ANSI/ISEA Z89.

1-2014

American National Standard

for Industrial Head Protection
 ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014
Revision of
ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2009

American National Standard

for Industrial Head Protection

Secretariat
International Safety Equipment Association

Approved May 15, 2014

American National Standards Institute, Inc.
American An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially
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Published by

International Safety Equipment Association

1901 North Moore Street, Suite 808, Arlington, Virginia 22209

Copyright 2014 by International Safety Equipment Association

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Foreword (This Foreword is not part of ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014)

Voluntary industry consensus standards recognized by the American National Standards Institute are
required to be reviewed every five years to account for improvements in technology, test methods and
materials, user needs and trends in use and application of products covered under the respective
standard. This seventh revision of the American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection,
ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014 represents an effort to accommodate characteristics of industrial head
protection that end-users identified as being important as work environments change and emerging
hazards are identified. This edition was prepared by the ISEA Head Protection Group whose current
members include: 3M Company, Bullard, ERB Industries, Gateway Safety, Honeywell Safety Products,
Kimberly-Clark Professional, MSA Safety, OccuNomix International, Protective Industrial Products Inc.,
and Sellstrom Manufacturing Co.

The core performance requirements remain unchanged. However, this updated version incorporates
optional preconditioning at higher temperatures than the standard test temperatures. Head protection
devices that meet the applicable product performance criteria after having been exposed to these
higher temperatures will bear a unique mark indicating such, to provide easy identification to the user.

This standard was processed and approved using consensus procedures prescribed by the
American National Standards Institute. The following organizations were contacted prior to the
approval of this standard. Inclusion in this list does not necessarily imply that the organization
concurred with the submittal of the proposed standard to ANSI.

Atlas Industrial Contractors Laborers Health and Safety Fund of North America
Mr. James Byrnes National Electrical Contractors Association
Center to Protect Workers Rights National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
City of San Diego Oberon Company
Entergy Safety Equipment Institute
INSPEC International TAUC: The Association of Union Contractors
International Safety Equipment Association Waste Equipment Technology Association
International Staple, Nail and Tool Association U.S. Department of Labor – Occupational Safety and
Mr. Michael Kertis Health Administration
Kimberly-Clark Professional

Suggestions for improvement of this standard are encouraged. Contact:

ISEA
1901 N. Moore Street #808
Arlington, VA 22209
isea@safetyequipment.org
Contents
SECTION PAGE
1 Scope, Purpose and Limitations ................................................................................. 1
1.1 Scope .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Purpose ............................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Limitations ........................................................................................................... 1
1.4 Units and Tolerances .......................................................................................... 1
2 Compliance ................................................................................................................. 1
3 Definitions ................................................................................................................... 1
4 Types and Classes ..................................................................................................... 2
4.1 Impact Types ...................................................................................................... 2
4.2 Electrical Classes ............................................................................................... 2
5 Accessories and Replacement Components .............................................................. 3
6 Instructions and Markings ........................................................................................... 3
7 Performance Requirements ........................................................................................ 3
7.1 Requirements for Type I and Type II Helmets .................................................... 3
7.2 Additional Requirements for Type II Helmets ..................................................... 4
7.3 Requirements for Optional Features .................................................................. 4
8 Testing Preparation ..................................................................................................... 5
8.1 Test Sample Selection ........................................................................................ 5
8.2 Sequence of Testing ........................................................................................... 5
8.3 Testing Conditions .............................................................................................. 5
8.4 Test Sample Markings ........................................................................................ 5
8.5 Helmet Preconditioning ....................................................................................... 6
8.6 Testing Time ....................................................................................................... 6
9 Headforms .................................................................................................................. 6
9.1 General ............................................................................................................... 6
9.2 Headform Sizes .................................................................................................. 6
9.3 Headfom for Force Transmission ....................................................................... 7
9.4 Headform for Penetration Tests.......................................................................... 7
9.5 Headform for Impact Energy Attenuation Tests ................................................. 7
10 Test Methods .............................................................................................................. 7
10.1 Flammability ........................................................................................................ 7
10.2 Force Transmission ............................................................................................ 8
10.3 Apex Penetration ................................................................................................ 9
10.4 Impact Energy Attenuation ................................................................................. 9
10.5 Off-Center Penetration ...................................................................................... 11
10.6 Chin Strap Retention (Type II Only) ................................................................. 11
10.7 Electrical Insulation ........................................................................................... 12
10.8 High-Visibility Testing ....................................................................................... 13
11 Normative References .............................................................................................. 13
TABLES
Table 1. Color, High Visibility Helmets ............................................................................. 4
Table 2. Sizing Chart ...................................................................................................... 14
Table 3. Schedule of Tests ............................................................................................. 15

FIGURES
Figure 1. ISO Headform ................................................................................................... 17
Figure 2. Dynamic Test Line (DTL), Impact and Penetration Tests ................................ 18
Figure 3. Force Transmission Headform ......................................................................... 19
Figure 4. Typical Impact Energy Attenuation Headform Fixture ...................................... 20
Figure 5. Typical Penetration Headform Fixture .............................................................. 20
Figure 6. Typical Chin Strap Retention Test Apparatus .................................................. 21
Figure 7. Typical Force Transmission Test Apparatus .................................................... 22
Figure 8. Typical Penetration Test Apparatus.................................................................. 23
Figure 9. Penetrator ......................................................................................................... 24
Figure 10. Typical Impact Energy Attenuation Apparatus ............................................... 25
Figure 11. Static Test Line (STL), Electrical Insulation and Flammability Tests.............. 26
Figure 12. Flammability Test Apparatus .......................................................................... 26
Figure 13. Electrical Insulation Test Apparatus ............................................................... 27

APPENDICES
A Recommendations, Cautions, Use and Care ........................................................... A1
B Electrical Insulation Testing ...................................................................................... A3
C Force Transmission Testing...................................................................................... A4
D Impact Energy Attenuation Testing ........................................................................... A6

American National Standard for Industrial Head Protection
1 Scope, Purpose and Limitations
1.1 Scope
This standard establishes minimum performance
and labeling requirements for protective helmets
used in industrial and occupational settings
under normal temperature conditions and
optionally at high and low temperatures and
when worn in the reversed position. It also
includes requirements for high-visibility helmets
and specifies test methods for evaluating all
requirements.
Helmets conforming to the requirements of this
standard are designated both by Type (based on
location of impact force) and Class (based on
electrical insulation) as well as any optional
feature.
This standard does not cover bump caps,
firefighting helmets or head protection devices
used in recreational activities.
User cautions and recommendations on use and
care of helmets are given in Appendix A of this
standard.
1.2 Purpose
This standard establishes minimum performance
requirements for protective helmets that reduce
the forces of impact and penetration and that
may provide protection from electric shock (not
arc flash).
1.3 Limitations
Protective helmets reduce the amount of force
from an impact blow but cannot provide
complete head protection from severe impact
and penetration. Helmets that meet this
standard provide limited protection but should be
effective against small tools, small pieces of
wood, bolts, nuts, rivets, sparks and similar
hazards. The use of protective helmets should
never be viewed as a substitute for good safety
practices and engineering controls. Alterations,
attachments, or additions of accessories may
affect the performance of the helmet. Helmets
are designed to provide protection above the
test lines, which are clearly defined in the
standard. Helmets may extend below the test
ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014
lines for styling or practical purposes but no
protection is to be implied below the test lines.
1.4 Units and Tolerances
In this standard, SI units of measurement are
followed by an approximate imperial equivalent
in parenthesis. Only the SI value shall be
regarded as the requirement.
2 Compliance
Any statement(s) of compliance with this
standard shall mean that the product meets all
applicable performance and labeling
requirements for the Type and Class. It is
specifically intended that partial utilization of this
standard is prohibited.
3 Definitions
accessory: A device intended to be mounted
on or used with protective helmets. (See Section
5)
apex: The point on the outer surface of the
shell coincident with the vertical axis of the
headform when the helmet is mounted in the as-
worn position according to the manufacturer's
instructions.
basic plane: A plane at the level of the external
auditory meatus (external ear opening) and the
inferior margin of the orbit (lower edge of the eye
socket).
chin strap: A strap which fits under the chin
and is attached to the helmet.
component: A functional part of a complete
device addressed by the performance
requirements of this standard.
crown straps: The part of the suspension that
passes over the head.
dynamic test line (DTL): A test line used as a
boundary for conducting impact energy
attenuation and off-center penetration tests.
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ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014
flammability: The ability of a helmet shell to
support combustion upon removal of the test
flame.
harness: The complete assembly used to
maintain a helmet in correct wearing position on
the wearer's head, exclusive of a chin strap or
other retention device.
headband: The part of the harness that
encircles the head.
helmet: A device worn on the head designed to
provide limited protection against impact, flying
particles or electric shock.
manufacturer: The business entity that marks
or directs the permanent marking of the
components or complete device as compliant
with this standard and sells them as compliant.
midsagittal plane: A longitudinal plane,
perpendicular to the basic plane, which passes
through the vertex and geometrically bisects the
head.
permanent: Such as can be expected to
remain present and legible throughout the
expected service life of the product.
positioning index: A perpendicular distance,
as specified by the manufacturer, from some
point on the helmet to the basic plane when the
helmet is properly seated on a reference
headform.
projection: Rigid features that extend or
protrude beyond the normal internal or external
surface or contour of the helmet.
protective padding: Any material used to
absorb the kinetic energy of impact.
reference plane: A plane at a given distance
above and parallel to the basic plane.
reference headform: A measuring device
contoured to specified dimensions with surface
markings indicating the locations of the basic,
midsagittal and reference planes, as well as any
required test lines.
shall: In this standard, use of the word "shall"
indicates a mandatory requirement.
shell: The part of a helmet which includes the
outermost surface.
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should: In this standard, use of the word
"should" indicates a recommendation.
suspension: The portion of the harness which
is designed to act as an energy-absorbing
mechanism. It may consist of crown straps,
protective padding, or a similar mechanism.
static test line (STL): A test line used as a
boundary for conducting electrical insulation,
flammability tests and for mounting for the force
transmission test.
test line: A line or combination of lines marked
on a reference headform used to provide limits
or a boundary beyond which protection is not
considered.
test plaque: A sample of the helmet or
representative shell material with a thickness of
3 mm ± 0.5 mm (0.12 in. ± 0.02 in.).
4 Types and Classes
Protective helmets are described by impact type
and electrical class. All protective helmets shall
meet either Type I or Type II requirements. All
helmets shall be further classified as meeting
Class G, Class E, or Class C electrical
requirements.
4.1 Impact Types
4.1.1 Type I
Type I helmets are intended to reduce the force
of impact resulting from a blow only to the top of
the head.
4.1.2 Type II
Type II helmets are intended to reduce the force
of impact resulting from a blow to the top or
sides of the head.
4.2 Electrical Classes
4.2.1 Class G (General)
Class G helmets are intended to reduce the
danger of contact with low voltage conductors.
Test samples shall be proof-tested at 2200 volts
(phase to ground). This voltage is not intended
as an indication of the voltage at which the
helmet protects the wearer.

4.2.2 Class E (Electrical)
Class E helmets are intended to reduce the
danger of contact with higher voltage
conductors. Test samples are proof-tested at
20,000 volts (phase to ground). This voltage is
not intended as an indication of the voltage at
which the helmet protects the wearer.
4.2.3 Class C (Conductive)
Class C helmets are not intended to provide
protection against contact with electrical
hazards.
5 Accessories and Replacement
Components
Accessories or replacement components, when
installed, shall not cause the helmet to fail the
requirements of this standard.
The entity claiming that an accessory or
replacement component, when installed, does
not cause the helmet to fail the requirements of
this standard is responsible for providing
justification upon request.
6 Instructions and Marking
6.1 Each helmet shall be accompanied by
manufacturers' instructions explaining the
application(s) of use, proper method of size
adjustment and fitting (including, if applicable,
reverse wearing) and, guidelines for care and
useful service life.
NOTE: Useful service life guidelines are intended to
provide the user with information that certain
conditions may affect a specific helmet’s continued
protection over time. A specific service life, defined in
terms of number of years, is not required though
individual manufacturers may choose to include such
information for their respective helmets.
6.2 Each helmet shall bear permanent
markings in at least 1.5 mm (0.06 in.) high
letters stating the following information:
a. Name or identification mark of the
manufacturer.
b. The date of manufacture.
ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014
c. The American National Standard
designation, ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014.
d. The applicable Type and Class
designations, followed by applicable
optional criteria markings;
e. The approximate headsize range (see
Table 2).
6.3 If optional performance features are
satisfied, the appropriate marking below shall be
applied in the sequence as specified below:
- Reverse donning;
LT - Lower temperature
HV - High visibility
HT – Higher temperature
The size of the reverse donning symbol shall be
large enough to be legible.
7 Performance Requirements
7.1 Requirements for Type I and Type II
Helmets
7.1.1 Flammability
Helmets shall be tested in accordance with
Section 10.1. No flame shall be visible 5
seconds after removal of the test flame.
7.1.2 Force Transmission
Helmets shall be tested in accordance with
Section 10.2 and shall not transmit a force to the
test headform that exceeds 4,450 N (1,000 lbf).
Additionally, for each preconditioning specified,
the maximum transmitted force of individual test
samples shall be averaged. The averaged
values shall not exceed 3,780 N (850 lbf).
7.1.3 Apex Penetration
Helmets shall be tested in accordance with
Section 10.3. The penetrator shall not make
contact with the top of the test headform.
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ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014

7.1.4 Electrical Insulation Requirements
7.1.4.1 General
Class G and Class E helmets shall meet their
appropriate performance requirement as listed
below. Class C helmets are not tested for
electrical insulation.
7.1.4.2 Class G Requirements
Class G helmets shall be tested in accordance
with Section 10.7 and shall withstand 2,200 volts
(root mean square) AC, 60 hertz, for 1 minute.
Leakage shall not exceed 3 milliamperes.
7.1.4.3 Class E Requirements
elongation of the strap shall not exceed 25 mm
(1.0 in.).
7.3 Requirements for Optional Features
7.3.1 Reverse Wearing
Type I Helmets that are to be marked with the
reverse wearing marking shall pass the force
transmission test when mounted in the reverse
position on the headform.
Type II Helmets that are to be marked with the
reverse wearing mark shall pass the force
transmission, impact attenuation, and off-center
penetration tests when mounted in the reverse
wearing position on the test headform.

After first passing the force transmission test 7.3.2 High-Visibility

specified in Section 7.1.2, Class E helmets shall
be tested in accordance with Section 10.7 and
shall withstand 20,000 volts (root mean square)
AC, 60 hertz, for 3 minutes. Leakage shall not
exceed 9 milliamperes.
When measured in accordance with Section
10.8, helmets marked “HV” for high-visibility
shall demonstrate, for the appropriate color in
Table 1:

At 30,000 volts, the test sample shall not burn a. Chromaticity that lies within one of the
through. sets of coordinates in Table 1

7.2 Additional Requirements for Type II b. Total luminance factor (Y expressed as a

Helmets percentage) that meets or exceeds the
corresponding minimum value in Table 1.
7.2.1 Impact Energy Attenuation

Type II helmets shall be tested in accordance Table 1. Color, High-Visibility Helmets

with Section 10.4. Maximum acceleration shall
not exceed 150g. Color Chromaticity Minimum
coordinates total
7.2.2 Off-center Penetration luminance
factor
Type II helmets shall be tested in accordance x y Y (%)
with Section 10.5. Fluorescent 0.387 0.610 70
yellow-green 0.356 0.494
For each helmet tested, the penetrator shall not 0.398 0.452
make contact with the test headform. 0.460 0.540
Fluorescent 0.610 0.390 40
7.2.3 Chin Strap orange-red 0.535 0.375
0.570 0.340
Chin straps shall be made of material not less 0.655 0.344
than 12.7 mm (0.50 in.) in width. Fluorescent 0.655 0.344 25
red 0.570 0.340
Type II helmets which are provided with chin 0.595 0.315
straps shall be tested for retention in accordance 0.690 0.310
with Section 10.6.

For each helmet tested,, the chin strap shall

remain attached to the helmet. The residual

Page 4

7.3.3 Higher temperature
When preconditioned in accordance with
Section 8.5.3, helmets marked “HT” for higher
temperature shall meet all testing and marking
requirements applicable to the Type and Class
of the helmet.
7.3.4 Lower temperature
When preconditioned in accordance with
Section 8.5.5, helmets marked “LT” for lower
temperature shall meet all testing and marking
requirements applicable to the Type and Class
of the helmet.
8 Testing Preparation
8.1 Test Sample Selection
8.1.1 A minimum of 30 test samples is required
for compliance testing in accordance with the
performance requirements of Section 7.
8.1.2 A minimum of 36 test samples is required
for compliance testing for helmets that are to be
marked for wearing in the reverse position.
8.1.3 It is not intended that the testing schedule
given in Table 3 be used for a manufacturer’s
quality assurance program.
8.2 Sequence of Testing
Testing shall be conducted in accordance with
the testing schedule given in Table 3. Some test
samples may be used for performing more than
one test. Helmets meeting the requirements of
this standard are intended to provide protection
against only one blow (impact and/or
penetration). If a test sample fails to meet the
requirements of a given test (with the exception
of Class E electrical insulation test) and the
sample has previously been subjected to an
impact or penetration test, a new helmet shall be
tested to verify the "failing" result of that
particular test. Should the new helmet meet the
test requirements, then the "failing" result shall
be discounted.
8.3 Testing Conditions
All testing and sample marking shall be
performed at room temperature 23°C  3°C
(73.4°F  5.4°F). If there is a disagreement in
ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014
the test results among different laboratories, the
helmets shall be re-tested at a controlled relative
humidity of 50  5 %.
8.4 Test Sample Markings
8.4.1 General
Test samples shall be marked to indicate the
location of the Static Test Line (STL) and
Dynamic Test Line (DTL). The largest size of
ISO headform appropriate for the helmet being
tested, whose circumference is not greater than
the internal circumference of the helmet
headband when adjusted to its largest setting,
shall be used. If no headband is provided, the
corresponding interior surface circumference of
the helmet shall be used to determine the
appropriate headform. Once the appropriate
reference headform is chosen, the test samples
shall be adjusted to provide a snug, but not tight,
fit on the headform.
NOTE: There is no requirement for helmets to
cover down to the STL or DTL.
8.4.2 Dynamic Test Line (DTL) Marking
Procedure
Seat the headform firmly with the basic plane
being horizontal. Place the test sample on the
headform, centered laterally oriented in the
normal wearing position, and seated firmly
according to its positioning index.
For samples that are marked to be worn in the
reverse position, install the headband in the
shell according to the manufacturer’s wearing
instructions for reverse donning. Place the
sample on the headform, centered laterally,
rotated 180 degrees from the normal wearing
position along the basic plane of the headform,
and seated firmly accordingly to the
manufacturer’s positioning index.
Apply a 50  2 N (11  0.45 lb) static force
normal to the helmet's apex. Maintaining the
force and position described above, draw a line
on the outer surface of the helmet coinciding
with the intersections of the helmet surface and
the following planes, as defined in Figure 2:
a. A plane "k" mm above and parallel to the
reference plane in the anterior portion of
the reference headform.
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ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014
b. A vertical transverse plane "b" mm
behind the center of the central vertical
axis in a side view.
c. A plane "j" mm above and parallel to the
reference plane in the posterior portion of
the reference headform.
One sample marked with the DTL for normal
wearing and one marked with the DTL for the
reverse wearing option should suffice for use in
setting up the subsequent testing.
8.4.3 Static Test Line (STL) Marking
Procedure
Secure the headform with the basic plane being
horizontal. Place the test sample on the
headform, centered laterally, leveled side-to-side
and seated firmly according to its positioning
index.
Apply a 50  2 N (11  0.45 lb) static force
normal to the helmet's apex. Maintaining the
force and position described above, draw a line
on the outer surface of the helmet coinciding
with the dimensions shown in Figure 11.
8.5 Helmet Preconditioning
8.5.1 Preconditioning Environments
Test samples shall be preconditioned prior to
performing the impact, penetration and chin
strap retention tests.
8.5.2 Hot
Place test samples in a forced air circulating
oven maintained at 49°C  2°C (120°F  3.6°F)
for at least two hours. Place all samples
horizontal and in such a manner as to not block
the flow of circulating air, at least 5 cm (2.9 in.)
from any internal oven wall.
8.5.3 Higher Temperature (Optional)
As an alternative to hot preconditioning as
specified in Section 8.5.2, higher temperature
preconditioning may be used. Place test
samples in a forced air circulating oven
maintained at 60°C  2°C (140°F  3.6°F) for at
least four hours.
Page 6
8.5.4 Cold
Place test samples in a freezer maintained at
18°C  2°C (0°F  3.6°F) for at least two hours.
8.5.5 Lower Temperature (Optional)
As an alternative to cold preconditioning as
specified in Section 8.5.4, lower temperature
preconditioning may be used. Place test
samples in a freezer maintained at –30°C ± 2°C
(-22°F ± 3.6°F) for at least four hours with the
base of the helmet facing upward (i.e., above
the crown).
8.5.6 Wet
Submerge test sample in fresh tap water
maintained at 23°C  3°C (73.4°F  5.4°F) for at
least two hours.
8.6 Testing Time
8.6.1 Hot-, cold-, higher- and lower-temperature
preconditioned samples shall be tested for
impact and penetration within 30 seconds after
their removal from the conditioning environment.
8.6.2 Hot-, cold-, higher- and lower-temperature
preconditioned samples shall be tested for chin
strap retention within 60 seconds after their
removal from the conditioning environment.
8.6.3 Wet samples shall be withdrawn from the
water bath and positioned upright and horizontal
for a maximum of 30 seconds to allow excess
water to drain. The wet samples shall then be
mounted on the applicable test apparatus and
tested within 90 seconds from their removal of
the water bath.
9 Headforms
9.1 General
Only that part of the headform above the
reference plane is intended to represent the
human head. Damaged or deformed headforms
shall not be used.
9.2 Headform Sizes
The ISEA headform size 7 shall be used for the
force transmission test.

For all other tests, one of three sizes of ISO
headforms described in ISO/DIS 6220 shall be
used. If headform size is not specified by the
manufacturer, the testing facility is to decide the
most suitable size (See Figure 1).
9.3 Headform for Force Transmission
The headform used for the force transmission
test (Section 7.1.2) shall be the "ISEA standard
headform,” size 7 (approximate dimensions are
contained in Figure 3 for reference only). The
headform shall be made of low-resonance
magnesium K-1A, or aluminum. The mass of the
headform shall be 3.64 kg  0.45 kg (8 lb  1 lb).
9.4 Headform for Penetration Tests
A headform as specified in ISO/DIS 6220 and
made from electrically conductive material shall
be used for the apex penetration test (Section
7.1.3) and the off-center penetration test
(Section 7.2.2) and shall be mounted on a ball
joint so it can be pivoted into various positions.
9.5 Headform for Impact Energy
Attenuation Tests
An ISO headform used for the impact energy
attenuation test (Section 7.2.1), shall be made of
a low resonance material such as cast silica
urethane, and have a Shore "D" durometer of 60
 6. The headform, together with its supporting
assemblies, shall have a mass of 5.0 kg  0.05
kg (11 lb  0.1 lb), with the center of gravity
roughly corresponding to the center of the
mounting ball.
10 Test Methods
10.1 Flammability
10.1.1 Preparation of Test Samples
Test samples shall be marked in accordance
with Section 8.
10.1.2 Apparatus
The test apparatus shall consist of the following
components:
a. A laboratory test stand of sufficient size and
strength to hold the test sample in an as-
worn, upright position (see Figure 12). The
ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014
stand, including the attached test sample,
shall be placed inside a draft free fume
hood.
b. Bunsen burner with a 10 mm (0.4 in.) bore.
c. Source of gas. The use of natural methane
(laboratory grade) gas with a heat content of
1000 BTU  100 BTU per cubic foot is
recommended.
d. Gas regulator.
e. Timing device.
f. Temperature measurement device.
10.1.3 Calibration
Use a temperature measurement device to
verify the temperature of the Bunsen burner
flame. With the Bunsen burner in a vertical
position, adjust it to produce a 50 mm (2.0 in.)
blue flame with an inner cone of 25 mm (1.0 in.).
Using the temperature probe, measure the
temperature of the flame at the tip of the inner
cone. It shall be 800 – 900°C (1472 – 1652°F).
10.1.4 Test Procedures
Attach the test sample to the laboratory test
stand so that it is held in an as-worn, upright
position (see Figure 12). Choose any point on
the outer surface of the helmet above the STL
and apply the flame of the Bunsen burner such
that the tip of the inner cone is within 2 mm (0.08
in.) from the helmet surface. The Bunsen burner
shall be held with its barrel horizontal. Apply the
flame to the chosen test point for 5 seconds +1
second, -0 second, then remove the flame.
Inspect the test sample for any visible flame 5
seconds after removal of the test flame.
10.1.5 Recording
Record results as "pass" or "fail” based on
whether any flame is visible 5 seconds after
removal of the test flame.
10.2 Force Transmission
10.2.1 Preparation of Test Samples
Test samples shall be preconditioned according
to Section 8.5.
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ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014
10.2.2 Apparatus
The test apparatus shall consist of the following
components:
a. Test headform specified in Section 9.3.
b Headform mounting fixture. See Figure 3.
c. Electronic load cell and velocity indicator.
The load cell system shall conform to the
following requirements:
Accuracy =  2.5% Full Scale
Rigidity > 4.5 x 10 9 N/m (2.6 x 107 lb/ft)
Resonant Frequency = 5 kHz Min.
A system known to work is detailed in Appendix
C.
d. Impactor having a mass of 3.60 kg  0.05 kg
(8 lb  0.1 lb). The striking face of the
impactor shall be spherical with a radius of
48 mm ± 8 mm (1.9 in.  0.3 in.) and a
minimum chord length of 76 mm (3.0 in.).
The impactor shall be constructed in such a
manner that it will remain rigid upon impact
(single degree of freedom system).
e. Vertical drop guide mechanism
f. Electronic signal conditioning and recording
equipment.
A typical test setup is shown in Figure 7. The
headform mounting fixture is shown in Figure 3.
The correctly mounted load cell assembly shall
be mounted between the headform and a steel
plate at least 25 mm (1.0 in.) thick and at least
0.3 m (1 ft) square. The plate shall be bolted
down to, and in intimate contact with, a concrete
(or material of similar density) base that
measures approximately 1 x 1 x 0.3 m (3 x 3 x 1
ft). The plate shall be leveled with a precision
level to  1° of horizontal. The center of the
impactor, the center of the headform, and the
center of the load cell shall be co-linear as
measured by a plumb bob. The alignment
tolerance shall be 3 mm (0.12 in.).
Page 8
10.2.3 Mounting
Where the crown clearance is adjustable, the
helmet shall be mounted with the least amount
of clearance.
Using the ISEA headform (as specified in
Section 9.3), mount the test sample with the STL
horizontal and oriented in its normal wearing
position. Align the impactor along the central
vertical axis of the headform.
For the samples to be tested in the reverse
wearing position, the headband is to be installed
in the shell according to the manufacturer’s
wearing instructions for reverse wearing. Place
the sample on the headform with the STL
horizontal, and rotated 180 degrees in the plane
of the STL from the normal wearing position,
and seated firmly accordingly to the
manufacturer’s positioning index.
10.2.4 Calibration
The instrumentation shall be stabilized and
calibrated. A suggested method(s) for
calibration is included in Appendix C2. The
equipment shall be checked for repeatability
before and after each series of tests by
impacting a standardized elastomeric shock pad
as specified in the Appendix C3. A minimum of
three such impacts shall be recorded before and
after testing. If the post-test average readings of
the three impacts differ from the pre-test
average by more than 5%, the entire test series
shall be discarded.
10.2.5 Test Procedures
Remove test samples per Table 3, Schedule of
Tests from the conditioning environment one at
a time and place on the test headform according
to Section 10.2.3. Zero the electronic recording
device after a test sample is placed on the
headform but before the impact. Drop the
impactor from a height that yields an impact
velocity of 5.50 m/s  0.05 m/s (18 ft/s  0.16
ft/s).
10.2.6 Recording
Record the individual maximum force readings
for all test samples along with the impact
velocities. Calculate and record the average
values for hot preconditioned test samples.
Calculate and record the average values for cold

preconditioned, or optionally low temperature
test samples
10.3 Apex Penetration
10.3.1 Preparation of Test Samples
The test samples shall be preconditioned
according to Section 8.5.
10.3.2 Apparatus
The test apparatus shall consist of the following
components:
a. Test headform specified in Section 9.4.
b. Headform mounting fixture as shown in
Figure 5.
c. Electronic contact indicator and velocity
indicator.
d. Penetrator having a mass of 1.0 kg  0.05
kg (2.2 lb  0.1 lb) with a steel tip, a 60°  1°
included angle and a spherical tip radius of
0.25 mm  0.10 mm (0.010 in.  0.004 in.).
A typical penetrator configuration is shown
in Figure 9.
e. Vertical drop guide mechanism.
f. Electronic recording equipment.
A typical test setup is shown in Figure 8.
The headform may be swiveled about the ball to
any position that would allow the penetrator to
strike the helmet perpendicularly anywhere
within a 75 mm (3.0 in.) diameter circle about
the apex of the helmet.
The penetrator shall be constructed in such a
manner that it will remain rigid upon impact
(single degree of freedom system). The
penetrator shall be guided and electrically
insulated from the metal headform. The size of
the base shall be as specified in Section 10.2.2.
Wires shall be attached to the impactor and
headform such that if the impactor makes
contact with the headform a low voltage electric
circuit is completed. A suitable means of
verifying said completed circuit can be obtained
by use of an oscillographic recording.
ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014
10.3.3 Mounting
Use the largest size headform (as specified in
Section 9.2) appropriate for helmet being tested.
Mount the helmet with the STL parallel with the
basic plane of the headform and with the axis of
the penetrator aligned with the center of the
mounting ball of the headform.
10.3.4 Calibration
Before and after testing, contact of the
penetrator with the headform shall be made to
assure that the electric circuit, when completed,
is properly recorded by the recording device.
10.3.5 Test Procedures
Remove test samples per Table 3, Schedule of
Tests from the conditioning environment one at
a time and place on the test headform according
to Section 10.3.3. Drop the impactor from a
height that yields an impact velocity of 7.0 m/s 
0.1 m/s (23 ft/s  0.3 ft/s).
10.3.6 Recording
Record the impact velocity associated with each
drop. Data recording for penetration is "pass" or
"fail" based on any indicated electrical contact.
10.4 Impact Energy Attenuation
10.4.1 Preparation of Test Samples
Test samples shall be marked according to
Section 8.4.2 and preconditioned according to
Section 8.5.
10.4.2 Apparatus
The test apparatus shall consist of the following
components:
a. Test headform specified in Section 9.5. The
headform along with its associated vertical
drop guide mechanism shall have a mass of
5.00 kg  0.05 kg (11 lb  0.1 lb) and be
constructed in such a manner that it will
remain rigid upon impact (single degree of
freedom system).
b. Vertical drop guide mechanism. The
headform supporting assembly (vertical drop
guide mechanism) shall not exceed 25% of
the mass of the total drop assembly. The
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ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014
center of gravity of the total drop assembly
shall lie within a cone with its axis vertical, a
10° included angle, and with the vertex as
the point of impact.
c. Uniaxial or triaxial accelerometer, mounted
at the approximate center of gravity of the
combined test headform and vertical drop
guide mechanism inside the headform
mounting ball. The axis of the uniaxial
accelerometer, or the vertical axes of a
triaxial accelerometer, shall be aligned
within 2.5 degrees of vertical. The
accelerometer is connected to the signal
conditioning/ recording instrumentation. The
acceleration data channels shall comply with
the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
Recommended Practice J211 requirements
for channel class 1000.
The accelerometer/ recording system shall
conform to the following requirements:
Accuracy =  2.5% Full Scale
Transverse Sensitivity = 3% max.
Resonant Frequency = 5 kHz min.
A system known to work is detailed in
Appendix D.
d. Hemispherical impact anvil constructed of
steel. The anvil shall be a spherical segment
having a radius of 48 mm ± 8 mm (1.9 in 
0.3 in.) and a chord length of 76 mm (3.0 in.).
The test anvil shall be rigidly mounted to a
solid mass of at least 135 kg (300 lb)
consisting of a steel plate at least 25 mm (1.0
in.) thick and at least 0.3 m (1 ft) square,
bolted to and in intimate contact with a
concrete block (or equivalent).
e. Electronic signal conditioning and recording
instrumentation.
f. Velocity indicator.
A typical test setup is shown in Figure 10 and
the headform/vertical drop guide mechanism is
shown in Figure 4.
10.4.3 Mounting
Use the largest size test headform (as specified
in Section 9.2) appropriate to the helmet being
Page 10
tested. Set up the test so that the edge of the
anvil does not extend below the DTL line of the
helmet. Mount the headform as required for the
anvil to strike the test sample anywhere above
the DTL. The center of the accelerometer
mounting hole, which will typically be the center
of the headform mounting ball, shall be in
vertical alignment with the center of the anvil
within 10 mm (0.38 in.). The impact shall be as
normal to the surface as the contour of the shell
will permit.
If there are projections on the helmet’s outer
surface above the DTL or internal projections
inside the helmet above the DTL, the helmet
shall be impacted directly on one of the
projections.
Mount the test sample in its normal wearing
position on the headform with the STL parallel to
the basic plane of the headform.
For the samples to be tested in the reverse
wearing position, the headband is to be installed
in the shell according to the manufacturer’s
wearing instructions for reverse donning. Place
the sample on the headform with the STL
parallel to the basic plane of the headform, and
rotated 180 degrees in the basic plane from its
normal wearing position, and seat firmly
accordingly to the manufacturer’s positioning
index.
10.4.4 Calibration
The instrumentation shall be stabilized and
calibrated. A suggested method(s) for
calibration is included in Appendix D2. The
equipment shall be checked for repeatability
before and after each series of tests by
impacting a standardized elastomeric shock pad
as specified in the Appendix D3. A minimum of
three such impacts shall be recorded before and
after testing. If the post-test average readings of
the three impacts differ from the pre-test
average by more than 5%, the entire test series
shall be discarded.
10.4.5 Test Procedures
Remove test samples per Table 3, Schedule of
Tests from the conditioning environment one at
a time and mount on the test headform
according to Section 10.4.3. Zero the electronic
recording device after a helmet is placed on the
headform but before the impact. Drop the
helmeted headform from a height that yields an

impact velocity of 3.5 m/s  0.1 m/s (11.5 ft/s 
0.3 ft/s) as measured by the velocity indicator.
10.4.5 Recording
Record the maximum g value for each test along
with its associated impact velocity.
10.5 Off-Center Penetration
10.5.1 Preparation of Test Samples
Test samples shall be marked according to
Section 8.4 and preconditioned according to
Section 8.5.
10.5.2 Apparatus
The test apparatus shall be identical to that
specified in Section 10.3 except that the
headform may be rotated to facilitate striking the
test samples anywhere above the DTL.
10.5.3 Mounting
Use the largest size headform (as specified in
Section 9.2) appropriate for helmet being tested
Mount the helmet in the normal wearing position
with the STL parallel with the basic plane of the
headform and with the axis of the penetrator
aligned with the center of the mounting ball of
the headform.
For the samples to be tested in the reverse
wearing position, the headband is to be installed
in the shell according to the manufacturer’s
wearing instructions. Then place the sample on
the headform with the STL parallel to the basic
plane of the headform, and rotated 180 degrees
in the basic plane from its normal wearing
position, and seated firmly according to the
manufacturer’s positioning index.
10.5.4 Calibration
Before and after testing, contact of the
penetrator with the headform shall be made to
assure that the electric circuit, when completed,
is properly recorded by the recording device.
10.5.5 Test Procedures
Remove test samples per Table 3, Schedule of
Tests from the conditioning environment one at
a time and place on the test headform. Drop the
ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014
impactor from a height that yields an impact
velocity of 5.0 m/s  0.1 m/s (16.4 ft/s  0.3 ft/s).
Test helmets at each condition at four locations:
front, side, rear and anywhere on the shell
above the DTL.
For each test sample, drop the impactor at two
sites, each at a different location on the helmet.
The second impact shall be separated from the
previous impact by a distance not less than 1/5
of the STL curve length. Recondition the
sample for a minimum of 15 minutes prior to the
additional impact.
In the case of failure, use a new sample to
repeat the impact.
NOTE: Striking directly on external projections is not
recommended due to the possibility of glancing blows.
10.5.6 Recording
Record the impact velocity associated with each
drop. Data recording for penetration is "pass" or
"fail" based on any indicated electrical contact.
10.6 Chin Strap Retention (Type II only)
10.6.1 Preparation of Test Samples
If the helmet is provided with a chin strap, test
samples shall be preconditioned according to
Section 8.5 including the attached chin straps.
10.6.2 Apparatus
The test apparatus shall consist following
components:
a. Test headform.
b. Headform mounting fixture.
c. Test stand.
d. Chin strap stirrup/pre-load assembly. The
chin strap stirrup approximates the shape of
the bone structure of the lower jaw and
consists of two metal rollers, each 12.5 mm 
0.5 mm (0.5 in.  0.02 in.) in diameter and at
a center separation of 76.0 mm  0.5 mm
(3.0 in.  0.02 in.). The stirrup shall be
attached to a pre-load assembly such that
the total mass of the stirrup and pre-load
assembly shall be 1.50 kg  0.05 kg (3.3 lb 
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ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014
0.1 lb). The assembly shall slide freely in the
vertical direction within the test stand.
e. Displacement scale.
f. Release mechanism.
g. Drop mass. The drop mass shall also slide
freely upon the pre-load assembly and shall
have a mass of 10.00 kg  0.05 kg (22.2 lb 
0.1 lb).
A typical test setup is shown in Figure 6.
10.6.3 Calibration
Check the pre-load assembly and drop mass for
freedom of movement before each use.
10.6.4 Test Procedures
Mount the test samples per Table 3, Schedule of
Tests on the headform and thread the chin strap
around the stirrup while holding the drop mass
so that it does not interfere with the pre-load
assembly. Adjust the chin strap that the stirrup
rollers are approximately in line with the pre-load
adjustment point specified in Figure 6. Zero the
deflection scale with the 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) pre-load
assembly in place. Drop the drop mass onto the
pre-load assembly from 10.0 cm  0.5 cm (4.0
in.  0.2 in.). Record a deflection reading
neither less than 15 nor more than 30 seconds
after impact.
10.6.5 Recording
Record the deflection (residual elongation) value
for each test sample.
10.7 Electrical Insulation
10.7.1 Preparation of Test Samples
Test samples tested for Class E requirements
shall first be subjected to the force transmission
test, one preconditioned hot or higher
temperature and one preconditioned cold or
lower temperature.
10.7.2 Apparatus
The test apparatus shall consist of the following
components:
Page 12
a. A vessel containing fresh tap water, of
sufficient size to immerse the inverted
helmet to the water line.
b. A frame for suspending the test sample in
the water.
c. A source of 60-Hertz alternating current
variable from 0 to 30,000 volts (root mean
square voltage) with at least a 20-
milliampere capability at 20,000 volts.
d. Wiring and terminals for application of
voltage across the crown of the test sample.
e. A voltmeter of sufficient capacity and
accuracy to measure the specified voltages.
f. A milliammeter of sufficient capacity and
accuracy to measure the specified currents.
A typical test set up is shown in Figure 13.
10.7.3 Calibration
Voltmeters and milliammeters shall be in
calibration.
10.7.4 Test Procedures
Ensure that the STL is visible (Section 8.2.2).
Permanently attached helmet accessories
(including welding helmet brackets, lamp
brackets, chin straps, etc.) shall be retained on
the test samples during testing. Position non-
removable chin straps such that they do not
complete the electrical circuit or otherwise
interfere with the test.
10.7.4.1 Class G Testing
While holding the test sample in the inverted
position, fill with fresh tap water up to the STL;
unless the helmet contains holes in the shell for
mounting the suspension, in which case it shall
be filled to 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) of those holes. No
special provisions shall be made for any
accessory mounting holes above the plane of
the suspension mounting holes. If holes are
provided for ventilation purposes and such holes
can be closed, testing shall be done with holes
in the open position. Submerge the test sample
in the same type of water and to the same level
as the water on the inside of the helmet. Attach
the voltmeter and the milliammeter shall be
attached to the circuit. Take care to keep the
unsubmerged portion of the test sample dry so
 ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014

that flash over will not occur when voltage is
applied.
Apply the voltage, increase to 2200 volts, and
hold for one minute. Record the current
leakage.
b. Use illumination D65 and 45/0 or 0/45
geometry with 2 standard observer and a
black underlay with a reflectance of less than
0.04.
10.8.3 Calibration

10.7.4.2 Class E Testing The spectrophotometer shall be calibrated in

Fill the inside of the test sample with fresh tap
water up to the STL, or to a lower level but no
lower than is required to prevent flash over at
the test voltage. Submerge the test sample in
the same type of water and to the same level as
the water on the inside of the test sample.
Attach the voltmeter and milliammeter to the
circuit.
Take care to keep the unsubmerged portion of
the test sample dry so that flash over will not
occur when voltage is applied. Apply the
voltage, increase to 20,000 volts, and hold for
not less than three minutes. Record the current
leakage.
accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.
10.8.4 Recording
Record the values measured in Section 10.8.2.
11 Normative References
The following standards contain provisions that,
through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this American National Standard:
ASTM E1164–09a Colorimetry - Standard
Practice for Obtaining Spectrophotometric Data
for Object-Color Evaluation

Next, test the test sample for burn-through by
further increasing the voltage to 30,000 at the
rate of 1000 volts per second and then
immediately reducing the voltage to zero.
10.7.5 Recording
ISO/DIS 6220-1983, Draft International Standard
- Headforms for Use in the Testing of Protective
Helmets
SAE J 211-1, 2007, Instrumentation for Impact
Test, Part 1, Electronic Instrumentation

For each test sample, record the leakage current

and/or any evidence of burn-through.

10.8 High-Visibility Testing

10.8.1 Sampling and Conditioning

One test plaque shall be tested. The test plaque

shall be conditioned for at least 24 hours at 20 ±
2 C (68 ± 2 F) and 65 ± 5 % relative humidity. If
testing is carried out in other conditions, the test
shall be conducted within 5 minutes after
withdrawal from the conditioning atmosphere.

10.8.2 Determination of Color

The color shall be measured in accordance with

the procedures defined in ASTM E1164–09a
with the following conditions:

a. Set the spectrophotometer at a wavelength

range of 400-700 nm and at intervals of 10
nm as stated in paragraph 7.3.1.2 of ASTM
E1164, and

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ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014

Table 2 – Sizing Chart

CIRCUMFERENCE
HAT SIZE
Centimeters Inches
6-1/2 52 20-1/2
6-5/8 53 20-7/8
6-3/4 54 21-1/4
6-7/8 55 21-5/8
7 56 22
7-1/8 57 22-3/8
7-1/4 58 22-3/4
7-3/8 59 23-1/8
7-1/2 60 23-1/2
7-5/8 61 23-7/8
7-3/4 62 24-1/4
7-7/8 63 24-5/8
8 64 25
8-1/8 65 25-3/8
8-1/4 66 25-3/4
8-3/8 67 26-1/8
8-1/2 68 26-1/2

Note: This table is intended for sizing guidance of round head bands only and should not be construed as
prohibiting larger or smaller headbands.

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 ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014

Table 3 – Schedule of Tests

Minimum Test
Test Method Number Sample Test Sequence by Helmet Type & Class
Of Numbers IG IE IC IIG IIE IIC
Samples

10.1 Flammability 1 12 4 4 3 7 7 6

10.2 Force Transmission

Hot or Higher Temperature 12 1-12 2 1 1 2 1 1

Cold or Lower Temperature 12 13-24

10.2 Force Transmission (reverse

wearing)

Hot or Higher Temperature 3 31-33 2 1 1 2 1 1

Cold or Lower Temperature 3 34-36
10.3 Apex Penetration

Hot or Higher Temperature 3 25-27 3 3 2 3 3 2

Cold or Lower Temperature 3 28-30
10.4 Impact Energy Attenuation

Hot or Higher Temperature 4 2-5

Cold or Lower Temperature 4 14-17 4 4 3
Wet 4 6,7,18,19
10.4 Impact Energy Attenuation
(reverse wearing)

Hot or Higher Temperature 1 31 2 1 1

Cold or Lower Temperature 1 32
Wet 1 34
10.5 Off Center Penetration

Hot or Higher Temperature 2 8,9

Cold or Lower Temperature 2 20,21 5 5 4
Wet 2 10,22
10.5 Off Center Penetration
(reverse wearing)

Hot or Higher Temperature 1 33 2 1 1

Cold or Lower Temperature 1 35
Wet 1 36
10.6 Chin Strap Retention

Hot or Higher Temperature 1 11

Cold or Lower Temperature 1 13 6 6 5
Wet 1 23
10.7 Electrical Insulation

a) 2.2 KV Type I 2 1, 13 1
b) 20 KV Type I 2 1, 13 2
a) 2.2 KV Type II 2 1, 24 1
b) 20 KV Type II 2 1, 24 2

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ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014

Table 3 - Schedule of Tests (cont)

Type I, Class G Helmets

Sample numbers 1 and 13 should be used for the electrical insulation test. Next, sample numbers 1–24
should be subjected to the force transmission test. Sample numbers 25-30 should be subjected to the
apex penetration test. The flammability test should be performed using sample number 12.

Type I, Class E Helmets

Sample numbers 1–24 should be subjected to the force transmission test. Sample numbers 1 and 13
should then be used for the electrical insulation test. Sample numbers 25-30 should be subjected to the
apex penetration test. The flammability test should be performed using sample number 12.

Type I, Class C Helmets

Type I, Class C helmets should be tested similarly to Type I, Class G and Type I, Class E helmets except
the electrical insulation tests are not performed.

Type II, Class G Helmets

Sample numbers 1 and 24 should be used for the electrical insulation test. Next, sample numbers 1–24
should be subjected to the force transmission test. Sample numbers 25-30 should be subjected to the
apex penetration test. Next, sample numbers 2-7 and 14-19 should be subjected to the impact energy
attenuation test.

Sample numbers 8-10 and 20-22 should then be subjected to the off-center penetration test.

If the helmet is provided with a chin strap, then sample numbers 11, 13 and 23 should be used to perform
the chin strap retention test.

The flammability test should be performed on sample number 12.

Type II, Class E Helmets

Type II, Class E helmets should be tested similarly to Type II, Class G helmets except test samples 1 and
24 should be subjected to the force transmission test before conducting the electrical insulation test
instead of after the electrical insulation test.

Type II, Class C Helmets

Type II, Class C helmets should be tested similarly to Type II, Class G and Type II, Class E helmets
except the electrical insulation tests are not performed.

Reverse Wearing for Type I and Type II Helmets

Sample numbers 31–36 should be subjected to the force transmission test in the reverse wearing
position. Samples numbers 31, 32, and 34 should then be subjected to the impact energy attenuation
test and samples numbers 33, 35, and 36 should be subjected to the off-center penetration testing in the
reverse wearing mounting position.

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 ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014

Figure 1 – ISO Headform

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ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014

Figure 2 – Dynamic Test Line (DTL)

Impact and Penetration Tests

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 ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014

Dimensions are approximate

Figure 3 – Force Transmission Headform

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ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014

Figure 4 – Typical Impact Energy Attenuation Headform Fixture

(all dimensions for reference only)

Figure 5 – Typical Penetration Headform Fixture

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 ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014

Figure 6 – Typical Chin Strap Retention Test Apparatus

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ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014

Figure 7 – Typical Force Transmission Test Apparatus

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 ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014

Figure 8 – Typical Penetration Test Apparatus

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ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014

Figure 9 –Penetrator

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 ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014

Figure 10 – Typical Impact Energy Attenuation Test Apparatus

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ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014

Figure 11 – Static Test Line (STL)

Electrical Insulation and Flammability Tests

Figure 12 – Flammability Test Apparatus

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 ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014

Figure 13 – Electrical Insulation Test Apparatus

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ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014

Page left intentionally blank.

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 ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014

Appendices
The following appendices not part of American National Standard ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-201x, but are
included for information only.

Appendix A (informative)
Recommendations, Cautions, Use, and Care

A1. Instructions and Warnings

All instructions, warnings, precautions and limitations given by the manufacturer should always be
transmitted to the wearer and care should be taken to see that such precautions and limitations are
strictly observed. Helmets whose markings (as defined in Section 6.2 of this standard) are missing or
obliterated should not be used.

A2. Fitting

Some helmets are designed to fit one size while others are adjustable. Follow the manufacturer’s
instructions for proper fitting procedures.

A3. Cleaning

Shells should be cleaned following the manufacturer’s instructions. The helmet should be carefully
inspected for any signs of damage.

A4. Painting

Caution should be exercised if shells are to be painted, since some paints and thinners may attack and
damage the shell and reduce protection. The helmet manufacturer should be consulted with regard to
paints or cleaning materials.

A5. Inspection

All components and accessories, if any, should be visually inspected prior to each use for signs of dents,
cracks, penetration, and any damage due to impact, rough treatment, or wear that might reduce the
degree of protection originally provided. A helmet with worn, damaged or defective parts should be
removed from service.

A6. Limitation of Protection

Users are cautioned that if unusual conditions prevail (for example, higher or lower extremes of
temperature than those described), or if there are signs of abuse of or damage to the helmet or of any
component, the degree of protection may be reduced. Any helmet that has received an impact should be
removed from service, since the impact may have substantially reduced the ability of the helmet to
continue to offer protection.

NOTE: Certain helmet materials may be susceptible to damage from ultraviolet light and chemical
degradation. Periodic examinations should be made of all protective helmets and, in particular, those
worn or stored in areas exposed to sunlight for long periods. Ultraviolet degradation may first manifest
itself in a loss of surface gloss, called chalking or discoloration. Upon further degradation, the surface will
craze or flake away, or both. At the first appearance of any of these phenomena, the shell should be
replaced.

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ANSI/ISEA Z89.1-2014

A7. Precautions

Because helmets can be damaged, they should not be abused. They should be kept free from abrasions,
scrapes, and nicks and should not be dropped, thrown, or used as supports. This applies especially to
helmets that are intended to afford protection against electrical hazards.

Industrial protective helmets should not be stored or carried on the rear window shelf of an automobile,
since sunlight and extreme heat may cause degradation that will adversely affect the degree of protection
they provide. Also, in the case of an emergency stop or accident, the helmet might become a hazardous
impactor.

Users should exercise extreme care in the selection and installation of accessories. The addition of
accessories to the helmet may adversely affect the level of protection. The user should make sure that
any accessory is compatible with the helmet. Contact the helmet or accessory manufacturer for
compatibility information.

Users should never alter or modify the helmet (e.g. drill, glue, cut, etc.) to accept accessories unless
instructed to do so by the helmet manufacturer. Helmet decorations should not be used to obscure dents,
cracks, non-manufactured holes, other penetrations, burns or other damages.

Caution should be taken when marking or decorating Class G or E helmets. Identification markers used
on shells for helmets meeting Class G or E requirements shall be affixed without making holes through
the shell and without the use of any metal parts. Metallic based markers such as some reflective tapes,
metal foil labels or metal foil hot stamps should be applied only with the helmet manufacturer's
authorization.

A8. Safe Conditions

The impact, penetration and electrical insulation test levels specified in this standard should not be
construed as indicating safe levels to which the helmet can be subjected during use. The maximum
voltage against which helmets will protect the wearer depends on a number of variable factors, such as
the characteristics of the electrical circuit and the equipment involved, the care exercised in maintenance
of equipment, and weather conditions. Therefore, the safe and proper use of helmets is beyond the
scope of this standard.

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Appendix B (informative)
Electrical Insulation Testing

B1. Equipment Guidelines

Commercially available high-voltage test equipment can provide self-contained voltage and current-
sensing circuits with adjustable current limiting from 3 to 30 milliamperes. With these units, all that is
required is a test stand for the helmet and appropriate safety interlocks. The transformer should have a
rating of at least 400 volt-amperes and have one side of the high-voltage supply grounded.

If a multi-station test stand is to be used to test more than one helmet at a time, an additional current
meter should be added for each helmet being tested. The volt-ampere rating of the transformer should
be increased about 350 volt-amperes for each additional station.

A multi-station test stand can also be built so that the external tank is charged and the inside of each
helmet can be alternately grounded through a suitable current meter. With this arrangement, only one
meter is required. It does not have to be protected from high voltage, and no increase in the transformer
rating is necessary.

B2. Precautions

High-voltage test equipment is inherently dangerous because of the relatively high volt-ampere rating of
the transformer and its stored energy capacity that can produce a current in excess of the current limit
that has been set for a fraction of a second. People familiar with the relatively harmless automotive
ignition and other small (although high-voltage) coils may have developed a false sense of security. The
following checklist is submitted to supplement those of the equipment manufacturers and the testers, and
should not be considered a complete list of safety precautions.

(1) Prepare and review the test procedure during an operator's training. Post the procedure on
the test stand. Only well-trained and competent personnel should operate this equipment.

(2) Post "High Voltage" signs in the area and equip the system with vivid pilot lights to indicate
that it is operating.

(3) Ground the system.

(4) Contain the helmet under test in an insulated chamber of acylic or a similar material, with
safety interlocks on the door. The interlocks should be fail-safe and operated with low voltage, such as
24 volts. All joints and openings in the chamber should have grounded screen or wires over or adjacent
to them on the inside of the chamber. Maintenance of this ground and the ground mentioned in item (3)
should be part of the safety interlock system.

(5) Provide dual hand contacts to occupy both hands of the operator.

(6) Do not allow other people in the area during testing.

(7) Do not allow moisture or water to accumulate during or after testing. Ozone is generated
during the testing and may be dangerous. A small cage-type fan can be used to extract ozone from the
test chamber, with an airflow from vents at the end of the chamber furthest from the point of extraction.
The ozone should be vented to the outside.

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Appendix C (informative)
Force Transmission Testing

C1. Equipment Guidelines

The impact tester should have a guidance system at least three meters in height and capable of
producing impact velocities required by this standard. Test anvils, headforms, transducers, etc., mounted
to the base should be attached so that no energy is absorbed through deflections and the base should be
at least 25 mm (1.0 in.) thick steel. Friction between the falling carriage and the guidance system should
be minimized by the use of suitable bearing materials. The impactor guide mechanism should contain an
automatic brake to prevent second impacts (bouncing). A velocity detector is required to assure proper
drop heights. The position of said detector should be adjustable so that the speed of impact is measured
no more than 2.0 cm (0.79 in.) from the point of impact. A detector flag attached to the guide mechanism
which passes through or by the detector should not be greater than 26 mm (1.02 in.) height. The detector
should be capable of resolving velocities of 0.01 millisecond increments. The photo beam, visible,
infrared, etc., should have emitter/receiver slots no greater than 0.05 mm (0.002 in.) running normal to the
path of travel of the flag. Magnetic detector systems may also be used if equivalency is established. An
electronic timer is used to determine the speed at which the flag traverses the detector. The load cell
should conform to the following characteristics:

Size 75 mm diameter. (3.0 in.) Min.

Measuring Range 0-5000 N (1124 lb) Min.
Resolution 45 N (10.1 lb) Max.
Accuracy, Linearity  2.5% Full-scale Max.
Rigidity 4.5 x 109 N/m (2.6 x 10 7 lb/in.) Min.
Transverse Sensitivity 3.0% Max.

The resonant frequency of the load cell/headform assembly should not be less than 5 kHz, and the
frequency response of the system should be in compliance with SEA Recommended Practice J211,
Channel Class 1000.

It is recommended that the load cell output be recorded with a storage oscilloscope, transient recorder or
similar device designed to store maximum readings. However, maximum force readings may be obtained
using a peak indicating meter designed to store only a maximum reading. The frequency response of
peak indicating meters should at least meet the requirements of SEA Recommended Practice J211,
Channel Class 1000. Resolution should be 45 N (10.1 lb) Max. with rise time capability less than 0.01
milliseconds.

C2. Calibration

Strain gauge type load cells can generally be calibrated staticly by applying a known dead weight to the
top of the load cell and checking the output signal. This works well with an oscilloscope or voltmeter.
However, transient vibrations tend to create a problem when using peak indicating meters, and thus the
load shall be applied and/or removed with extreme care. Furthermore, static calibration does not take
into account the dynamic response of the measuring system. Dynamic calibration is recommended but
requires a calibrated reference accelerometer and a calibrating medium (shock pad). The reference
accelerometer should have the following characteristics:

Measuring Range 0-400 G's Min.

Resolution 1.0 G Max.
Accuracy, Linearity 1.0% Full-scale Max.
Transverse Sensitivity 3.0% Max.
Resonant Frequency 20 kHz Min.
Frequency Response  0.5 dB @ 0.1 Hz - 2 kHz
Repeatability/Stability 1.0% Full-scale Max.

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The calibrating medium should have the following characteristics:

Material Elastomer (High Resilience and Low Hysteresis)

Durometer 50-60 Shore A
Thickness 25 mm (1.0 in.) Minimum
Size 100 mm (4.0 in.) Diameter Minimum

The accelerometer is mounted on top of the 3.6 kg (8.0 lb) impactor along its vertical axis ( 2.5o of true
vertical) according to the manufacturer's instructions. A dual channel storage oscilloscope is
recommended for making simultaneous recordings of both accelerometer and load cell outputs. Both
accelerometer and oscilloscope should be in recent calibration.

Force Measuring System Calibration Procedure

Remove headform from load cell and mount the calibrating medium to the top of the load cell. All
electronic systems should be turned on and allowed to stabilize. The impactor, with accelerometer
attached, should be dropped onto the calibrating medium from a height which yields a maximum
acceleration reading of 100  10 Gs. Outputs of both accelerometer and load cell should be recorded.
The two maximum values should read within 2.5% of each other according to F=ma (Force = Mass x
Acceleration). This degree of accuracy shall be repeatable through at least five impacts.

Velocity Measuring System Calibration Procedure

If a simulated detector flag (ball) cannot be dropped in "free fall" from a known height through or by the
detector, the velocity measuring system should be returned to the manufacturer at least every six months
for re-calibration. Otherwise, a ball of known diameter can be dropped from a known height to trigger the
velocity detector. The ball shall be large enough to properly trigger the detector and have enough mass
to negate the effects of aerodynamic friction. The ball should be dropped from at least one meter. The
actual velocity is then calculated from:

____
V =2gh

Where g = Gravitational Constant and h = Drop Height. This value is then compared to the measured
velocity. Both values should agree within 1.0%.

C3. System Repeatability Procedure

With the calibrating medium (shock pad) described in Appendix C2 mounted to the top of the load cell,
three consecutive drops of the impactor onto the medium should be made. The velocity of impact should
be maintained at 4.0 m/s.  0.03 m/s (13.1 ft/s  0.1 ft/s). The repeatability value should be the average
of the three maximum transmitted force readings. The total range for the three values should not exceed
 5.0% of the average value.

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Appendix D (informative)
Impact Energy Attenuation Testing

D1. Equipment Guidelines

The impact tester should have a guidance system at least 2.0 m (6.6 ft) in height to produce impact
velocities required for this standard. The test anvils (flat and hemispherical) should be made to be
interchangeable on the base and be attached so that no energy is absorbed through deflections and the
base should be at least 25 mm (1.0 in.) thick steel. Friction between the falling carriage and the guidance
system should be minimized by the use of suitable bearing materials. A velocity detector is required to
assure proper drop heights. The position of said detector should be adjustable so that the speed of
impact is measured no more than 2.0 cm (0.79 in.) from the point of impact. A detector flag attached to
the guide mechanism that passes through or by the detector should not be greater than 26 mm (1.02 in.)
in height. The detector should be capable of having a resolution no greater than 0.01 milliseconds. The
photo beam, visible, infrared, etc., should have emitter/receiver slots no greater than 0.05 mm (0.002 in.)
running normal to the path of travel of the flag. Magnetic detector systems may also be used if
equivalency is established. An electronic timer is used to determine the speed at which the flag traverses
the detector. Attached to the guide mechanism, in such a way as to prevent rotation, should be a
mounting ball. Test headforms are mounted on said ball with a clamping ring such that the headforms
may be swiveled about the ball. An accelerometer should be mounted inside the ball, having its axis (or
the vertical axes, in the case of a triaxial accelerometer) within 2.5 degrees of vertical alignment.

The accelerometer should conform to the following characteristics:

Shape Cubic, with Flat Sides

Size
Measuring Range
Resolution
Accuracy, Linearity
Transverse Sensitivity
Resonant Frequency
Frequency Response
Repeatability/Stability
25 mm (1.0 in.) Max. Dimensions
0-500 G's Min.
1.0 G Max.
1.0% Full-scale Max.
5.0% Max.
20 kHz Min.
 5 dB @ 0.1 Hz - 2 kHz
1.0% Full-scale Max.

The frequency response of the system should be in compliance with SEA Recommended Practice J211-
1, Channel Class 1000. Each channel resolution should be 1.0 G Max. with rise time capability less than
0.01 milliseconds.

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D2. Calibration

While there are several acceptable methods of accelerometer calibration, one method may be performed
using the fixture specified in Appendix C2 for dynamic calibration. In this case, however, the calibrated
reference accelerometer and the test accelerometer should be fixed in "piggyback" fashion, one on top of
the other. The cubic shaped test accelerometer lends itself well to this procedure. The axis should be in
vertical alignment with the axis of the reference accelerometer and the vertical axis of the impactor.
Practice has demonstrated that thin, "double stick" tape can be used to fixture the accelerometers, one on
top of the other. This assumes that the flat surface of the accelerometers in contact with the tape is at
least 50 square mm (2.0 square in.) and that the cables are properly tied down and held in place.

Acceleration Measuring Procedure

Remove the test accelerometer from the mounting ball. Mount this unit on the impactor then mount the
calibrated reference accelerometer on top of the test accelerometer. Mount the calibrating medium as in
Appendix C2. All electronic systems should be turned on and allowed to stabilize. The impactor, with
accelerometers attached, should be dropped onto the calibrating medium from a height which yields a
maximum acceleration, as indicated by the reference accelerometer of 200  20 Gs. The vertical axis
outputs of both accelerometers should be recorded. The two maximum values should read within 2.0% of
each other. This degree of accuracy should be repeatable through at least five impacts.

Velocity Measuring System Calibration Procedure

For checking the calibration of velocity detectors, see Appendix C2.

D3. System Repeatability Procedure

Mount the calibrating medium (shock pad) described in Appendix C2 onto the test base in place of the
test anvil(s). Position the headform inverted, with the basic plane horizontal. With the accelerometer
connected to the recording/computing instrumentation, three consecutive drops of the headform onto the
medium should be made. The velocity of the impact should be maintained at 3.0 m/s  0.03 m/s (9.8 ft/s
 0.1 ft/s). For each drop a Maximum G value should be recorded. The repeatability value should be the
average of the three measurements. However, the total range for all three values should not exceed 
5.0% of the average value.

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