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31 Mesh-current and
nodal analysis
Figure 31.1
I1 Z1 C Z2 I2 Z2 D E1
I2 Z2 C Z3 C Z4 I1 Z2 I3 Z4 D 0
I3 Z4 C Z5 I2 Z4 D E2
The branch currents are determined by taking the phasor sum of the
mesh currents common to that branch. For example, the current flowing
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Figure 31.2
The mesh currents I1 , I2 and I3 are shown in Figure 31.2. Using Kirch-
hoff’s voltage law:
For loop 1, 3 C 5I1 5I2 D 4 1
For loop 2, 4 C 1 C 6 C 5I2 5I1 1I3 D 0 2
For loop 3, 1 C 8I3 1I2 D 5 3
Thus
8I1 5I2 4D0 10
5I1 C 16I2 I3 D0 20
I2 C 9I3 C 5 D 0 30
Using determinants,
I1 I2 I3
D D
5 0 4 8 0 4 8 5 4
16 1 0 5 1 0 5 16 0
1 9 5 0 9 5 0 1 5
1
D
8 5 0
5 16 1
0 1 9
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I1 I2
D
1 0 16 1 1 0 5 1
5 4
1 8 4
9 5 9 9 5 0 9
I3
D
5 16 8 5
4 C 5
0 1 5 16
1
D
16 1 5 1
8 C 5
0
1 9 9
I1 I2 I3
D D
55 4143 85 445 45 C 5103
1
D
8143 C 545
I1 I2 I3 1
D D D
547 140 495 919
547 140
Hence I1 D D 0.595 A, I2 D D 0.152 A, and
919 919
495
I3 D D 0.539 A
919
Figure 31.3
(a) For the first loop 5 j4I1 j4I2 D 1006 0° (1)
For the second loop 4 C j3 j4I2 j4I1 D 0 (2)
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I1 I2 1
D D
400 j100 j400 32 j21
D 1016.9 W D 1020 W,
correct to three significant figures.
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I1 I2
D
3 C j4 4156 120° 6 C j8 4156 120°
6 C j8 415 0
6 ° 3 C j4 4156 0°
1
D
6 C j8 3 C j4
3 C j4 6 C j8
I1 I2
D
20756 53.13° C 41506 173.13° 41506 53.13° 20756 173.13°
1
D
1006 106.26° 256 106.26°
I1 I2 1
D D
35946 143.13° 35946 83.13° 756 106.26°
35946 143.13°
Hence I1 D D 47.96 36.87° A
756 106.26°
35946 83.13°
and I2 D D 47.96 23.13° A
756 106.26°
D 47.96 156.87° A
D 47.96 −83.13° A
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31.2 Nodal analysis A node of a network is defined as a point where two or more branches
are joined. If three or more branches join at a node, then that node is
called a principal node or junction. In Figure 31.5, points 1, 2, 3, 4 and
5 are nodes, and points 1, 2 and 3 are principal nodes.
A node voltage is the voltage of a particular node with respect to a
node called the reference node. If in Figure 31.5, for example, node 3 is
chosen as the reference node then V13 is assumed to mean the voltage
at node 1 with respect to node 3 (as distinct from V31 ). Similarly, V23
would be assumed to mean the voltage at node 2 with respect to node 3,
and so on. However, since the node voltage is always determined with
respect to a particular chosen reference node, the notation V1 for V13 and
V2 for V23 would always be used in this instance.
The object of nodal analysis is to determine the values of voltages at
all the principal nodes with respect to the reference node, e.g., to find
voltages V1 and V2 in Figure 31.5. When such voltages are determined,
the currents flowing in each branch can be found.
Kirchhoff’s current law is applied to nodes 1 and 2 in turn in
Figure 31.5 and two equations in unknowns V1 and V2 are obtained which
may be simultaneously solved using determinants.
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V1 Vx V1 V2 V1
C D
ZA ZD ZB
which if rearranged is seen to be exactly the same as equation (1).)
Rearranging equations (1) and (2) gives:
1 1 1 1 1
C C V1 V2 Vx D 0 3
ZA ZB ZD ZB ZA
1 1 1 1 1
V1 C C C V2 C VY D 0 4
ZB ZB ZC ZE ZC
Equations (3) and (4) may be rewritten in terms of admittances (where
admittance Y D l/Z ):
Equations (5) and (6) may be solved for V1 and V2 by using determinants.
Thus
1 V 2 V
D
Y YA YA C YB C YD YA
B
YB C YC C YE YC YB YC
1
D
Y
A C YB C YD YB
YB YB C YC C YE
Figure 31.8
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Figure 31.8 contains two principal nodes (at 1 and B) and thus only one
nodal equation is required. B is taken as the reference node and the equa-
tion for node 1 is obtained as follows. Applying Kirchhoff’s current law
to node 1 gives:
IX C IY D I
V1 V1
i.e., C D 206 0°
16 4 C j3
1 1
Thus V1 C D 20
16 4 C j3
4 j3
V1 0.0625 C D 20
42 C 32
V1 0.0625 C 0.16 j0.12 D 20
V1 0.2225 j0.12 D 20
20 20
from which, V1 D D
0.2225 j0.12 0.25286 28.34°
Figure 31.9
The circuit contains no principal nodes. However, if point Y is chosen as
the reference node then an equation may be written for node X assuming
that current leaves point X by both branches.
VX 86 0° Vx 86 90°
Thus C D0
5 C 4 3 C j6
1 1 8 j8
from which, VX C D C
9 3 C j6 9 3 C j6
1 3 j6 8 j83 j6
VX C D C
9 32 C 62 9 32 C 62
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48 C j24
VX 0.1778 j0.1333 D 0.8889 C
45
VX 0.22226 36.86° D 1.9556 C j0.5333
D 2.0276 15.25°
Figure 31.10
This is the same problem as problem 1 of Chapter 30, page 536, which
was solved using Kirchhoff’s laws. A comparison of methods can
be made.
There are only two principal nodes in Figure 31.10 so only one nodal
equation is required. Node 2 is taken as the reference node.
The equation at node 1 is I1 C I2 C I3 D 0
V1 1006 0° V1 V1 506 90°
i.e., C C D0
25 20 10
1 1 1 1006 0° 506 90°
i.e., C C V1 D0
25 20 10 25 10
0.19 V1 D 4 C j5
4 C j5
Thus the voltage at node 1, V1 D D 33.706 51.34° V
0.19
or 21.05 C j26.32V
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Figure 31.11
V1 256 0° V1 V1 V2
(a) At node 1, C C D0
2 j4 5
Rearranging gives:
1 1 1 1 256 0°
C C V1 V2 D0
2 j4 5 5 2
V2 256 90° V2 V2 V1
At node 2, C C D0
2.5 j4 5
Rearranging gives:
1 1 1 1 256 90°
V1 C C C V2 D0
5 2.5 j4 5 2.5
i.e., 0.2V1 C 0.6 j0.25V2 j10 D 0 2
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7.5846 8.53°
Thus voltage, V1 D D 17.126 5.30° V
0.4436 3.23°
D 17.1 6 −5.3° V, correct to one decimal place,
76 90°
and voltage, V2 D D 15.806 93.23° V
0.4436 3.23°
D 15.8 6 93.2° V, correct to one decimal place.
(b) The current in the j4 inductance is given by:
V2 15.806 93.23°
D D 3.95 6 3.23° A flowing away from node 2
j4 46 90°
(c) The current in the 5 resistance is given by:
V1 V2 17.126 5.30° 15.806 93.23°
I5 D D
5 5
17.05 j1.58 0.89 C j15.77
i.e., I5 D
5
17.94 j17.35 24.966 44.04°
D D
5 5
D 4.99 6 −44.04° A flowing from node 1 to node 2
(d) The active power dissipated in the 2.5 resistor is given by
2
V2 256 90°
P2.5 D I2.5 2 2.5 D 2.5
2.5
0.89 C j15.77 j252 9.2736 95.51° 2
D D
2.5 2.5
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85.996 191.02°
D by de Moivre’s theorem
2.5
D 34.46 169° W
Figure 31.12
V1 V1 V2
At node 1, 256 0° D C
4 C j3 5
4 j3 1 1
i.e., C V1 V2 25 D 0
25 5 5
V2 V2 V2 V1
At node 2, C C D0
j10 j20 5
1 1 1
i.e., 0.2V1 C C C V2 D 0
j10 j20 5
Simultaneous equations (1) and (2) may be solved for V1 and V2 by using
determinants. Thus,
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V1 2 V
D
0.2
25 25
0.379 18.43°
6
0.256 36.87° 0.2 0
0
1
D
0.3796 18.43° 0.2
0.2 0.25 36.87
6 °
V1 V2 1
i.e., D D
6.256 36.87° 5 0.094756 55.30° 0.04
1
D
0.0796 79.85°
6.256 36.87°
Hence voltage, V1 D D 79.116 42.98° V
0.0796 79.85°
5
and voltage, V2 D D 63.296 79.85° V
0.0796 79.85°
The current flowing in the 4 C j3 branch is V1 /4 C j3. Hence the
voltage between point X and node 3 is:
V1 79.116 42.98° 36 90°
j3 D
4 C j3 56 36.87°
D 47.476 96.11° V
This is the same problem as Problem 2 of Chapter 30, page 537, which
was solved using Kirchhoff’s laws.
In Figure 31.13, the reference node is shown at point A.
V1 V2 V1 V1 8 V3
At node 1, C C D0
1 6 5
i.e., 1.367V1 V2 0.2V3 1.6 D 0 1
V2 V2 V1 V2 V3
At node 2, C C D0
Figure 31.13 2 1 3
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D 0.3789 V
V2 0.3789
Thus the current in the 2 Z resistor D D D 0.19 A,
2 2
flowing from node 2 to node A.
V3 1
Solving for V3 gives: D
1.60.6996 C 1.61.5057 0.82093
V3 1 1.2898
hence D from which, voltage,V3 D
1.2898 0.82093 0.82093
D −1.571 V
2
V2 V3
Power in the 3 Z resistor D I3 2 3 D 3
3
0.3789 1.5712
D D 1.27 W
3
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Figure 31.15
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Figure 31.18
Nodal analysis
10 Repeat problems 1, 2, 5, 8 and 10 on page 542 of Chapter 30, and
problems 2, 3, 5, and 9 above, using nodal analysis.
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