Structureof Power

System
by

L.Ramesh B.E., M.Tech., M.B.A., (PhD), MISTE,MIET,AMIE

Center for Power Distribution Research Chairman, The IET-

IET- UK
IETMGR Research Center Young Professionals Section Chennai
Assist Professsor,Dr.M.G.R University Contact at: raameshl@rediffmail.com

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 EnergyHistory Milestones
Before 1700 – A Renewable Energy World: Biomass, Wind, Hydro

1698 - Thomas Savery - St eam-driven pump

1711 - Thomas Newcomen - Atmospheric piston-driven steam engine

for a pump

1785 - James Watt --More efficient, higher pressure, separated steam

engine – First to produce sufficient power for broad-scale use

1862 Beau de Rochas --Four-stroke reciprocating piston, spark-ignited

internal combustion engine

1876 Baron Otto --Improved four-stroke reciprocating piston, spark-

ignited internal combustion engine

1881 Brush Electric Light Co., First electric power plant Philadelphia
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1892 Rudolph Diesel Diesel engine

1896 Henri Becquarel Discovery of natural radioactivity

1903 Fisk St . Sta., Commonwealth First st eam turbine-driven

electric power plant ,Edison Co., Chicago

1932 James Chadwick Discovery of the neutron

1933 Irene and Frederic Jolio t-Currie Discovery of artificial

radioactivity

1938 Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassemann -- Discovery of

neutron-induced fission

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1942 Enrico Fermi First man-made critic al nuclear reactor

1951 Howard Zinn First nuclear electricity produced, by EBR-1

1954 Hynan Rickove r First nuclear submarine, USS Nautilus

1958 Atomic Energy Commission First commercial nuclear

electric power plant, Shipping port

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Structure ofPS

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 PowerGeneration
•Heat (thermal) energy generated
from:(fossil fuels; coal ,petroleum
,natural gas)
•solar thermal energy
•geothermal energy
•nuclear energy
•Potential energy from falling
water in a hydroelectric facility
•Wind energy
•Solar electric from solar
(photovoltaic) cells
•Chemical energy from: fuel cells
,batteries

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 Transmission Line
•Overhead Trans. Lines
(69KV-765KV)

•Subtrans. Lines
(34.5-69KV)

•UG Transm. Lines

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 OverheadTrans. Lines

Transmission lines crossing the

Transmission lines above –
San Fernando Valley
sub transmission below

DC voltage transmission lines

345 kv transmission lines 11

Double set of transmission lines
 Sub-Transmission Lines

Sub transmission lines above and

distribution lines below

Sub transmission lines with distribution Sub transmission lines with

primaries and secondary 12
distribution under build
 UGTransmission Line

a tunnel cooling system

Transmission lines -installed -tunnel,

Cross section of underground

transmission line

Cable snaking through underground Underground transmission line13tunnel

transmission tunnel
 SUB_STATION
•To switch Generators
•AC Volt one level to Other
•AC to DC
•DC to AC

1. Step-up Transmission
Substation
2. Step-down Transmission
Substation
3. Distribution Substation
4. Underground Distribution
Substation

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 SS FUNCTIONS

•Changevoltage fromone levelto another

Regulate voltage to compensate for system voltage changes
•Switch transmission and distribution circuits into and out of
the grid system
•Measure electric power qualities flowing in the circuits
•Connect communication signals to the circuits
•Eliminate lightning and other electrical surges from the system
•Connect electric generation plants to the system
•Make interconnections between the electric systems of more than
one utility
•Control reactive kilovolt-amperes supplied to and the flow of
reactive kilovolt-amperes in the circuits
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Step-UpTransmission SS

High voltage (HV) 69 kV, 115 kV, 138

ac: kV, 161 kV, 230 kV

Extra-high voltage 345 kV, 500 kV, 765

(EHV) ac: kV
Step-up AC transmission substation

Ultra-high voltage
1100 kV, 1500 kV
(UHV) ac:

Direct-current high ±250 kV, ±400 kV,

voltage (dc HV): ±500 kV

Step-up transmission substation

16 to
AC transmission lines
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Step-DonTransmission SS usually 69 kV.

Step-down power transformer Step-down transmission substation

DistributionSS
distribution voltages vary from 34,500Y/19,920 volts to 4,160Y/2400 volts.

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Distribution substation
UndergroundSS voltages vary from 34,500Y/19,920 volts to 4,160Y/2400 volts.

Conduits

Duct Runs

Manholes

High-Voltage Underground Cables

Transformer Vault

Riser

Transformers

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SSEquipments
Air Circuit Breaker Distribution Bus Potheads
Batteries Duct Runs Power-line Carrier
Bus Support Insulators Frequency Changers Power Transformers
Capacitor Bank Grounding Resistors Rectifiers
Circuit Switchers Grounding Transformers Relays
High-Voltage Underground
Concrete Foundation SF6 Circuit Breakers
Cables
Conduits High-Voltage Fuses Shunt Reactors
Control House Lightning Arresters Steel Superstructures
Control Panels Manholes Supervisory Control
Control Wires Metal-clad Switchgear Suspension Insulators
Converter Stations Meters Synchronous Condensers
Coupling Capacitors Microwave Transmission Bus
Current Transformers Oil Circuit Breakers Vacuum Circuit Breakers
Disconnect Switches Potential Transformers

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 Distribution System

•Industrial Customer
•Commercial Customer
•Residential Customer
•Transportation Customer

A typical distribution system can consist of:

Substations
Distribution Feeder Circuits
Switches
Protective Equipment
Primary Circuits
Distribution Transformers
And Services

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deliver voltages as high as 34,000 volts (34 kV) and as low as 120 volts.

Distribution primaries and secondary Distribution under build

on sub transmission pole

Typical residential service drop 23

 Industrial facility distribution transformer Public transit train powered by overhead electric lines

Residential distribution transformer Distribution transformer to 24

and service drop 3-phase service - commercial facility
 SWITCHES
•Circuit-breaker switches
•Single-pole disconnect switches
•Three-pole group-operated switches
•Pad-mounted switchgear

Air circuit-breaker switches

Pad mounted switchgear

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Single-pole disconnect switch combined
with a fuse is called a fused cutout
Protection Equipment

Pole mounted type - lightning arrester

Load-break fuse 26
 ThankYou forKind Attention
Reference
www.osha.gov
Guide to Electrical Power Distribution Systems Sixth Edition
Anthony J. Pansini, EE, PE

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