrambled together.
c2
Channel 3
Bit Stream
c3

Rake Receiver
Correlator Phase Rotator Delay Equalizer I
ΣI
Code Generators Channel Q

(S & C) Estimator ΣQ
A typical rake receiver with three

Matched Filter fingers

CDMA Noise Calculation

• We can say (approximately - assuming perfect power control)
that the Eb/No is equal to:
Eb 1  1  1  1 
= Gp   λ  
N 0 (M − 1) 1 + η   v  1 − O 
• Where:
Eb/No = Energy per bit/Noise Power Spectral Density
M = Number of Users or Codes Used
η = Loading
Gp = Processing Gain
λ = Sectorisation Gain
v = Voice activity factor
O = Orthogonality Factor

CDMA Capacity Calculations

• The Eb/No required to achieve a desired BER can be
calculated/simulated for a given receiver
• We can say that the number of users we can support is
approximately equal to:
1  1  1  1 
M≈ Gp   λ   
 Eb   1 + η   v  1 − O
 
 N 0  required

CDMA Capacity Calculations

• However imperfect power control will create a 30-40%
reduction in the capacity on the uplink (downlink channels will
always be ideally weighted)
• Soft handover also impacts the capacity on the downlink -
approximately 20-40% of channels will be required for
handover
• Control and pilot channels require transmitted power - again
impacting the downlink

Pilot Channels
• Pilot channels are effectively channels used in the cell selection
process
• Pilots contain no baseband information - no bits
• The pilot is spread by the all 1’s channelisation code
Effectively the pilot is the scrambling code
• The required pilot channel SNR is referred to in Ec/Io
• Pilots allow channel estimation
• In cdmaOne the pilot also gives the mobile phase and timing
information

Soft Handover
• Soft Handover is where more then one cell is in communication
with a terminal
• The cells in communication with the terminal are known as an
active set
• The best serving cell is known as the primary cell - and
maintains the primary channel
• Other channels are known as handover channels
• The gain associated with soft handover is known as the
macrodiversity gain
This occurs due to the uncorrelated nature of fast fading between cells
and the variation in slow fading between cells
Note that slow fading is not entirely uncorrelated for different cells

Hard Handover (e.g.GSM)
Direction of Travel
RX_Lev
Cell A Cell B
A hard handover
between cells A and B
in GSM Handover
Hysteresis
In a hard handover
Margin
the mobile is only
ever instantaneously
connected to a single
cell
Distance

Soft Handover (e.g. in cdmaOne)
Active set = 1 =2 =1
Pilot Ec/Io Cell A Cell B
Cell A and Cell B
Direction of Travel
A soft handover
between cells A and B
in cdmaOne
In a soft handover the T_ADD

mobile is may be T_DROP
instantaneously
connected to more
than one cell
Distance
Add Time Delay Drop Time Delay

Why Soft Handover is Good in CDMA

• Why Soft Handover is Good in • Why Soft Handover is Bad in
CDMA CDMA
Near- Far Effect Transmission overhead in backhaul
Hard Handover can lead to Addition of downlink noise into the
relatively deep penetration into system
neighbour cells
Engineering of handover zones
Soft Handover allows Power
Control from all Active Set cells becomes highly critical
Probability of dropped call reduced
due to link redundancy in handover
region
Macrodiversity gain

More CDMA at the Cocktail Party - Cell
Breathing
• The more noise the louder you have to speak to hear the same amount of
the conversation
• You get to a point where you can’t shout louder and can’t have a
conversation where you are standing
• The further away you are the louder you have to speak
• If it is noisy only people standing close together can have a conversation
• As it gets noisy the area that can be covered by a conversation decreases
• If it is quiet then the area covered by a conversation can be larger
• This is called Cell Breathing and occurs in mobile CDMA networks

Cell Breathing
• An increase in traffic results in an increase in interference
• Mobiles at the extremities of cells may be pushed out of the
cells effective coverage area due to decreased Eb/No
• This effect may occur over the course of 24 hours due to
changes in traffic demand over peak hours
6am Noon 9pm

More CDMA at the Cocktail Party - Power
Control
• If somebody is shouting louder than they need it increases the
overall noise
• This is inefficient as it reduces the number of people who can
have conversations
• We need to speak as quietly as possible to maximise the
number of simultaneous
• This is called Power Control in mobile networks
• In CDMA networks it is very important that this power control is
efficient
We use fast power control with a much quicker feedback loop than in
TDMA networks

Power Control
MSb
• The ‘Near-Far’ Effect
• If equal transmit powers
Received Signal Strength from Path Loss = 150dB
MSa higher than required
MSa
MSb Eb/No significantly reduced
• Near mobiles dominate on the
Path Loss = 100dB
uplink
• Cell area and capacity reduced
• Solution
Fast power control
Large Dynamic Range for mobiles

Questions
• What is a pilot channel?
• How does soft handover differ from hard handover?
• How do scrambling codes differ from channelisation codes?
• Why is multipath fading bad from a CDMA point of view?

Session Summary
• In this session we have discussed:
CDMA and how it relates to and differs from other multiple access
technologies
What channelisation and scrambling codes are and what they do
What we mean by a pilot channel
How soft handover works
What we mean by cell breathing and the near far effect

UMTS Architecture Overview
Locator Slide
Standards
• Day 1 Roundup



• This session aims to give the user
•UMTS High Level a first pass overview of the
Architecture architecture behind UMTS
•The Core Network To explain the major architectural
•UTRAN blocks
•The User Equipment To give a first introduction to the

major network elements and
interfaces
To talk about how UMTS will
•Interfaces interface with existing technologies
•Access Modes
•UMTS and GSM

Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)

• A Public Land Mobile Network is
defined in the specifications as
consisting of:
One or more switches with a
common numbering plan and Core Network
routing plan
Switches act as the interfaces to
external networks
PLMN
• A PLMN can be regarded as an
independent telecommunications
entity
• The PLMN can be separated into Access Network
Core Network
Access Network

UMTS High Level Architecture

• To this definition, the 3GPP standards add an additional
architectural block, the User Equipment
UMTS
User Equipment Terrestrial Radio Core Network
Access Network
UE UTRAN CN
UU IU

Major Network Elements in UMTS

Node B
Radio Network
Iu-cs Mobile
Gateway
Controller Switching PLMN,
UMTS SIM MSC
Centre
RNC MSC/VLR GMSC PSTN,
USIM Node B
ISDN
IUb
CU
IUr Home Location
Register
Mobile HLR
Equipment
ME IUb Internet,
Node B X25
Radio Network
Serving GSN
Gateway Packet
Controller GSN Network
RNC SGSN GGSN
Node B Iu-ps
UE UTRAN CN
UU IU

Functions of the CN
• Switching
• Service Provision
• Transmission of user traffic between UTRAN(s) and/or fixed
network
• Mobility Management
• Operations, Administration and Maintenance

Major Elements of the Core Network

• Home Location Register (HLR)
The database storing the master copy of a users profile
• Visitor Location Registor (VLR)
The database holding a copy of a visiting users profile
• Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
Switch for Circuit Switched Services
• Gateway MSC
• Serving GPRS Support Node
Router for Packet Switched Services
• Gateway GSN

General Core Network Architecture

Other MSC
F
F
Iu-cs Mobile
Gateway
External Circuit
Switching
UTRAN Centre
MSC Switched
MSC/VLR GMSC
Networks
D
D
Gs Home Location
Register
HLR
Gr Gc
G
External
i Packet
Iu-ps Serving GSN
Gateway
UTRAN GSN Switched
SGSN GGSN
Gn Networks
Gn CN
IU Other SGSN

Functions of UTRAN
• Provision of Radio Coverage
• System access control
• Security and privacy
• Handover
• Radio resource management and control

Elements of UTRAN
• Radio Network Controller
Owns and controls radio resources in its domain
Service Access point for all services that UTRAN provides the CN
• Node B
Acts as the radio basestation
Converts the data flow bewteen the Iub and Uu interfaces

General UTRAN Architecture

Node B
Radio Network Iu-cs
Controller
CN (MSC)
RNC
Node B
IUb
UE
IUr
IUb
Node B
Radio Network
Controller CN (SGSN)
RNC
Node B Iu-ps
UTRAN
UU IU

Functions of the UE
• Display and user interface
• To hold the authentication algorithms and keys
• User end termination of the air interface
• Application platform

Elements of the UE
• Mobile Equipment
The radio terminal used for radio communication over the Uu interface
• UMTS Subscriber Identity Module
The smartcard that holds the subscriber identity, authentication and
encryption keys etc
• Additionally one can define a Terminal Equipment item that sits
with the UE
This carries the application specific user interface
The interface for the TE may be provided by Bluetooth for example

General UE Architecture
UMTS SIM
USIM
CU
Mobile
Terminal Equipment
UTRAN
Equipment ME
UE
UU

Major Interfaces in UMTS

• There are four major new
interfaces defined in UMTS CN
Iu
The interface between UTRAN
Iu
and the CN Iur
Iur RNC RNC
The Interface between different
RNCs Iub
Iub

Node-
The interface between the Node B
and the RNC B
Uu Uu
The air interface
UE

Iu - the Core Network to UTRAN Interface

• There are two parts to the Iu
interface CN
Iu-ps connecting UTRAN to the PS
Domain of the CN Iu
Iu-cs connecting UTRAN to the CS Iur
Domain of the CN RNC RNC
• No radio resource signalling travels
over this interface Iub
The Iu interface divides the UMTS Node-
network into the radio specific
UTRAN and the CN responsible for B
switching routing and service Uu
provision
UE

Iur - the Inter-

Inter-RNC Interface
• The Iur interface allows soft
handovers between Node-Bs CN
attached to different RNCs
• It is an open interface to allow the Iu
use of RNCs from different Iur
manufacturers RNC RNC
• Its functions may be summarised:
Support of basic inter-RNC mobility Iub
Support of Dedicated and Common Node-
Channel Traffic B
Support of Global Resource Uu
Management
UE

Iub - the RNC to Node-

Node-B Interface
• The Iub is an open interface to allow
the support of different CN
manufacturers supplying RNCs
and Node-Bs Iu
• Its major functions are: Iur
Carries dedicated and common RNC RNC
channel traffic between the RNC
and the Node-B Iub
Supports the control of the Node-B Node-
by the RNC
B
Uu
UE

Uu - the Air Interface

• Clearly the Uu must be
standardised to allow multiple UE CN
vendors to be supported by a
network Iu
• The major functions of the Uu are Iur
to: RNC RNC
Carry dedicated and common
channel traffic across the air Iub
interface
Node-
Provide signaling and control traffic
to the mobile from the RNC and the B
Node-B Uu
UE

UMTS Interface Implementation
SGSN
Node B
ATM/IP Network MSC
RNC
Node B
Iub
Iu_cs
Iu_ps
Node B RNC
Iur Node B

Access Modes for UMTS

• In this course we will concentrate on the UMTS FDD air
interface
• However we should bear in mind that a number of other access
modes are possible
Within UTRAN
Outside of UTRAN

Access Modes within UTRAN

• There are four access modes that will be contained within
release 2000 of the 3GPP standards
Direct Sequence FDD Mode 1
Based on UMTS FDD air interface
Multi Carrier FDD Mode 2
Based on cdma2000
TDD Mode
Based on UMTS TDD air interface
ODMA
Supplement to UMTS TDD mode based on using a second UE as a radio
relay

Additional Access Networks

• The UMTS CN is being
designed with the possibility of
interfacing to additional Access UMTS-CN
Networks other than UTRAN
GRAN - GSM/GPRS Radio
Access Network
ERAN - EDGE Radio Access
Network
BRAN - Broadband Radio DECT ERAN
Access Network (HIPERLAN2)
BRAN GRAN
DECT - Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telephony
UTRAN

UMTS and GSM

Internet PSTN
Core GGSN GMSC

Network
SGSN MSC
Iu-ps
Iu-cs A
Iu-ps Iu-cs
Gb
BSS/
UTRAN Iur
RNC RNC BSC
Iub Iub Iub
Node-B Node-B Node-B

A-bis
RBS RBS RBS RBS BTS

Architecture of a UMTS bearer service

TE UE UTRAN CN CN
edge node gateway
TE
End-to-End Service
TE/UE Local External Bearer

Bearer Service UMTS Bearer Service Service
CN Bearer
Radio Access Bearer Service Service
Radio Bearer Backbone Network

Iu Bearer Service
Service Service
UTRA FDD/TDD Physical Bearer

Service Service

UMTS Protocol Stratums
• In order to provide separation
between radio access
Non Access Stratum

functionality and service quality L7 L7
provision, protocols in UMTS
L6 L6
are divided into two stratums
Access Stratum L5 L5
Encompasses layers 1 and 2 L4 L4
of the OSI 7 layer model, and
L3 upper L3 upper
the lower part of layer 3 L3 lower L3 lower L3 lower L3 lower
Access Stratum
Non-access Stratum L2 L2 L2 L2
Encompasses layers 4 to 7
of the OSI 7 layer model, and L1 L1 L1 L1
the upper part of layer 3
UE Uu UTRAN Iu CN

Questions
• What elements does UTRAN consist of?
• What is the primary role of UTRAN?
• What additional access modes does UMTS support over UMTS
FDD?

Session Summary
• In this session we have discussed the major elements of the
UMTS network architecture
• In following sessions we will discuss each element in more
detail

UMTS Air Interface
Locator Slide
Standards
• Day 1 Roundup

UMTS Air Interface
UMTS Air Interface

UMTS Air Interface

•Overview of the Air • This session aims to explain the
protocols and operation of the air
Interface interface
To give an overview of the UMTS
specific operation of the air
•Logical, Transport and interface
Physical Channels on the To look at the protocol structure
Air Interface To investigate the Frame and
Timeslot structure of the major air
interface channels
•The Dedicated Channels

UMTS Air Interface
Role of the Air Interface

• To provide a number of bearer or physical channels to support
data transfer over the radio path.
• To provide control channels to manage the cell
• To provide a number of traffic channels at an acceptable error
performance and at various rates
• To provide signalling channels for call set up, etc.
• In providing all of this to also:
Ensure an efficient use of the available spectrum
Minimise interference to other cells and services
Minimise the use of power, particularly from the mobile
Provide synchronisation

UMTS Air Interface
UMTS FDD Air Interface Overview
Parameter Value
Multiple Access Scheme Direct Sequence CDMA
Duplexing Method FDD
Chip Rate 3.84 Mcps
Carrier Spacing 5 MHz
Carrier Spacing Raster 200 kHz
Frame Length 10 ms
Slots per Frame 15
Inter-cell Synchronisation None
Spreading factor Variable (4-512)
User Data Rate 8->384 kbps

UMTS Air Interface
Multiple Access Scheme

• UMTS FDD mode makes use of a CDMA style multiple access
scheme
• In the case of UMTS this is commonly referred to as Wideband
CDMA
• However there are elements of FDMA and TDMA in UMTS
Common channels for paging and packet access share codes between
UEs (TDMA)
Multiple carriers are used per operator (FDMA)

UMTS Air Interface
Duplexing Method
• UMTS FDD mode makes use of 190MHz
Frequency Division Duplexing
The Uplink and Downlink
Channels are carried on
separate carriers
• In the case of UMTS in Europe: UMTS Uplink UMTS Downlink
The Uplink band is between 1.92
and 1.98GHz
The Downlink band is between
2.11 and 2.17GHz
The Uplink/Downlink Separation
is 190MHz

UMTS Air Interface
Chip Rate
• The chiprate used in UMTS FDD mode is 3.84Mcps
• This leads to a carrier bandwidth of approximately 5MHz
• This chip rate was chosen because it:
Could be generated simply from existing GSM clock rates
Provided a similar bandwidth to cdma2000 to allow shared use of filters etc in
UEs
• Note: Initially UMTS was specified as having a chip rate of 4.096Mcps.
You may find some old texts and papers referring to this chip rate

UMTS Air Interface
Carrier Spacing and Carrier Spacing Raster

5MHz
• The nominal carrier spacing for
UMTS is 5Hz
• This was chosen to comply with
the American market, where
spectrum has been awarded in
5MHz blocks
• It is possible to move the centre
frequency of the carrier on a 200kHz
200kHz raster
We can have carrier spacings
between 4.4MHz and 5.6MHz
This may be set within the license
conditions, or to the operators
discretion

UMTS Air Interface
Adjacent Channel Interference

• Adjacent channel interference may have a significant impact on
UMTS capacity
• Required attenuation (by standards)
adjacent carrier 33dB
2nd adjacent carrier 43dB
• Since only have 2 or 3 carriers typically at least one adjacent
carrier will be transmitted by a third party
• This can partially be negated by a flexible carrier spacing based
upon a 200kHz raster

UMTS Air Interface
Adjacent Operator Interference
Interference
50dB path loss Signal
150dB path loss
Close Interferring Distant Serving

Microcell Macrocell

UMTS Air Interface
UK Spectrum Allocations Example

D E C A A A A C C B B B D D E E
Hutchison Vodafone Orange
One2One BT Cellnet
0.3MHz 0.3MHz
20MHz 14.6MHz 10MHz 14.8MHz 10MHz 10MHz

UMTS Air Interface
Radio Frame Structure

• Radio Frame Period = Tf = 10ms
• Frames are used for channel format control
• 15 slots, #0…#14
• Slots are use for power control
• 38400 chips
• Tslot = 2560 chips = 666.7µs
Tslot = 666.7µs = 2560 chips
#0 #1 #2 #i #14
Tf = 10ms = 38400 chips

UMTS Air Interface
Superframe Structure
• 72 Radio Frames make a Superframe
• Superframes are used for
• Superframe Period Tsf = 720ms
#0 #1 #2 #i #71
Tsf = 720ms

UMTS Air Interface
Inter Cell Synchronisation

• Cells in a UMTS network are not synchronised in time with
each other.
• This removes the need for tight synchronisation between the
base stations
• There is no need for GPS receivers at sites
This makes implementation of picocells and their integration with the
network more simple as satellite LoS is not required
• 3rd Party Transmission requirement are less stringent

UMTS Air Interface
Spreading Factor and User Data Rates

• UMTS has been designed to provide flexibility to allow the user
to use multiple services, some of which we cannot foresee at
the moment
• Rather than having a fixed bit rate and spreading factor, each
of the channels on the user interface has a range of bit rates
that can be used
• This makes the channels more complicated than for GSM…but
certainly more flexible

UMTS Air Interface
Air Interface Access Stratum

Radio Resource Control Plane User Plane
L3 Control RRC Signalling Information
Radio Link
Control RLC
L2 Logical Channels
Medium Access
Control MAC
Transport
Channels
Physical
L1 Physcial Layer Channels

UMTS Air Interface
Radio Resource Control Layer

• The RRC layer forms the lower
part of the OSI layer 3
• It is responsible for: L3 Radio Resource
Control RRC
Control Plane
Signalling
User Plane
Information
Bearer Control
Radio Link
Monitoring Control RLC
Power Control L2 Logical Channels
Medium Access
Measurement Reporting Control MAC
Transport
Paging Channels
Broadcast Control L1 Physical Layer
Physical
Channels

UMTS Air Interface
Radio Resource Control Layer Functional
Entities
• The RRC layer resides at the RNC serving a cell or UE
• The RRC Layer can be split into 3 functional entities
Dedicated Control Functional Entity (DCFE)
One per UE in connection
All functions and signalling specific to a single UE
Paging and Notification control Functional Entity (PNFE)
One per cell
Paging of idle mode UEs
Broadcast Control Functional Entities (BCFE)
One per cell
Broadcasting of system information

UMTS Air Interface
Radio Link Control Layer

• The RLC layer forms the upper
part of the OSI layer 2
Control RRC
Control Plane
Signalling
User Plane
Information
Logical Link Control

Radio Link
Acknowledged and Control RLC
unacknowledged data transfer L2 Logical Channels
Medium Access
Control MAC
Transport
Channels
L1 Physical Layer
Physical
Channels

UMTS Air Interface
The Medium Access Control Layer

• The MAC Layer forms the lower
part of layer 2
Control RRC
Control Plane
Signalling
User Plane
Information
Random Access
Radio Link
Physical Link Control Control RLC
Ciphering L2 Logical Channels
Medium Access
Multiplexing and Channel Mapping Control MAC
to the Physical Layer Transport

Channels
L1 Physical Layer
Physical
Channels

UMTS Air Interface
Medium Access Control Layer Functional
Entities
• MAC-b
Handles the broadcast channel (BCH) and is located in the Node-B in
the UTRAN
• MAC-c/sh
Handles the common and shared channels and is located in the RNC in
the UTRAN
• MAC-d
Handles the dedicated channels and is located in the RNC

UMTS Air Interface
The Physical Layer

• The Physical Layer forms layer 1 of
the OSI protocol stack
Control RRC
Control Plane
Signalling
User Plane
Information
Carrying traffic and signalling

across the air interface Radio Link
Control RLC
L2 Logical Channels
Medium Access
Control MAC
Transport
Channels
L1 Physical Layer
Physical
Channels

UMTS Air Interface
Protocol Termination in the Access Stratum
RRC RRC
RLC RLC
MAC MAC
Physical Physical
User Equipment Node-B Radio Network Controller
Note: Some Layer 2 functionality regarding the broadcast

functionality resides in the Node-B

UMTS Air Interface
UMTS Channel Types and Functions

• There are three types of channel across the air interface and
access stratum that we are interested in:
Logical Channels
Between the RLC and MAC layers
Transport Channels
Between the MAC and Physical layers
Physical Channels
Between Physical Layers at the Node-B and UE

UMTS Air Interface
Major Logical Channels in UMTS

• Control Channels
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
PCCH Paging Control Channel
CCCH Common Control Channel
DCCH Dedicated Control Channel
• Traffic Channels
DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel
CTCH Common Traffic Channel

UMTS Air Interface
Logical Control Channels

• The Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) is a downlink channel
for broadcasting system control information
• The Paging Control Channel (PCH) is a downlink channel that
transfers paging information
• The Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) is a point-to-point bi-
directional channel transmitting control information between a
specific UE and the UTRAN
• The Common Control Channel (CCCH) is a bi-directional
channel transmitting control information between Ues and the
UTRAN

UMTS Air Interface
Logical Traffic Channels

• The Dedicated Traffic Channel (DCH) is a point-to-point
channel dedicated to a single UE for the transfer of user
information
• The Common Traffic Channel (CTCH) is a point-to-point
unidirectional channel for transfer of user information to a group
of UEs

UMTS Air Interface
Major Transport Channels for UMTS

• Common Control Channels
BCH Broadcast Channel
FACH Forward Access Channel
PCH Paging Channel
RACH Random Access Channel
CPCH Common Packet Channel
• Dedicated Channels
DCH Dedicated Channel
DSCH Downlink Shared Channel

UMTS Air Interface
Common Transport Channels

• The Broadcast Channel (BCH) is a cell-wide channel that is used to
broadcast system and cell-specific information. The BCH is always
transmitted over the entire cell with a low fixed bit rate.
• The Paging Channel (PCH) is a cell-wide channel that is used to carry
control information to a UE when the system does not know the location cell
of the UE
• The Forward Access Channel (FACH) is a downlink channel that is used to
carry control information to a UE when the system knows the location cell of
the UE. May also carry short user packets.
• The Random Access Channel (RACH) is an uplink control channel from the
UE. May also carry short user packets
• The Common Packet Channel (CPCH) is a contention based uplink channel
used for transmission of bursty data traffic.

UMTS Air Interface
Dedicated Transport Channels

• The Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH) is a downlink channel
shared by several UEs carrying dedicated control or traffic data.
• The Dedicated Channel (DCH) is a channel dedicated to one
UE used in uplink or downlink.

UMTS Air Interface
Major Physical Channels for UMTS

• Common Control Channels
P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channels (DL)
S-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channels (DL)
P-SCH Primary Synchronisation Channel (DL)
S-SCH Secondary Synchronisation Channel (DL)
CPICH Common Pilot Channel (DL)
AICH Acquisition Indicator Channel (DL)
PICH Paging Indicator Channel (DL)
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (DL)
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel (UL)
PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel (UL)
AP-AICH Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (DL)
CD/CA-ICH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel (DL)
• Dedicated Channels
DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DL & UL)
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DL & UL)

UMTS Air Interface
Common Physical Channels for UMTS

• The Primary-Common Control Physical Channels (P-CCPCH) is used to carry broadcast
information across the cell
• The Secondary-Common Control Physical Channels (S-CCPCH) is used to carry paging and
forward access information across the cell
• The Primary-Synchronisation Channel (P-SCH) is used during cell search to provide timing
information
• The Secondary-Synchronisation Channel (S-SCH) is used during cell search to provide
information about the primary scrambling codes in use in the cell
• The Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) is used to provide the phase reference for downlink
channels
• The Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) is used to acknowledge random access requests

UMTS Air Interface
Common Physical Channels for UMTS

• The Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) is used to enable discontinuous reception of the S-
CPCCH
• The Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) carries traffic to one or more users
• The Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) is a contention based channel used for
random access and to transmit small packets of information
• The Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) is an extension to the RACH used to carry
larger packets of information on the uplink
• The Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH) is used to indicate the reception
of a preamble signature for Random Access
• The Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel (CD/CA-ICH) is used to indicate
collisions and channel assignment for packet access

UMTS Air Interface
Dedicated Channels
• The Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) is used to
carry user information
• The Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) is used to
carry dedicated control information regarding its associated
DCHs

UMTS Air Interface
Mapping of Logical Channels to Transport

Channels
Logical
Channels
BCCH PCCH DCCH CCCH CTCH DTCH
BCH PCH CPCH RACH FACH DSCH DCH
Transport
Channels

UMTS Air Interface
Mapping of Transport Channels to Physical

Channels
Transport Channels Spreading/Modulation
RACH CPCH BCH PCH FACH DSCH DCH
PICH
AICH
DPCCH
DPDCH
PDSCH
S-CCPCH
P-CCPCH
PCPCH
PRACH
P-SCH
S-SCH
CPICH
AP-AICH
CD/CA-ICH
Physical Channels

UMTS Air Interface
UMTS Air Interface Physical Resource

• Code Plane
Separation within cell by channelisation codes
Separation between cell by scrambling codes
• Frequency Plane
Multiple carriers available
• Phase Plane
IQ multiplexing of channels on the UL
• Space Plane
Adaptive antennas
• Time Plane
Time multiplexing of channels on DL
Packet Access

UMTS Air Interface
Codes in UMTS
• We have already talked generically about codes in CDMA
• In UMTS there are a number of different types of codes:
Synchronisation Codes
To enable an unsynchronised UE to synchronise and determine the
scrambling code of the cell
To spread and channelise within a UE or cell
Scrambling Codes
To separate the UEs and cells

UMTS Air Interface
Synchronisation Codes
• These are short duration Gold codes
• They have length 256 chips and duration 66.67µs
• There is 1 primary code and 64 secondary codes

UMTS Air Interface
• These are short Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF)
codes
• They are of length 4 - 512 chips long (1.04-133.34µs)
dependant upon the channel and required bit rate of the service
• There are between 4 and 512 codes dependant on the length
of the code
• OVSF codes are orthogonal

UMTS Air Interface
OVSF codes
• Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes can be defined by
a code tree:
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
• Where
SF = Spreading Factor of code (maximum 512 for UMTS)
k = code number (0 ≤ k ≤ SF-1)

UMTS Air Interface
Code Usage Efficiency

• Any codes further down the trunk • By filling up branches of the code
of a branch in use cannot be used tree before starting new branches
• Any codes further out from the a greater capacity can be achieved
branch in use cannot be reused • Multiple code trees can be used
from a cell but at an increased
level of interference between
channels
C ch,2,0 = (1,1)
C ch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
IN USE Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
IN USE
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
C ch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)

C ch,1,0 = (1) Cch,1,0 = (1)
IN USE
C ch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
C ch,2,1 = (1,- Cch,2,1 = (1,-
1) 1)
C ch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
IN USE
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

UMTS Air Interface
Multiple Code Trees

• We can actually use multiple code trees if we run out of OVSF
codes on the downlink
• This is achieved by introducing a second scrambling code
• However codes on the two code trees will only be separated by
the scrambling codes, which are not orthogonal
• This reduces interference rejection

UMTS Air Interface
Scrambling Codes
• Downlink Scrambling codes are complex valued Gold codes
They are a 38400 chip segment from a 218 chip code, duration 10ms (1
frame)
There are 512 primary codes and 15 secondary codes associated with
each primary code
• Uplink Scrambling codes can be long or short codes
Long codes are complex valued Gold codes and are a 38400 chip
segment from a 225 chip code, duration 10ms (1 frame)
– There are 16,777,216 codes…
Short codes are complex valued S(2) codes and 256 chips long, duration
66.67µs
– There are again 16,777,216 codes

UMTS Air Interface
The Primary Synchronisation Channel

• The P-SCH transmits the Primary Synchronisation Code
• This is a 256 chip sequence and is the same in all cells in the network
• The channel is transmitted at the start of a timeslot, for the first 66.67µs
• There is only ever one P-SCH per cell
P-SCH P-SCH P-SCH P-SCH
256 chips
66.67µs
2560 chips
666.7µs
Timeslot # 0 Timeslot # 1 Timeslot # 2

UMTS Air Interface
The Secondary Synchronisation Channel

• The S-SCH transmits the Secondary Synchronisation Code
• This is a 256 chip sequence and is one of 64 possible SSCs
• The channel is transmitted at the start of a timeslot, for the first 66.67µs, at the same
time as the P-SCH
• The SSC indicates which group of downlink scrambling codes is in use at the cell
• There is only ever one S-SCH per cell
P-SCH PSC PSC PSC
256 chips
66.67µs
S-SCH SSC SSC SSC
2560 chips
666.7µs

UMTS Air Interface
The Primary Common Control Physical
Channel
• Primary CCPCH is transmitted continuously at constant power
from each cell
• Uses one of the 512 Primary Scrambling Codes
• Channelisation code is same for all Primary CCPCHs
• There is only one P-CCPCH per cell
P-SCH PSC PSC PSC
256 chips
66.67µs
S-SCH SSC
2560 chips
SSC
2304 chips
SSC
666.7µs 600µs
30 kbps,
P-CCPCH Data (10 bits) Pilot (8 bits) Data (10 bits) Pilot (8 bits) Data (10 bits) Pilot (8 bits) SF=256

UMTS Air Interface
The Secondary Common Control Physical
Channel
• The cell communicates with UEs through the PCH and FACH
These are carried on the Secondary-CCPCH
• The SF is variable, set in the BCH, indicated on the P-CCPCH and is between 4 and 256
• Fixed power
This is why the channels are multiplexed to avoid simultaneous transmission
• TFCI, Transport Format Combination Indicator, is optional but must be supported by all UEs
• Similarly Pilot bits are optional
• There may be more than one S-CCPCH per cell, and frames may be offset in time by multiples
of 256 chips
E.g.one may be used to carry the FACH and one to carry the PCH
TFCI (0 - 8 bits per Data (10 - 1272 bits Pilot (0 - 16 bits per 30-1920 kbps,
S-CCPCH SF=4-256
slot) per slot) slot)
1 timeslot 2560 chips, 666.7µs

UMTS Air Interface
The Physical Random Access Channel

• The PRACH consists of two parts
A preamble
To initiate access
A message
Which can contain a request for a dedicated channel or a small packet of
user data
2 frames = 20 ms
Message
PRACH
1 PRACH preamble = 4096 chips 1 PRACH slot = 2 normal timeslots

UMTS Air Interface
The PRACH Preamble

• Selected from one of 16 preambles available on the cell
• The preamble is 1ms in length
• Power of transmitted preamble is based on an estimate of
downlink loss from CPICH received signal strength
• It then randomly selects a slot from 15 over 2 Frames (slotted
ALOHA)
• In no acknowledge then reselects signature and increases
power by 1dB and tries again

UMTS Air Interface
The PRACH Message

• The message is either 15 or 30 slots in length
Determined by which slot the preamble was sent in
• Power as successful preamble
• Data and control are code multiplexed
15 - 120 kbps,
Data (10 - 80 bits per SF=32-256
Data
slot)
PRACH message
15 kbps,
Control Pilot (8 bits per slot) TFCI (2 bits per slot) SF=256
1 timeslot 2560 chips, 666.7µs

UMTS Air Interface
AICH
• The AICH indicates whether the PRACH preamble has been received
• If the Node-B receives the preamble it mirrors the preamble signature
back on the AICH
2 frames = 20 ms
Message
PRACH
1 PRACH preamble = 4096 chips 1 PRACH slot = 1.25ms
AICH
1 PRACH preamble = 4096 chips

UMTS Air Interface
PCPCH
• Similar to the the PRACH
• Additionally a collision detection preamble is sent
• The AI-ICH responds to the PCPCH access preamble
• The CD/CA-ICH responds to the collision detection preamble
• The message part has the same structure as an uplink DPCH
Pj Pj
P1 Message Part
P0
4096 chips
0 or 8 slots N*10 msec
Access Preamble Control Part
Collision Detection Data part

Preamble

UMTS Air Interface
PICH
• The PICH is the Paging Indication Channel, used to inform the UE that it
should listen to the PCH
• Fixed rate (SF=256)
• N Paging Indicators {PI0, …, PIN-1} are transmitted in each PICH frame,
where N=18, 36, 72, or 144.
• These are mapped to 300 transmitted bits
288 bits for paging indication 12 bits (undefined)
b0 b1 b287 b288 b299
One radio frame (10 ms)

UMTS Air Interface
Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)

• Consists of two parts:
DPDCH (Dedicated Physical Data Channel)
Carries the user data
DPCCH (Dedicated Physical Control Channel)
Carries control information (pilot bits, power control and optional rate
information)
• It is different on uplink and downlink

Uplink
Data and control code multiplexed to avoid DTX based EMC problems
Downlink
Data and control time multiplexed DTX based EMC not a problem
UE

UMTS Air Interface
DCH Control Fields

• Pilot
A predetermined bit pattern utilised by the rake receiver to estimate channel
conditions (5,6,7or 8 bits per slot)
Also used for coherent demodulation of the remaining data on the DCH
• TFCI - Transport Format Combination Indicator
This is an optional field
Used where different formats (multiplexing or spreading factor) are used on a
frame by frame basis (0 or 2 bits per slot)
• TPC - Transmit Power Control
2 bits per slot indicating an increase or decrease power
• FBI - Feedback Indicator
Used for diversity working (0,1,2 bits per slot)

UMTS Air Interface
Downlink-Dedicated Physical
Downlink-
Channel..Frame/Slot Structure
• The dedicated transport channel (DCH), is transmitted in time-multiplex with control
information generated at Layer 1 (known pilot bits, TPC commands, and an optional
TFCI)
• k = 0..7 • Spreading Factor, SF = 512/2k
• Bits per Slot, Ndata = 10*2k bits SF = 512 - 4
Ndata = 10 - 1280 bits • Channel Bit Rate, Rb = 15*2k kbps
Rb = 15 - 1920kbps
DPDCH DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

Data1 TPC TFCI Data2 Pilot
N data1 bits N TPC bits N TFCI bits N data2 bits N pilot bits
k
T slot = 2560 chips, 10*2 bits (k=0 ..7)
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
One radio frame, T f = 10 ms

UMTS Air Interface
Downlink Spreading and Modulation
15*2K kbps ωt)

cos(ω
I Pulse
cscramb Shaping
DPDCH/DPCCH
Serial -
Parallel
cch ωt)
sin(ω
Q Pulse
Shaping

UMTS Air Interface
Downlink Variable Rate (DTX based)

10 ms
R = 60kbps R = 0kbps R = 30kbps R = 60kbps
Pilot+TPC+TFCI Data
Note: that this diagram does not reflect the true

multiplexing on the downlink

UMTS Air Interface
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data

Channel..Frame/Slot Structure
• Used to carry the DCH transport channel.
• k = 0..6 • Spreading Factor, SF = 256/2k
• Bits per Slot, Ndata = 10*2k bits SF = 256 - 4
Ndata = 10 - 640 bits • Channel Bit Rate, Rb = 15*2k kbps

Rb = 15 - 960kbps
Data
DPDCH N data bits
T slot = 2560 chips, N data = 10*2 k bits (k=0 ..6)
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot # i Slot #14
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms

UMTS Air Interface
UL--DPCCH(3)..Slot/Frame Structure
UL
• Used to carry control information generated at Layer 1.
• The Layer 1 control information • Channel Bit Rate
consists of: Rb = 15 kbps
known pilot bits • Spreading Factor
transmit power-control (TPC) SF = 256
commands
feedback information (FBI)
• Bits per slot = 10
optional transport-format
combination indicator (TFCI).
Pilot TFCI FBI TPC
DPCCH N pilot bits N FBI bits N TPC bits
N TFCI bits
T slot = 2560 chips, 10 bits
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot # i Slot #14
1 radio frame: T f = 10 ms

UMTS Air Interface
Uplink Spreading and Modulation
cDPDCH ωt)
cos(ω
DPDCH Real Pulse
Shaping
cscramb
I+jQ
cDPCCH ωt)
sin(ω
DPCCH Imag Pulse
Shaping

UMTS Air Interface
Uplink Dedicated Channel Multiplexing

• One DPCCH and up to 6 DPDCH are spread by real valued
sequences
• DPCCH is spread by channelisation code cc
• DPDCH is spread by channelisation code cd,n where 1<=n<=6
• After channelisation real valued signals are weighted by βc and
βd, at least one of which has amplitude 1
• Only one DPCCH allowed per link

UMTS Air Interface
Uplink Dedicated Channel Multiplexing

cd,1 βd
DPDCH1
cd,3 βd
Σ
DPDCH3 I
cd,5 βd
DPDCH5
Sdpch,n
I+jQ
cd,2 βd
S
DPDCH2
cd,4 βd
DPDCH4
βd
Σ
cd,6 Q
DPDCH6
j
cc βc
DPCCH

UMTS Air Interface
Uplink Variable Rate (VSF based)

10 ms
R = 60kbps R = 30kbps R = 0kbps R = 0kbps R = 30kbps

Pilot+TPC+TFCI+FBI Data

UMTS Air Interface
Why does UMTS need the CPICH?

• UMTS already has the SCHs and pilot bits...
• Why does it need a pilot channel?
Handover measurements and cell selection/reselection
To aid channel estimation for dedicated channels
To provide channel estimation reference for common channels

UMTS Air Interface
A Multi-
Multi-Rate Channelised Transmitter
Power Control
60kbps Bit x4
Pulse Shaping and
Modulation
Stream
c1 s1
x2 All the channels are spread to the same chip
30kbps Bit rate and then added together.
Stream Note: to achieve the same Eb/No we must
x1 modify the power per chip before combining
c2 the chip streams
15kbps Bit
Stream
c3

UMTS Air Interface
Questions
• Which other physical channels are similar to the AICH?
• What are the two parts of the PRACH channel?
• Which layers do the Transport channels connect?
• Where is the MAC layer terminated?

Day 1 Roundup
Locator Slide
Standards
• Day 1 Roundup

Day 1 Roundup
Day 1 Roundup

UMTS Network Systems
Overview
Day 2

Day 2 Introductory Session
Locator Slide
Standards
• Day 1 Roundup


Summary of Yesterday
• Yesterday we looked at
1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems
Drivers for 3rd Generation Cellular
CDMA and Mobile Technology
An Overview of UMTS Architecture
The UMTS Air Interface

Today
• Today we are going to look at:
UTRAN
The UMTS Core Network
The UMTS Fixed Network Interfaces
UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Services

UTRAN
Locator Slide
Standards
• Day 1 Roundup

UTRAN
UTRAN

UTRAN

•UTRAN
•RNS, RNC and Node-B
• This session aims to explain the
roles and procedures behind
•Handover in UMTS UTRAN
To describe in detail the entities
•Admission Control comprising the UTRAN
•Load Control To examine the role of UTRAN in
Soft Handover
•Radio Resource
To look at Call Admission,
Management Congestion control and Radio
Resource Management Algorithms
•Transmit Diversity
To look at how the air interface is
•Cell Search and affected by power control
Synchronisation algorithms
•Power Control

UTRAN
UTRAN
• UTRAN is the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
• For any network UTRAN consists of:
One or more RNSs with their associated RNCs, Node Bs and Cells
• The functions of UTRAN (as described above) are:
System access control
Security and privacy
Handover
Radio resource management and control

UTRAN
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)

• A Radio Network Subsystem Iu
consists of:
A single RNC Iur
RNC
One or more Node B’s
Cells belonging to Node B’s
• The UMTS equivalent of the GSM
BSS Node B Node B
Cell Cell
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Uu

UTRAN
Radio Network Controller (RNC)

• Responsible for the use and
integrity of the radio resources Iu
within the RNS
Iur
• Responsible for the handover RNC
decisions that require signalling to
the UE
Node Node
• Provides a combining/splitting B B
function to support macro diversity
between different Node Bs Cell Cell
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Uu

UTRAN
Node B
• Logical node responsible for radio
transmission / reception in one or Iu
more cells to/from the UE
Iur
• Dual mode Node B can support RNC
FDD and TDD mode
• Not necessarily a single site Node Node
according to the standards B B
Most current implementations use
a single site Cell Cell
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Uu

UTRAN
Cell
• A cell is an area of radio coverage
serviced by one or more carriers Iu
Iur
RNC
Node Node
B B
Cell Cell
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Uu

UTRAN
UTRAN Security and privacy

• Use of temporary identifier
• Encryption for radio channel
• Decryption for radio channel

UTRAN
Use of Tempory Identifier

• There are a number of different types of equipment and user
identifiers used by UMTS
• They have been taken directly from GSM to provide some
backwards compatibility
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
Temporary Logical Link Identity (TLLI)
Mobile Station ISDN (MSISDN)
International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)

UTRAN
IMSI and TMSI

• IMSI is a unique 15 digit identifier • The TMSI is used to add a level of
for each user and serves as the security to the Subscriber Identity
primary identifier • The TMSI is 32 bits long
• It consists of: • It may be allocated by either an
Mobile Country Code (MCC), 3 MSC/VLR or an SGSN
digits
If it is allocated by an SGSN it is
Mobile Network Code (MNC), 2/3 known as a P-TMSI
digits
It is only valid within the network
Mobile Subscriber Identity Number domain that it has been awarded
(MSIN), 9/10 digits by and both types may be
simultaneously allocated
MCC MNC MSIN
3 bits 2/3 bits 9/10 bits

UTRAN
UTRAN Handover
• Radio environment survey
• Handover decision
• Macro diversity control
• Handover control
• Handover execution
• Handover completion
• SRNS relocation
• Inter-system handover

UTRAN
Handover in UMTS
• There are three basic types of handover
Intra frequency handovers
Handovers between 2 UMTS carriers at the same frequency
These can be soft handovers
Inter frequency handovers
Handovers between 2 UMTS carriers at different frequencies
These are hard handovers
Inter system handovers
Handovers between UMTS and GSM carriers
These are hard handovers

UTRAN
Handover Sets in UMTS

• Active Set
Cells forming a soft handover connection to the mobile
• Candidate Set
Cells not presently used in soft handover but who qualify for soft
handover
• Neighbour Set
Those cells which are continuously monitored but do not yet qualify for
the Candidate Set

UTRAN
Handover Decisions in UMTS
Active set = 1 =2 =2
Pilot Ec/Io Cell A Cell A and Cell B Cell A and Cell C
Window_DROP
Window_ADD
Window_REPLACE
Direction of Travel
Add Time Delay Replace Time Delay Drop Time Delay

UTRAN
Macrodiversity between Cells on the Same

Node B Iu
• If an active set consists of two
connections to cells parented to Iur
the same Node B then the RNC
combining of the two channels
occurs at the Node B
• This is known as a softer
handover Node B Node B
• This has no transmission
implication if cells are collocated.
Cell Cell
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Uu

UTRAN
Macrodiversity between Node

I
B’s
u
• If an active set consists of two Iur

connections to cells parented RNC
to different Node Bs then the
combining of the two channels
occurs at the RNC
• This is known as a soft Node B Node B
handover
• This doubles the transmission
‘cost’ of the call Cell Cell
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Uu

UTRAN
Macrodiversity between RNSs

Iu Iu
Serving RNS Iur
RNC RNC
Drift RNS
Node B Node B Node B Node B
Uu

UTRAN
Macrodiversity between RNSs

• SRNS provides link between the Core Network and the UE
• SRNS also provides the selection function for the different
channels
• DRNS relays frames to SRNS through Iur
• As the UE moves then some diversity paths may be dropped
and others established
• When the DRNS has more paths than the SRNS the two can
exchange function
Reduces traffic on Iur

UTRAN
Site Selection Diversity Transmit Power
Control
• Site selection diversity transmit power control (SSDT) is an
optional macro diversity method in soft handover mode.
• The UE selects one of the cells from its active set to be
‘primary’, all other cells are classed as ‘non primary’.
• The main objective is to only transmit data on the downlink from
the primary cell
Reducing the interference caused by multiple transmissions in a soft
handover mode.
• A second objective is to achieve fast site selection without
network intervention
Maintaining the advantage of the soft handover.

UTRAN
SSDT
Non-Primary Cell Primary Cell
• Each cell is assigned a temporary
identification (ID) and UE
periodically informs the primary cell
ID to the connecting cells.
• The non-primary cells selected by
UE switch off the transmission
power for the downlink data. UE
• The primary cell ID is delivered by

UE to the active cells via uplink FBI
field
Control
• The cell with the highest CPICH
RSCP is the primary cell. Data
Non-Primary Cell

UTRAN
Hierarchical Cell structures

• Cell Layers in UMTS work on a ‘per carrier’ basis
Microcell/Macrocell Scenario Hotspot Scenario

Frequency 1 Frequency 2 Frequencies 1 & 2

UTRAN
Hierarchical Cell Structures

• Typically operators will be awarded
2 or 3 carriers
Macro FDD
• If they are awarded 3 carriers it is
then possible to implement HCS by
Using 2 paired carriers for the Micro FDD
macrocell layer
Using 1 paired carrier for the
microcell layer
TDD
Using any unpaired spectrum Picro
allocated for the picocell layer
using TDD mode Carrier 1
Carrier 2
Carrier 3
Carrier 4

UTRAN
Inter Frequency Measurements at the UE

• GSM: Discontinuous transmission
Room for measurements required for Mobile Assisted Hand Off
Uplink TX TX
Downlink RX RX
Idle time for measurements
• UMTS FDD: Continuous transmission

No idle time for measurements required for MAHO
Uplink TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX
Downlink RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX

UTRAN
Compressed Mode
• In Compressed Mode a Transmission Gap is created
• This allows inter-frequency and inter-system measurements
• Probably only required for inter-frequency handover and inter-
mode handover to GSM1800
GSM900 dual mode terminals will probably have separate receivers
Spanning
two frames
One Frame,
10ms
Spanning a
single frame

UTRAN
Compressed Mode
• The Transmission Gap is created
by not transmitting for a number of
slots
• Other slots in the frame impacted
are then forced to transmit at a
higher bit rate, a lower spreading
factor and a higher power to
maintain the user bit rate
• It is possible to have gaps of 3, 4,
7, 10 and 14 slots 4 5 10 11 12 13 14 0 2 3
12 13 14 0 1 2 3 1 4 5 6 7
It is only possible to have gaps of

10 or 14 slots by using two frames
4 slot gap

UTRAN
Radio Environment Survey

• Received Signal Code Power
The received code power of the pilot
• Received Signal Strength Indicator
The total in-band signal strength of the carrier
• Ec/Io can be derived from these two items

UTRAN
UTRAN System Access Control

• Admission control
• Congestion control
• System information broadcasting

UTRAN
Admission Control
• If loading is allowed to increase excessively then the coverage
area of the cell reduces below that planned - Admission Control
aims to avoid this
• Admission Control functionality is located at the RNC to take
the impact on multiple cells into account
• The Admission Control algorithm estimates the impact of
adding an additional bearer on both uplink and downlink
Only if both ‘pass’ is the call admitted
• There are two broad categories of algorithm
Wideband Power Based Admission Control algorithms
Throughput based Admission Control algorithms

UTRAN
Wideband Power Based Admission Control

• Uplink Algorithm:
Itotal_old +∆Itotal > Ithreshold
Interference
Ithreshold
Max Planned Noise Rise

∆Itotal
Itotal_old
∆L load
• Downlink Algorithm:
Ptotal_old +∆Ptotal > Pthreshold

UTRAN
Throughput Based Admission Control

• Uplink Algorithm
ηUL+∆L > ηUL_threshold
• Downlink Algorithm
ηDL+∆L > ηDL_threshold

UTRAN
Congestion (Load) Control

• Admission control should ensure that the system is not
overloaded
• If it is then congestion control returns the system back to the
targeted load
• Possible actions include
Downlink fast load control (deny downlink power up commands)
Uplink fast load control (reduce uplink Eb/No target)
Reduce packet data traffic throughput
Handover to another WCDMA carrier
Handover to GSM
Decrease bit rates for real time users (e.g. AMR bit rates)
Drop calls in a controlled fashion

UTRAN
UTRAN Radio Resource Management

• Radio bearer set up and release
• Reservation and release of physical radio channels
• Allocation and release of physical radio channels
• Allocation of downlink channelisation codes
• Packet data transfer over radio function
• Radio channel coding and control
• Initial access detection and call handling
• Power control

UTRAN
Packet Data Transfer

• Packet Access is controlled in UMTS by a Packet Scheduler
(PS)
• The tasks of the PS are to:
Divide the available air interface capacity between packet users
Decide which transport channels to use for each users packet data
Monitor the packet allocations and the system load
• The PS is typically located at the RNC

UTRAN
Common Transport channels for packet
data
• The Common Transport channels that
can be used for packet access are: Bitrate
RACH
FACH
• Low setup time
User 5
User 7
User 4
User 6
User 2
User 3
User 1
• Link level performance worse than that
of dedicated channels due to lack of
closed loop power control and soft
handover
• Most Suitable for small individual Time
packets Time based packet scheduling is
SMS the mechanism employed when
Text only email using the common and shared
channels
Web Page request

UTRAN
Dedicated Transport channels for packet
data
• Slow setup time
Bitrate
• Link level performance better than
that of common channels due to
fast closed loop power control and User 5
ability to use soft handover User 4
• Most Suitable for medium or large User 3
amounts of data User 2
User 1
Time
Code/Transmit based packet
scheduling is the mechanism
employed when using the
dedicated channels

UTRAN
Shared Transport channels for packet data

• The shared Transport channels that can be used for packet
access are
DSCH
CPCH
• Targetted at bursty packet data
• Share a code amongst many users
• Can use fast power control
• Cannot use soft handover
• Suitable for medium amounts of data

UTRAN
Packet scheduling in UMTS

• In reality the packet scheduler
users a combination of time and Bitrate
code based packet scheduling
• The packet scheduler will work with
User 5
User 7
User 4
User 6
User 2
User 3
User 1
the admission control algorithm to
achieve the target load at a cell User E
User D
User C
User B
User A
Load Time
Target Load Free
Capacity
Non Controllable Real Time Load

UTRAN
Downlink Multiplexing and Channel Coding
Chain
Insertion of DTX Insertion of DTX
CRC Attachment Indication (fixed indication (With Flexible
Positions only)
Positions only)
Transport Block Physical Channel

First Interleaving
Concatenation/ Code
Block Segmentation (20, 40 or 80ms) Segmentation
Second
Radio Frame
Channel Coding Interleaving
Segmentation
(10ms)
Other
Transport
Channels Transport Channel Physical Channel
Rate Matching Multiplexing Mapping
DPDCH DPDCH DPDCH

#1 #2 #n

UTRAN
Uplink Multiplexing and Channel Coding
Chain
CRC Attachment First Interleaving
(20, 40 or 80ms)
Transport Block Physical Channel

Radio Frame
Concatenation/ Code
Block Segmentation Segmentation Segmentation
Second
Channel Coding Rate Matching Interleaving
(10ms)
Other
Transport
Channels Physical Channel
Radio Frame Transport Channel
Equalisation Multiplexing Mapping
DPDCH DPDCH DPDCH

#1 #2 #n

UTRAN
CRC Attachment
• The Cyclic Redundancy Check is used to detect errors in the
transport blocks at the receiving end
• There are five lengths of CRC that can be inserted
0, 8, 12, 16 and 24 bits
• The more bits the CRC contains the lower the probability of
undetected error

UTRAN
Code Block Concatenation/Segmentation

• The received transport block is either concatenated to other
transport blocks or segmented to allow it to fit into an
appropriate block size for the channel coding scheme chosen
• It is typically better to concatenate as:
It reduces the encoder tail bits overhead
It can improve the performance of channel coding to have larger block
sizes
• However over a certain limit segmentation is required to limit
complexity

UTRAN
Channel Coding
• In UTRA two channel coding method are used
1/2 and 1/3 rate convolutional coding
1/3 turbo coding
8 state Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Code

UTRAN
Interleaving
• Two different levels of interleaving are used:
Inter Frame interleaving
When the delay budget allows more than 10ms of interleaving
It is possible to have interleaving over 20, 40 and 80ms time periods
Intra Frame Interleaving
Over a 10ms time period

UTRAN
DTX Indication for Fixed and Flexible
Positions
• The use of fixed positions means Fixed Positions: A and
B Full Rate
that a given transport channel
always occupies the same TFCI TrCH A TPC TrCH B Pilot
positions when multiplexed with
Fixed Positions: B Full
others Rate and A 1/3 Rate
If there is no data DTX indication
TFCI A DTX TPC TrCH B Pilot
symbols are inserted
Flexible Positions
• The use of flexible positions means Positions: A Full Rate
that bits unused by one service can and B 1/3 Rate
be used by another TFCI TrCH A TPC A B Pilot
Fixed Positions: A 1/3

Rate and B 2/3 Rate
TFCI A B DTX TPC TrCH B Pilot

UTRAN
Downlink Transmit Diversity

• UMTS explicitly allow the use of transmit diversity from the base station
• However it is not possible to simply transmit simultaneously form two close
antennas as this would cause an interference pattern - the following
methods negate this issue
Transmit Diversity Description

Method
TSTD Time Switched Transmit antenna
Diversity (open loop)
STTD Space Time block coding Transmit
antenna Diversity (open loop)
Closed Loop Mode 1 Different Orthogonal Pilots
Closed Loop Mode 2 Same Pilot

UTRAN
Channels Using Downlink Transmit
Diversity
Physical channel Open loop mode Closed
type loop
TSTD STTD Mode
P-CCPCH – X –
SCH X – –
S-CCPCH – X –
DPCH – X X
PICH – X –
PDSCH – X X
AICH – X –
CSICH – X –

UTRAN
Time Switched Transmit antenna Diversity
(TSTD)
• Even numbered slots transmitted on Antenna 1, odd numbered slots on Antenna 2
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #14
P-SCH P-SCH P-SCH

Antenna 1
S-SCH S-SCH S-SCH
P-SCH
Antenna 2
S-SCH

UTRAN
Space Time block coding Transmit antenna
Diversity (STTD)
• STTD encoding is optional in UTRAN. STTD support is mandatory at the UE
• Channel coding, rate matching and interleaving is done as in the non-
diversity mode.
• STTD encoding is applied on blocks of 4 consecutive channel bits
• The bit bi is real valued {0} for DTX bits and {1, -1} for all other channel bits.
b0 b1 b2 b3 Antenna 1
b0 b1 b2 b3
-b2 b3 b0 -b1 Antenna 2

Channel bits
STTD encoded channel bits

for antenna 1 and antenna 2.

UTRAN
Closed Loop Mode

• Channel coding, interleaving and spreading are done as in non-
diversity mode
• The spread complex valued signal is fed to both TX antenna
branches, and weighted with antenna specific weight factors w1
and w2
• The weight factors are complex valued signals in general.
• The weight factors are determined by the UE, and signalled
using the D-bits of the FBI field of uplink DPCCH.

UTRAN
Closed Loop Mode

CPICH1 Ant1
w1
Tx
Spread/scramble
∑
DPCCH
DPCH Ant2
DPDCH
Tx
∑
w2 CPICH2
Rx
w1 w2
Weight Generation Rx
Determine FBI message

from Uplink DPCCH

UTRAN
Cell Search and Synchronisation

• In UMTS base stations are not tightly synchronised (µs-level) to a common
reference, e.g. GPS
• Makes for easier deployment, e.g. in indoor environments
All cells transmit different scrambling codes plus common
synchronisation code
• UE searches for primary synchronisation code with matched filter
Synchronises to new cell and acquires time slot clock
• UE decodes secondary synchronisation code
Identification of new cell
Radio frame synchronisation
• Can now find cell’s scrambling code from the CPICH to decode the Primary
CCPCH

UTRAN
Power Control
• Two Levels of Power Control
Outer Loop
The RNC sets the target Eb/No based upon the BER of the received data
Inner loop
Open loop based upon estimating the path loss from the pilot
Fast closed loop Power control on both the uplink and the downlink
– Based upon TPC bits
– 2 algorithms
» Every received bit causes an adjustment in transmit power, either up or down
» A set of commands is sent starting with a sequence of 4 0’s. Only if all 5 command
the bits indicate up is the power increased, all the bits down is the power decreased.
Otherwise power remains the same

UTRAN
Power Control in Soft Handover

• In Soft Handover multiple power control measurements might
be received
• In this case a simple rule is used
If any command says power down, then power down
If all commands say power up, then power up

UTRAN
Questions
• What is the difference between load control and congestion
control?
• How does handover for UMTS differ from that in cdmaOne?
• If we are continuously receiving data, how do we take
measurements for MAHO?

UTRAN
Session Summary
• In this session we have discussed the major elements and
procedures for UTRAN
• In the next session we are going to look at the Core Network

UMTS Core Network
Locator Slide
Standards
• Day 1 Roundup

UMTS Core Network
UMTS Core Network

UMTS Core Network
Contents
• Core Network Overview
• Entities Shared between the Circuit Switched Domain and the
Packet Switched Domain
• Entities in the Circuit Switched Domain
• Entities in the Packet Switched Domain

UMTS Core Network

• This session aims to go into more
•The CS and PS Domains detail about the entities in the Core
Network
• It contains:
A revisit of the core network
•Shared Entities
overview
•Entities in the CS Domain Entities in the different core
•Entities in the PS Domain network domains
Areas in UMTS
•UMTS System Areas

UMTS Core Network
Core Network (CN)

• The Core Network consists of:
A Circuit Switched Domain
A Packet Switched Domain
• Some CN entities may belong to both domains
CS Entities Common PS Entities

Entities

UMTS Core Network
General Core Network Architecture

Other MSC
CS Entities F
F
Iu-cs Mobile
Gateway External Circuit
Switching
UTRAN Centre
MSC
Switched
MSC/VLR GMSC
Networks
D
D
Equipment Gs Home LocationAuthentication
Common Entities Identity
Register
Register Centre
EIR HLR AuC
Gr Gc
PS Entities Iu-ps Gateway
Gi External Packet
Serving GSN
UTRAN GSN Switched
SGSN GGSN
Gn Networks
Gn CN
IU Other SGSN

UMTS Core Network
Why Separate CS domains and PS
domains?
• Advantages of separation • Disadvantages of separation
Simple evolution from GSM/GPRS Build and manage 2 networks
Low Risk Separate engineering and
Early Availability dimensioning
Service Continuity Greater Infrastructure Cost

Duplicated Functions
MM in VLR and SGSN

UMTS Core Network
Shared Entities in the Core Network

• All other entities are shared between the CS and PS domains
Home Location Register
Authentication Centre
Equipment Identity Register
SMS-Service Centre

UMTS Core Network
Home Location Register

• A data base in charge of the management of mobile
subscribers.
• A PLMN may contain one or several HLRs: it depends on the
number of mobile subscribers, on the capacity of the equipment
and on the organisation of the network
• Contains:
Subscription information;
Location information enabling the charging and routing of calls towards

the MSC where the MS is registered

UMTS Core Network
Equipment Identity Register

• The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is the logical entity which
is responsible for storing in the network the International Mobile
Equipment Identities (IMEIs)
• The equipment is classified as "white listed", "grey listed",
"black listed" or it may be unknown
The white list is composed of all number series of equipment identities
that are permitted for use
The black list contains all equipment identities that belong to equipment
that need to be barred
Equipment on the grey list are not barred, but are tracked by the
network (for evaluation or other purposes)

UMTS Core Network
Authentication Centre
• The Authentication Centre (AuC) is associated with an HLR,
and stores an identity key for each mobile subscriber registered
with the associated HLR. This key is used to generate:
data which are used to authenticate the International Mobile Subscriber
Identity (IMSI);
a key used to cipher communication over the radio path between the
mobile station and the network.

UMTS Core Network
SMS Service Centre

• The SMS-SC deals with the transfer of short of short text
messages
• This works on a store and forward basis

UMTS Core Network
Circuit Switched Domain

• The CS domain deals with circuit switched type connections
and the associated signalling
i.e. those connections that require a dedicated resource
• Entities specific to the CS domain are:
MSC
GMSC
VLR

UMTS Core Network
Mobile Switching Centre

• The Mobile-services Switching Centre (MSC) constitutes the
interface between the radio system and the fixed networks.
• The MSC performs all necessary functions in order to handle
the circuit switched services to and from the mobile stations
• UMTS MSCs can be expected to be identical in hardware to
latest generation GSM MSCs, although with a different software
version

UMTS Core Network
Gateway MSC
• If a network delivering a call to the PLMN cannot interrogate the
HLR, the call is routed to an MSC.
• This MSC will interrogate the appropriate HLR and then route
the call to the MSC where the mobile station is located.
• The MSC which performs the routing function to the actual
location of the MS is called the Gateway MSC (GMSC).

UMTS Core Network
Visitor Location Register

• A mobile station roaming in an MSC area is controlled by the
Visitor Location Register in charge of this area.
• When a Mobile Station (MS) enters a new location area it starts
a registration procedure.
• The MSC in charge of that area notices this registration and
transfers to the Visitor Location Register the identity of the
location area where the MS is situated.
• If this MS is no yet registered, the VLR and the HLR exchange
information to allow the proper handling of calls involving the
MS.
• A VLR may be in charge of one or several MSC areas.

UMTS Core Network
Packet Switched Domain

• The PS domain deals with packet switched type connections
and associated signalling
i.e. those that are comprised of concatenations of bits formed into
packets, each of which can be routed independantly
• Entities specific to the PS domain are:
SGSN
GGSN

UMTS Core Network
Serving GPRS Support Node

• Essentially a router supporting packet data transfer within
UMTS
• For packet switched data performs additionally the role of the
VLR and contains:
Subscription information:
The IMSI;
One or more temporary identities;
Zero or more PDP addresses.
Location information:
Depending on the operating mode of the MS, the cell or the routeing area where the
MS is registered;
The VLR number of the associated VLR (if the Gs interface is implemented);
The GGSN address of each GGSN for which an active PDP context exists

UMTS Core Network
Gateway GPRS Support Node

• Acts as a gateway into the packet switched network much as
the GMSC
subscription information:
the IMSI;
zero or more PDP addresses.
location information:
the SGSN address for the SGSN where the MS is registered.

UMTS Core Network
UMTS System Areas

• Location Area
UEs registered on the CS domain report their position in terms of LA
UEs in idle mode monitor Location Area Identities (LAIs) and report changes
Stored in the VLR
• Routing Area
UEs registered on the PS domain report their position in terms of RA
UEs in both idle and connected mode monitor Routing Area Identities (RAIs) and support
changes
Stored in the SGSN
• UTRAN Registration Area
Used once a signaling/traffic connection is established
A subset of a RA
Only relevant to PS mode of operation
Used by the RNC (not really relevant to the CN…)

UMTS Core Network
Questions
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of having
separate CS and PS Domains in the core network?
• Which entities are involved in Mobility Management of visiting
users?

UMTS Core Network
Session Summary
• In this session we have looked at the major UMTS CN entities
in:
The CS Domain
The PS Domain
Shared entities
• In the next session we shall look at the fixed network interfaces
in UMTS

UMTS Fixed Network Interfaces
Locator Slide
Standards
• Day 1 Roundup



• This session aims to explore the
•General Protocol Model Fixed Network Interfaces in UMTS
in more detail
A general model for the interfaces
•IP vs ATM
ATM in UMTS
•ATM The Fixed Network Interfaces
•Iub
•Iur
•Iu

General Protocol Model for UTRAN
Terrestrial Interfaces
Radio Network Control Plane User Plane

Layer Application
Data Stream(s)
Protocol
Transport Network Transport Network

Transport Network
Transport User Plane Control Plane
User Plane
Network Layer
ALCAP(s)
Signalling Signalling Data Bearer(s)

Bearer(s) Bearer(s)
Physical Layer

Horizontal Layers in the General Protocol
Model
• All UTRAN related issues are only visible in the Radio Network
Layer
• The Transport Layer simply represents standard transport
technology for use in UTRAN
e.g. ATM and appropriate adaptation layers

Vertical Planes in the General Protocol
Model
• The Control Plane is for all UMTS specific control signalling including:
Application Protocol
Signalling Bearer
• The User Plane is for all data sent and received by the user including:
Data Streams
Data Bearers
• Transport Network Control Plane contains all signalling within the Transport
Layer
• Transport Network User Plane contains the Signalling and Data Bearers for
the Radio Network Layer Protocols

IP vs. ATM
• One of the major uncertainties over the fixed network interfaces
in UMTS is whether IP or ATM will be used
• ATM is a mature technology and specified in the release 99 of
the 3GPP standards
• IP v6 is required, if IP is to be used by UMTS, due to its QoS
improvements

ATM
• ATM is the default transport network layer for a UMTS network
• There are two types of ATM interconnections defined
NNI Network-Network Interfaces
Interfaces between two ATM switches
UNI User-Network Interfaces
Interfaces between a user terminal and an ATM switch

ATM Layer
• ATM provides the data link
connection across a network
• An ATM cell consists of: OSI
A five octet header containing: Higher Layer
Virtual Path Identifier

3 Protocols
Virtual Channel Identifier ATM Adaptation

Layer
A 48 octet payload 2 Data Link Layer
ATM Layer
Physical Physical Layer

1

ATM Service Classes

ATM Adaption Layer Connection Bit Rate Example Use
Mode
AAL 1 Connection Constant Digital voice
Based
AAL 2 Connection Variable Variable rate
Based video
AAL 3 Connection Variable X.25, Frame
Relay
AAL 4 Connectionless Variable TCP/IP, SMDS
AAL 5 Connectionless Variable TCP/IP
• UMTS uses:
AAL2 to provide a synchronous connection based service
AAL5 to provide an asynchronous connectionless service

Major Interfaces in UMTS

• There are four major new
interfaces defined in UMTS CN
Iu
The interface between UTRAN
Iu
and the CN Iur
Iur RNC RNC
The Interface between different
RNCs Iub
Iub

Node-
The interface between the Node B
and the RNC B
Uu Uu
The air interface
UE

Iub
• The Iub is the interface between the RNC and the Node-B
• The Node B effectively performs a relay function between the
Iub and the Uu
• Thus the Iub needs to carry:
Layer 2+ signalling between the UE and the UTRAN
Signalling directly to the Node B
To control radio resource allocation
General control of the Node-B
O&M Functionality

Iub Protocol Stack

• In the Iub the Application Protocol is
the Node B Application Protocol
(NBAP) Radio Network Control Plane User Plane
RACH FP
FACH FP
DSCH FP
DCH FP
PCH FP
Layer
• This is carried over the Signalling NBAP
ATM Adaptation Layer UNI (SAAL-

Transport Network Transport Network
UNI) which itself comprises Transport User Plane User Plane
Network Layer
Service Specific Co-ordination
Function - UNI (SSCF-UNI) SSCF-UNI
SSCOP
Service Specific Connection AAL5 AAL2
Orientated Protocol (SSCOP)
ATM
AAL5
Physical Layer
• A dedicated AAL2 connection is
reserved for each User Plane
service

Iub Radio Network Layer User Plane

• The DCH Frame Protocol (FP) consists of:
Iub DCH Data Frames
The Iub interface provides means for transport of uplink and downlink DCH
Iub frames between RNC and Node B.
The DCH Iub frame header includes uplink quality estimates and
synchronisation information
Iub DCH Control Frames
These are used to carry control information such as power and timing
control
• Iub RACH FP, FACH FP, PCH FP and DSCH FP carry the
equivalent channels

Iub Radio Network Layer Control Plane

• The Iub interface allows the RNC and the Node B to negotiate about radio resources
The protocol used is the Node B Application Part (NBAP)
• Main Functions
Radio Channel Management
Radio Resource Management
Radio Network Performance Measurement
Cell Configuration Management
Operations and Maintenance
Iub Link Management
• Example NBAP messages are:
measurement request
radio link set-up
cell set-up
cell delete

Implementation of the Iub

• Transmission sharing between the GSM/GPRS Abis interface
and the Iub interface is allowed
• The functional division between RNC and Node B has as few
options as possible
• Neither the physical structure nor any internal protocols of the
Node B are visible over Iub and are thus not limiting factors, e.g.
When introducing future technology
In multi vendor networks

Iur
• The Iur is the interface between two RNCs
• It enables the transport of air interface signalling between an
SRNC and a DRNC
• Thus the Iur needs to support:
Basic Inter RNC Mobility
Dedicated Channel Traffic
Common Channel Traffic
Global Resource Management

Iur Protocol Stack

• In the Iub the Application Protocol is the Radio
Network Subsystem Application Protocol (RNSAP)
• This is carried over the Broad Band SS7 (BB SS7) Control Plane User Plane
protocols comprising Radio Network
DCH FP
CCH FP
Layer RNSAP
Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
Message Transfer Part (MTP3-b)
Service Specific Co-ordination Function - NNI Transport Network Transport Network
(SSCF-NNI) Transport User Plane User Plane
SSCOP Network Layer SCCP
AAL5 MTP3-B M3UA
SSCF-NNI SCTP
• An alternative IP based signalling protocol can be SSCOP IP
used comprising AAL5 AAL2
SS7 MTP3 User Adaptation Layer (M3UA)
Simple Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) ATM
Internet Protocol (IP)
Physical Layer
• A dedicated AAL2 connection is reserved for each
User Plane service

Iur Radio Network Layer User Plane

• The DCH Frame Protocol (FP) consists of:
Iur DCH Data Frames
The Iur interface provides means for transport of uplink and downlink DCH
Iur frames between RNCs.
The DCH Iur frame header includes uplink quality estimates and
synchronisation information
Sometimes called Iur/IubDCH Data Frames as they are the same as on the
Iub
Iub DCH Control Frames
These are used to carry control information such as power and timing
control
Sometimes called Iur/IubDCH Control Frames as they are the same as on
the Iub
• Similarly for CCH FP

Iur Radio Network Layer Control Plane

• The Iur interface allows the RNCs to communicate regarding the
The protocol used is the Radio Network Subsystem Application Part (RNSAP)
• Split into 4 parts
Iur1: Basic Inter-RNC Mobility
SRNC Relocation
Inter RNC cell and URA Update
Inter RNC Packet Paging
Reporting of Protocol Errors
Iur2: Dedicated Channel Traffic
Support of DCH transfer across the Iur
Iur3: Common Channel Traffic
Transport of CCH transfer across the Iur
Iur4: Global Resource Management
Transfer of Cell Measurements
Transfer of Node B Timing Information

Implementation of the Iur

• Some Vendors are suggesting collocated RNCs to rmove the
necessity for high data rate Iurs

Iu
• The Iu is the interface between the Core Network and the
UTRAN
• There are two instances of the Iu:
The Iu-ps connecting UTRAN to the Packet Switched Network
The Iu-cs connecting UTRAN to the Circuit Switched Network

Iu-ps Protocol Stack
• In the Iu-ps the Application Protocol is the Radio
Access Network Application Protocol (RANAP)
• This is carried over the Broad Band SS7 (BB SS7) Control Plane User Plane
protocols comprising Radio Network
Layer RANAP
Iu User Plane
SCCP
protocol
MTP3-b
SSCF-NNI Transport Network Transport Network
SSCOP Transport User Plane User Plane
AAL5
Network Layer SCCP
MTP3-B M3UA GTP-U
• An alternative IP based signalling protocol can be SSCF-NNI SCTP
UDP
used comprising SSCOP IP
IP
M3UA AAL5 AAL2
SCTP
IP ATM
• A User Plane Protocols are carried over Physical Layer

GPRS Tunneling Protocol - User Plane (GTP-U)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
IP
AAL2

Iu-cs Protocol Stack

• In the Iu-cs the Application Protocol
is the RANAP
Radio Network Control Plane User Plane
• This is carried over the BB SS7 Layer RANAP
Iu User Plane
protocols comprising protocol
SCCP Transport Network

Transport Network
Transport User Plane
User Plane
MTP3-b Network Layer SCCP
MTP3b
SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI
SSCOP
SSCOP AAL5 AAL2
AAL5
ATM
• A User Plane Protocols are carried Physical Layer
over AAL2

RANAP Protocol
• The RANAP functions are:
SRNS Relocation and Hard Handover
Radio Access Bearer Management
Reporting Unsuccessfully Transmitted Data
Common ID Management
Paging
Management of Tracing
UE-CN signalling transfer
Security mode control
Management of Tracing
UE-CN Signalling Transfer
Security Mode Control
Management of Overload over the Iu interface
Reset of the Iu interface
Location Reporting

Questions
• What functions does the Iur have other than transporting data
and control channels to the SRNS?
• What are the two horizontal layers of the General Protocol
Model and how do they differ?
• Which ATM Adaptation Layers are used in UMTS and what are
their properites?

Session Summary
• In this session we have looked at the major UMTS interfaces
Iu
Iub
Iur
• We have also seen how these interfaces are split into a general
model and how this applies to specific instances

UMTS Mobiles
Locator Slide
Standards
• Day 1 Roundup

UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Mobiles

UMTS Mobiles

• This session aims to explore the
functionality of the UE and the
•UE Service States processes that it directs
•Idle Mode Processes UE States and Idle Mode
Processes
•UE Measurements UE measurements
•UTRAN Measurements Mobile Trends
•Phones of the Future

•Mobile Trends

UMTS Mobiles
UE Power Classes and Modes

Power Class Maximum output power Maximum output power
TDD FDD
1 [+33] dBm +33 dBm
2 [+27] dBm +27 dBm
3 [+24] dBm +24 dBm
4 [+21] dBm +21 dBm
5 [+10] dBm
6 [ 0 ] dBm

UMTS Mobiles
User Equipment Service States

• The UE operates in one of three basic
states Detached
Detached
Not registered to the network
Idle
Registered to the network and
CS-Connected PS-Connected
performing both LA and RA updates
Connected
CS-Connected
– Does not perform LA updates
– CS Signalling/Traffic Link
Established
Idle
PS-Connected
– PS Signalling/Traffic Link
Established
– RA updates for boundary crossings

UMTS Mobiles
Idle Mode
• Idle mode is when the UE has:
Selected a PLMN
Selected a cell
Carried out Location Registration
• Once in Idle mode the UE continually reassess its serving cell
Monitoring the serving cell’s and neighbouring cells radio performance
The UE should be served by the most reliable cell
Monitoring signalling information
P-CCPCH for cell and system parameters which could provoke cell reselection
S-CCPCH for paging or notification resulting in connection establishment

UMTS Mobiles
Synchronisation
• In order to select a PLMN or cell the UE must first be
synchronised to the network
• As we discussed earlier the procedure for this is:
Derive timing from P-SCH
Derive scrambling code group from S-SCH
Derive scrambling code from CPICH
• Once the UE has this information it can then decode the P-
CCPCH since it already knows it s rate and channelisation
code which are fixed

UMTS Mobiles
Cell Selection
• There are two possibilities for cell selection procedures:
Initial Cell Selection
The UE has no knowledge of which radio channels th ePLMN is using.
The UE scans all channels within the UMTS band
Once a carrier belonging to the required PLMN is found the UE will begin
cell selection
Stored Information Cell Selection
The UE has previously stored information on the carrier frequencies of the
required PLMN

UMTS Mobiles
Cell Selection Criteria

• Cell Selection is based upon S where
S = Qmeas - Qmin - Pcompensation
Q meas is the Signal to Interference Ratio for the candidate cell
Qmin is the minimum required SIR
Pcompensation is a correction value for different power classes of mobile
If S>0 then the cell is a valid candidate
The UE will camp on the cell with the highest S

UMTS Mobiles
Cell Reselection
• The causes for cell reselection are:
A better cell has been found
S has fallen below 0
Communication with the serving cell has failed
The serving cell has become barred or forbidden

UMTS Mobiles
Cell Reselection Criteria

• Cell Reselection is based upon R where:
Rs = Qmaps + Qhysts
Rn = Qmapn - Qoffset - TOn.(1-Ln)
Rs is the ‘rank’ for the serving cell
Rn is the ‘rank’ for a neighbouring cell
Qmaps is the quality measurement from the serving cell
Qmapn is the quality measurement from a neighbouring cell
Qhysts and Qoffset are broadcast by the serving cell and used to control the traffic
distribution in the system
TOn is a tempory offset present until a timer expiry to prevent short term reselection
Ln determines whether TOn is used
• The cell with the highest ranking is selcted
• If this is a neighbour cell this is only occurs if this status is maintained for a
period in time

UMTS Mobiles
Immediate Cell Evaluation

• Just prior to a RACH the UE will perform a search to ensure
that it is using the correct cell
• Cell reselection occurs if
Sn > 0
Qmapn > Qmaps + Qoffset

UMTS Mobiles
Measurements at the UE
• UTRA carrier RSSI
Received Signal Strength Indicator, wideband received power within the channel bandwidth
• CPICH RSCP
CPICH Received Signal Code Power, received power on CPICH after despreading
• CPICH Ec/No
CPICH Energy/chip to Noise power spectral density,
(CPICH Ec/Io) = (CPICH RSCP) / RSSI
• CPICH ISCP
CPICH Interference on Signal Code Power, interference on received signal after
despreading
• CPICH SIR
CPICH Signal to Interference Ratio,
(CPICH SIR) = (CPICH RSCP) / (CPICH ISCP)

UMTS Mobiles
Measurements at the UE
• SIR
Signal to Interference Ratio,
SIR = (DPCCH RSCP) / (DPCCH ISCP)
• Transport channel BLER

Estimation of transport channel block error rate
• UE transmitted power
Total transmitted power of the UE measured at the antenna
connector/indication of TX power reaching threshold

UMTS Mobiles
Measurements at the UTRAN

• Transport channel BLER
Estimation of transport channel block error rate
• Physical channel BER
Physical channel BER measured on control part after RL combining
• Transport channel BER
Transport channel BER measured on data part after RL combining

UMTS Mobiles
Measurements at the UTRAN

• RSSI
Received Signal Strength Indicator, the wideband received power within
the UL channel
• Transmitted carrier power
The transmitter carrier power is the ratio between the total transmitted
power on one DL carrier and the maximum power to use on that carrier
• Transmitted code power
The transmitted power on one carrier, scrambling and channelisation
code combination

UMTS Mobiles
Some UMTS Options

Information
Manager
384 kbits/s data
Phone
3G
Voice + low data
Core
PC Card
2 Mbits/s data

UMTS Mobiles
Phone of the Future: DoCoMo

UMTS Mobiles
Phone of the Future: Ericsson

UMTS Mobiles
Phone of the future: Panasonic

UMTS Mobiles
Phone of Today: Nokia

UMTS Mobiles
Phone of Today: Ubinetics

UMTS Mobiles
Handheld Products: Small Runs...

• 1998 figures:
3 m total PDA sales (US)
62 models in the marketplace!
Average product lifetime ~1 year
• A successful GSM phone model might sell 10 m
Quite a difference in volume
Which will model UMTS follow???

UMTS Mobiles
PA Technology Predictions
• Vast range of products by 2005, changing fast
Some will be “palmtops”, most will not
Diverse range of services, using GSM, GPRS, UMTS, fixed line or a
combination
UMTS needs to accommodate the take up of services which are starting
now over 2G and 2.5G technologies
• Most of the UK may never have UMTS coverage
UMTS is “just another modem”
Should be product independent
Must be cheap for consumer products
GSM/GPRS multi-mode is vital

UMTS Mobiles
Terminal Types
Source: UMTS Forum

UMTS Mobiles
Parts Cost: 3G PDA

Sundry
“UMTS Inside” becomes a small part of
$ 300.00 product parts cost, compared with eg
Keypad
LCD screen B&W LCD screen (~ $80)
$ 250.00 WinCE license WinCE CPU (eg MIPS, ARM ($5 - 15)
CPU
$ 200.00
Pentium II ($500)
8 Mbyte ROM Other
8 Mbyte RAM
Items
$ 150.00 Baseband
RF
$ 100.00
$ 50.00 UMTS
Inside
$ 0.00
GSM UTRA UTRA PDA

UMTS Mobiles
Questions
• What does the UE do before making a random access attempt?
• What are the four UE Service States?
• What are the major components of cost for a PDA style mobile?

UMTS Mobiles
Session Summary
• In this session we have investigated some of the UE processes
an the future evolution of mobiles
• In the final session we shall look at some of the services that
can be carried by the UE in UMTS

UMTS Services
Locator Slide
Standards
• Day 1 Roundup

UMTS Services
UMTS Services

UMTS Services

•UMTS Services and
Applications • In this session we shall look at
services and QoS issues in UMTS
UMTS services
QoS Bearer Architecture and
•Architecture of a UMTS Attributes
Bearer Service Service Classes
•UMTS Bearer Attributes Major Service Types
•UMTS QoS Classes
•Example UMTS Services

UMTS Services
UMTS Services and Applications

Office Information
•Virtual Working Groups
Information •Tele-working
•Intelligent Search and Filtering agents •Schedule Synchronisation
•Internet Surfing
•On-line media Telemetric Services
Special Services
•On-line translation •Machine-Machine Services
•Security Service
•Local information •Location Based Tracking
•Hotline
•Booking & Reservation •Navigation Assistance
•News
•Tele-medecine Education
•Travel Information •Virtual School
•Fleet Management •On-line Laboratories
Communications Financial Services •Remote Diagnostics •On-line Library
•Video Telephony •On-line banking •On-line Training
•Video Conferencing •Universal SIM & Credit Card •Remote Consultation
•Speech •Home Shopping Leisure
•Email •Stock Quotes •Virtual Book Store
•Announcing Services Public Services •Music on Demand
•SMS •Public Elections/Voting •Games on Demand
•Electronic Postcards •Public Information •Video-clips
•Help •Virtual Sight Seeing
•Broadcast Services •Lottery Services
•Yellow Pages

UMTS Services
Architecture of a UMTS bearer service

TE UE UTRAN CN CN
edge node gateway
TE
End-to-End Service
TE/UE Local External Bearer

Bearer Service UMTS Bearer Service Service
CN Bearer
Radio Access Bearer Service Service
Radio Bearer Backbone Network

Iu Bearer Service
Service Service
UTRA FDD/TDD Physical Bearer

Service Service

UMTS Services
QoS Bearer Attributes

• Maximum bitrate (kbps) • Transfer delay (ms)
• Guaranteed bitrate (kbps) • Traffic handling priority
• Delivery order (y/n) • Allocation/Retention Priority
• Maximum SDU size (octets)
• SDU format information (bits)
• SDU error ratio

• Residual bit error ratio
• Delivery of erroneous SDUs
(y/n/-)

UMTS Services
Maximum bitrate
• Maximum bitrate (kbps)
Maximum bitrate can be used to make code reservations in the downlink
of the radio interface
Its purpose is
to limit the delivered bitrate to applications or external networks with such
limitations
to allow maximum wanted user bitrate to be defined for applications able
to operate with different rates

UMTS Services
Guaranteed bitrate
• Guaranteed number of bits delivered by UMTS within a time
period
• Guaranteed bitrate may be used to facilitate
admission control based on available resources and
resource allocation within UMTS.
• Quality requirements expressed by e.g. delay and reliability
attributes only apply to incoming traffic up to the guaranteed
bitrate

UMTS Services
Delivery order
• Indicates whether the UMTS bearer shall provide in-sequence
SDU delivery or not.
• The attribute is derived from the user protocol (PDP type) and
specifies if out-of-sequence SDUs are acceptable or not.
• This information cannot be extracted from the traffic class.
• Whether out-of-sequence SDUs are dropped or re-ordered
depends on the specified reliability

UMTS Services
Maximum SDU size

• The maximum allowed SDU size
• The maximum SDU size is used for admission control and
policing.

UMTS Services
SDU format information

• List of possible exact sizes of SDUs
• UTRAN needs SDU size information to be able to operate in
transparent RLC protocol mode, which is beneficial to spectral
efficiency and delay when RLC re-transmission is not used.
• Thus, if the application can specify SDU sizes, the bearer is
less expensive

UMTS Services
SDU error ratio

• Indicates the fraction of SDUs lost or detected as erroneous.
• Note that by reserving resources, SDU error ratio performance
is independent of the loading conditions, whereas without
reserved resources, such as in Interactive and Background
classes, SDU error ratio is used as target value.
• Used to configure the protocols, algorithms and error detection
schemes, primarily within UTRAN.

UMTS Services
Residual bit error ratio

• Indicates the undetected bit error ratio in the delivered SDUs.
• If no error detection is requested, Residual bit error ratio
indicates the bit error ratio in the delivered SDUs.
• Used to configure radio interface protocols, algorithms and
error detection coding

UMTS Services
Delivery of erroneous SDUs

• Indicates whether SDUs detected as erroneous shall be
delivered or discarded.
• Used to decide whether error detection is needed and whether
frames with detected errors shall be forwarded or not.

UMTS Services
Transfer delay
• Indicates maximum delay for 95th percentile of the distribution of delay for
all delivered SDUs during the lifetime of a bearer service
• Delay for an SDU is defined as the time from a request to transfer an SDU at
one SAP to its delivery at the other SAP.
• Used to specify the delay tolerated by the application.
• It allows UTRAN to set transport formats and ARQ parameters
• Transfer delay of an arbitrary SDU is not meaningful for a bursty source,
since the last SDUs of a burst may have long delay due to queuing, whereas
the meaningful response delay perceived by the user is the delay of the first
SDU of the burst.

UMTS Services
Traffic handling priority

• Specifies the relative importance for handling of all SDUs
belonging to the UMTS bearer compared to the SDUs of other
bearers.
• Within the interactive class, there is a definite need to
differentiate between bearer qualities.
• This is handled by using the traffic handling priority attribute, to
allow UMTS to schedule traffic accordingly.
• By definition, priority is an alternative to absolute guarantees,
and thus these two attribute types cannot be used together for
a single bearer.]

UMTS Services
Allocation/Retention Priority
• Specifies the relative importance compared to other UMTS
bearers for allocation and retention of the UMTS bearer. The
Allocation/Retention Priority attribute is a subscription
parameter which is not negotiated from the mobile terminal.
• Priority is used for differentiating between bearers when
performing allocation and retention of a bearer.
• In situations where resources are scarce, the relevant network
elements can use the Allocation/Retention Priority to prioritise
bearers with a high Allocation/Retention Priority over bearers
with a low Allocation/Retention Priority when performing
admission control

UMTS Services
Asymmetric Bearers
• Uni-directional and bi-directional bearer services are supported.
• For bi-directional bearer services, the attributes Maximum
bitrate and Guaranteed bitrate can be set separately for
uplink/downlink in order to support asymmetric bearers.

UMTS Services
UMTS QoS Classes

• UMTS attempts to fulfil QoS requests from the user
• Four traffic classes have been identified
Conversational
Streaming
Interactive
Background
• Main distinguishing feature is delay sensitivity

UMTS Services
Conversational Class
• Preserve time relation between information entities of the
stream - transmission and reception in the same order
• Conversational pattern - symmetric
• Real time - low delay required
• Typically between peers
• Example Applications:
Voice
Videotelephony
Video Games

UMTS Services
Streaming
• Preserve time relation between information entities of the
stream - transmission and reception in the same order
• Highly asymmetric
• Real time - relatively low delay required
• Typically between server and client
• Example Applications
Web broadcast
Video on demand
Miscellaneous streaming multimedia

UMTS Services
Interactive
• Request response pattern
• Preserve data integrity
• Relatively delay sensitive but not real time
• Treated as non-real time packet based
• Example applications:
Web browsing
Network games
Location based services
Database retrieval

UMTS Services
Background
• Destination is not expecting the data within a certain time
• Preserve data integrity
• Treated as non-real time packet based
• Example Applications
Download of emails
SMS
Reception of measurement records

UMTS Services
UMTS Circuit Switched Bearer Services

• Five Circuit switched bearer services have been defined:
Speech
Adaptive Multi Rate
Transparent Data (Unrestricted Digital Information)
32kbps, 56kbps, 64kbps
Transparent Data (Audio)
28.8kbps, 33.6 kbps
Non Transparent Fax
28.8kbps
Non Transparent Data
14.4kbps, 28.8kbps, 57.6kbps

UMTS Services
UMTS AMR Speech Codec

• Standard codec likely to be the multirate coder developed for
GSM
provides EFR quality for good channel
provides good quality in poor conditions
• The multirate codec has 14 combined channel and codec
modes
codec produces 8 source rates (4.75, 5.15, 5.9, 6.7(PDC-EFR), 7.4(IS-
641), 7.95, 10.2 and 12.2 kbps(GSM-EFR))
employs variable protection coding according to channel
coding rate between 1/2 and 1/5
puncturing used to match bit rate to channel

UMTS Services
Universal Personal Telecommunications

• UPT means a user can be contacted wherever they are through
a single number
User mobility rather than terminal mobility
• The number translation capability of IN can be used to route a
call to a convenient and suitably equipped local terminal
A number is associated with a person not a terminal or ID card

UMTS Services
Virtual Home Environment

• The VHE means that a roaming user can access the services
that he would have access to on his home network
• Ideally the user should not notice he is not in his home network
Again VHE can be implemented in UMTS through the inclusion of IN
functionality

UMTS Services
SIM Application Toolkit

• SIM Application Toolkit Features include:
Profile Download
To verify support of the SIM Application Toolkit by both SIM and ME
Data Download
To enable SMS to transfer data directly to an application on the SIM
Proactive SIM
To allow the SIM to operate the call control functions of the ME
Menu Selection
To enable an application on the SIM to create and operate a menu on the ME
Call Control by SIM
All dialled digits may be passed to an application on the SIM which may bar, modify
or allow the call

UMTS Services
Location Based Services

• In many regions a Location Function is a condition of the
license
• Location information may be provided on request from a client
application (in either the UE or CN)
• There are three main types of location derivation
Cell Identity Based
Giving a position within the cells coverage area
Timing Based
Derived from relative timing measurements made on radio transmissions
Network Assisted GPS
A UE is equipped with a GPS, whose performance may be improved by
the network

UMTS Services
Questions
• What are the four UMTS QoS Classes?
• How might location be determined for location based services
in UMTS?
• What is the maximum and minimum rate of the AMR speech
codec?

UMTS Services
Session Summary
• In this session we have investigated
QoS Architecture in UMTS
Bearer attributes
QoS Classes
Example services such as the AMR

Course Roundup
Locator Slide
Standards
• Day 1 Roundup

Course Roundup
Course Roundup

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UMTS Network Systems

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 1

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 2

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 3

Contents and Session Aims

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 4

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 5

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 6

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 7

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 8

How the Sessions are Organised

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 9

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 10

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 11

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 12

1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 13

Contents and Session Aims

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 14

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 15

Progress of data rates with

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 16

The 1st Generation of

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 17

1st Generation Standards

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 18

1st Generation Planning

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 19

The 2nd Generation of

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 20

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 21

Capacity limited by number of

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 22

TDMA and PDC phones from

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 23

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 24

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 25

700 Second Generation -

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 26

Worldwide Mobile Subscribers

Year Source:Third Generation Mobile

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 27

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 28

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 29

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 30

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 31

2G and 2.5G Standards Compared

Carrier 200kHz 30kHz 1.25MHz 25kHz

Slots per 8 6 1 3/6

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 32

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 33

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 34

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 35

3rd Generation Drivers and Standards

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 36

Introduction and Session Aims

•3rd Generation Cellular

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 37

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 38

Who does IMT-

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 39

U101U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview 40

What are the IMT-