Basic Fluid Properties

Problem #1
Determine the density, specific gravity, and mass of the air in a room whose dimensions are 4 m
5 m 6 m at 100 kPa and 25°C

Given:
v = (4m)(6m)(5m) = 120 m 3
P = 100 kPa
T = 25°C

m3
R = 0.287 kPa .K
kg
Solution:
The density of air is determined from the ideal-gas relation P = ρRT to be
P = ρRT
100 kPa
P kg
ρ= = m3 = 1.17 3
RT (0.287 kPa . K )(25+273) m
kg
Then the specific gravity of air becomes
kg
1.17
ρ m3
SG = = = 0.0017
ρwater kg
1000 3
m
Finally, the volume and the mass of air in the room are
v = (4m)(6m)(5m) = 120 m 3
m
ρ=
v
 kg
m = ρv = (1.17 3
¿(120 m 3) = 140 kg
m

Problem #2
The air in an automobile tire with a volume of 0.53 f 3 is at 90°F and 20 psia. Determine the
amount of air that must be added to raise the pressure to the recommended value of 30 psia.
Assume the atmospheric pressure to be 14.6 psia and the temperature and the volume to remain
constant.

Given:

Pg 1=¿ ¿20 psia

Pg 2=¿ ¿30 psia

Patm=¿¿14.6 psia

v = 0.53 f 3

ft 3
R = 0.3704 psia .R
lbm
T 1=¿ T 2=¿¿ ¿ 90 + 459.67 = 549.67 R or 550 R

Solution:
The initial and final absolute pressures in the tire are

P1 ¿ P g 1+ Patm = 20 psia + 14.6 psia = 34.6 psia

P2 ¿ P g 2+ Patm = 30 psia + 14.6 psia = 44.6 psia

Treating air as an ideal gas, the initial mass in the tire is

 P1 v (34.6 psia)(0.53 f 3 )
m1 = 3
R T 1 (0.3704 psia ft . R)(550 R)
= = 0.0900 lbm
lbm

Noting that the temperature and the volume of the tire remain constant, the final mass in the tire
becomes

P2 v ( 44.6 psia)(0.53 f 3)
m2 = 3
R T 2 (0.3704 psia ft . R)(550 R)
= = 0.1160 lbm
lbm
Thus the amount of air that needs to be added is

Δm = m 2 - m 1 = 0.1160 lbm - 0.0900 lbm = 0.0260 lbm

Problem #3
If 5.6 m3 of oil weighs 46,800 N, calculate the unit weight, density and specific gravity.

Oil
5.6 m3
46,800 N

Given:
v = 5.6 m3
w = 46,800 N

Solution:
For Unit weight:
w 46,800 N N
 γ = = 3 = 8357.14 3
v 5.6 m m
For Density
 N
8357.14
γ m3 1 Kg m kg
ρ= k =( )( ) = 852 3
g m Ns 2
m
9.81 2
s
For Specific Gravity
kg
852
ρ m3
SG = = = 0.85
ρwater kg
1000 3
m

Principles of Hydrostatic Pressure

Problem #4
The closed tank is at 20°C. If the pressure at point A is 96 Kpa absolute, what is the absolute pressure at
point B? What percent error results from neglecting the specific weight of air? (Take sp wt of air =
KN
0.0118 )
m3

Given:
KN
γ air = 0.0118
m3
KN
γ water = 9.81
m3
P A = 96 kPa

h AC = 5 m
 h DC = 2 m

h DB= 3 m

Solution:
Starting from A

P A + P AC - PCD- P DB= PB

P A +γ air h AC-γ water h DC -γ air hDB = PB

KN KN KN
PB = 96 kPa + (0.0118 3 )(5 m) – (9.81 3 (2 m) – (0.0118
¿ ¿(3 m) =
m m m3
76.404 kPa

Neglecting air,

P A −γ water h DC = PB

KN
PB = 96 kPa - (9.81 ¿(2 m) = 76.38 kPa
m3
(76.404−76.38)
Error = = 0.00031 = 0.031%
76.404

Problem #5
The absolute pressure at the bottom of the tank is 233.5 Kpa. Compute the sp gr of olive oil. Take
atmospheric pressure = 101.3 Kpa.
Given:
P|¿|¿ = 233.5 kPa
P Atm= 101.3 kPa

KN
γ water = 9.81
m3

Solution:

KN KN
γ Oil= (0.9)( 9.81 3
¿ = 8.829 3
m m
KN KN
γ Mercury = (13.6)( 9.81 3
¿ = 133.416 3
m m

P|¿|¿ = P Atm + PGauge

P|¿|¿ = P Atm + POil + PWater + P¿ oil + P Mercury

233.5 = 101.3 + γ Oil hOil + γ water h water+ γ ¿oil h¿oil + γ Mercury h Mercury

233.5 = 101.3 + (8.829)(1.5) + (9.81)(2.5) + (γ ¿oil ¿(2.9) + (133.416)(0.4)

KN
γ ¿oil = 14.16
m3
KN
14.16
m3
SG = = 1.44
KN
9.81 3
m

Problem #6
The tube is filled with oil of sp gr 0.82. Determine the pressure heads at A and B in meters of water.
Given:
SGOil = 0.82

Solution:
N
γ Oil = (0.82)(9810) = 8044.2
m3
P A =¿0 - γ Oil h Between A ∧B = -20914.9 + (8044.2)(2.1) = -4022.1 Pa

PB −4022.1
hB = =- = -0.41 m
γ water 9810
Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surface

Problem #7
A rectangular gate 1.20 m wide rests against a smooth wall at A. It is hinged at B located at 5.2
m below the water surface. A is 2.92 m to the right of B and 2.2 m above B. (a) Compute the
KN
force on the gate due to sea water pressure (γ Seawater = 10 3 ¿. (b) Compute the horizontal force
m
exerted by the wall at point A. And (c) compute the reaction at hinged B.

Given:
KN
γ Seawater = 10
m3
b=¿1.2 m

h = 3.66 m
Solution:
(a) Force on the gate due to sea water pressure
2.20
tanθ =
2.92
θ = 37°
AB sin (37°) = 2.20

AB = 3.66

3.66
ħ = 5.20 - sin (37°)
2
ħ = 4.10 m

F = γ ħA
KN
F = 10 (4.1 m )(3.66 m)(1.2 m) = 180.07 kN
m3
(b) Horizontal force exerted by the wall at point A
Ss = A ȳ
Ɨx
e=
Ss
e = (1.2)¿ ¿ ¿ = 0.164
5.2 3.66
ȳ= − = 6.81
sin(37 ° ) 2

∑ MB = 0
R A (3.66) sin (37°) = 180.07 (1.666)

R A = 136.20 kN
(c) Reaction at hinged B

∑ Fx = 0
R Bx + 180.07 sin (37°) = 136.20

R Bx = 43.87

∑ Fv = 0
180.07 cos (37°) = R By

R By = 143.81
R B = √ (143.81)2+(93.87)2 = 150.35 kN

Problem #8

Determine the magnitude of the force on the inclined gate 1.5 m by 0.5 m. The tank is completely
N N
closed and the pressure gage at the bottom of the tank reads 90000 2 . Use 9800 3 for water.
m m
Compute the equivalent head of water and the location of centroid of the gate from the pressure
gage.

Given:

N
γ water = 9800
m3
N
PGage= 90000
m2
A = (1.5)(0.5) = 0.75m 2

Solution:

N
Equivalent height of 9000
m2
N
900 0 0
m2
h1 = = 9.18 m
N
9800 3
m
Equivalent head of water

ħ = 9.18 – 2.65 = 6.53m

F = γ ħA
N 2
F = (9800 ¿
3 (6.53m)(0.75m ) = 47995.5 N
m

Location of centroid of the gate from the pressure gage

2
ȳ= + 0.75 = 3.06
sin 60°

Problem #9
A square plate having one of its side equal to 3 m is immerse in a water surface in a vertical
position such that the two edges of the square would be horizontal in order that the center of
pressure shall be 8 cm from the center of gravity. How far below the water surface should the
upper plate be submerged? What is the distance of the center of pressure from the water
surface. Determine the hydrostatic force acting on the plate at this position.
Given:
e = 8 cm = 0.08 m

A = (3 m) (3 m) = 9 m 2

KN
γ water = 9.81
m3

Solution:
Location of the upper plate from water surface

 Ɨx = (3)¿ ¿ = 6.75 m 4

Ss = A ȳ
Ɨx
e=
Ss

6.75 m4
0.08 m =
9 m2 h
h = 9.375 m
y + 1.5 m = 9.375 m
y = 7.875 m
Distance of center of pressure from the water surface
Distance = 9.375 m + 0.08 m = 9.455 m
Hydrostatic force on the plate

F = γ ħA
KN
F = (9.81 ¿ ¿ 9.375 m)( 9 m 2 ¿=827.72 kN
m3

Problem #10
A container whose height is “h” has a constant cross-sectional area. Half of the container is
filled with water and the other half is filled with liquid whose specific gravity is 0.80. Find the ratio
of the force exerted by water acting on the lower half to that of oil acting on the other half?
Given
KN
γ water = 9.81
m3
SGLiquid = 0.80

Solution
F 1 = γ ħA

h h
F 1 = (9.81 ¿( ¿( ) (D) = 0.981h2 D
4 2
F 2 = γ ħA

h h
ħ = (0.8)( ¿ + = 0.65 h
2 4
h
F 2 = (9.81 ¿(0.65)h¿( )(D) = 3.188 h2 D
2
F 2 3.188 h2 D
Ratio = = = 3.25
F 1 0.981 h2 D

Hydrostatic Force on Curved Surface

Problem #11
The 6 ft diameter cylinder wegihs 5000 lb and is 5 ft long. Determine the upward force due to
the effect of oil in the left side. Compute the horizontal reaction a A and its vertical reaction at B.

Given:
lb
γ water = 62.4
ft 3
Oil = 0.80
m = 5000 lb
d = 6 ft
h = 5 ft

Solution
Upward force due to the effect of oil in the left side
Pv = γ water V

Pv = (62.4)(0.8)(( π )¿ ¿ (5) = 3529 lb (upward)

Horizontal reaction at A
Ph = γ ħA

Ph = (62.4)(0.80)(3)(6)(6) = 4493 lb

R A = 4493 lb (to the left)

Vertical reation at B
R B + Pv = 5000
R B = 5000 – 3529 = 1471 lb (upward)

Problem #12
A sluice gate in the form of a circular arc of radius 6 m. (a) Compute the horizontal force acting
on the gate. (b) Compute the vertical force acting on the gate. And (c) compute the magnitude
of the resultant force acting on the gate
Given:
r=6m
KN
γ water = 9.81
m3
L=1m

h=6m

Solution
(a) Horizontal force acting on the gate
Ph = γ ħA

Ph = (9.81)(3)(6)(1) = 176.58 kN

( b ) Vertical force acting on the gate

Pv = A(1)(9.81)

A1 = area of sector acting AOBC

A1
= π ¿¿
60°
A1 = 18.85 m2

( 6 ) ( 6 ) cos 30 °
A2 = = 15.59m 2
2
A = A 1 - A2

A = 18.85 m 2 - 15.59m 2 = 3.26 m 2

Pv = A(1)(9.81)

Pv = (3.26)(1)(9.81) = 31.98 kN
 (c ) Magnitude of the resultant force acting on the gate
R = √¿ ¿
R = √ ¿ ¿ = 179.45 kN

Problem #13
KN
The canal shown runs 40 m into the paper. Assume unit weight of water is 9.79 .
m3
(a) Determine the horizontal component of the hydrostatic force against the quarter circle
wall. (b) Determine the vertical component of the hydrostatic force against the quarter circle
wall. And (c) compute the location of the center of pressure where the resultant strikes the
wall, measured vertically and horizontally from A.
Given:
KN
γ water = 9.79
m3
A = (18 m)(40 m) = 720 m 2
V = ( π )¿ ¿ = 10178.7602 m3

Solution
(a) Horizontal component of the hydrostatic force against the quarter circle wall
Ph = γ ħA

KN
Ph = (.79 )(9 m)( 720 m 2 ¿ = 63439 kN
m3
(b) Vertical component o of the hydrostatic force against the quarter circle wall

Pv = γ water V

KN
Pv = (9.79 ¿ 3
3 ( 10178.7602 m ¿ = 99650 kN
m
(c) Location of the center of pressure where the resultant strikes the wall
R = √¿ ¿
R = √ ¿ ¿ = 118130 kN
99650
tan θ =
63439
θ = 57.7°

y =18 -18 sin 57.57° = 2.82 m

x = 18 cos 57.5° = 9.67 m
C.P is at y = 2.82 m and x = 9.67 m

Problem #14
A vertical gate 1.60 m wide and 2.0 m high has water on one side and is inclined 45°
with the horizontal. Water is 1.50 m above the top of the gate