Column1

DATE

Host Faculty Members

Programme & Venue

FDP by
Column2
28th Feb 2020

Dr. Anuja Johri

FDP
LEXICON INTERNATIONAL
WHAGOLI

Madhavi J Damle
 Statistics using Excel

1 Introduction
2 Transpose
3 Excel Basics
4 Sorting the data & Subtotals
5 Presenting Data using Charts
6 Goal Seek
7 Data Tables
8 Pivot Tables
9 Vlookup & Hlookup
10 Cursor meaning
11 A frequency table & mean mode median
12 Standard Deviation and Standard Error
13 Other measures of spread
14 About Z
15 Data Analyis module
1 Introduction
BASICS
Mean
Mode
Media
Standard deviation
Variance
Correlation Coefficient

Central Limit theoram

Types of variables Nominal, ordinal, interval , ratios
character of variables independent, dependent etc

Self test
What is a data frequency table?
What is a useful heuristic for calculating the width of a data interval for a frequency table?
Give 4 characteristics of a normal distribution
What do we mean by a standardized normal distribution?
Define the Z-score?
What is the Null Hypothesis?
Explain the meaning of μ
Explain the meaning of X
Explain the meaning of σ
When is the t-test preferable to a Z-test?
What is meant by paired ttests?
When is a t-test said to be independent?
When is it necessary to use a two-tailed test?
What does the theoretical value of t mean?
In what ways are normal distribution and the t-distribution similar and in what way do they differ?
o they differ?
2 Transpose

Jan Feb Mar Apr

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
3 Excel Basics

BASICS BARE

Text Formatting
Align and Wrap Text
Number Formats
Absolute referencing, relative referencing

Conditional Formatting
Transpose Tables and Merge Cells

Sharing and Protecting Data

Protect Cells

Freeze panes
Text to Colums

Print Area
Header and Footer
Absolute referencing, relative referencing

PI = 3.142857 (ABSOLUTE REFERENCE )

Radius Cir (2PI*R) Area (PI*R2)

1 6.286 3.14285714285714
2 12.571 12.5714285714286
3 18.857 28.2857142857143
4 25.143 50.2857142857143
4 Sorting the data

FILTER
Sort SR Name PPM
Filter Gender MARKS 100
Subtotal 1F Jauna 20
2F Fredrick 22
3M Marc 68
4F Aprere 31
5F May 92
6F June 75
7M Julius 58
8M Anjana 40
9M Septra 80
10 M Omkar 60
11 F Nova 55
12 M Dean 70
13 F Sam 68
14 F Turu 59
15 F Wheri 92
16 M Tarun 30
17 M Gomati 63
18 M Satpute 64
19 M Sunder 44
20 F Christina 24

SORT
SR Name PPM
Gender MARKS 100
1F Jauna 20
2F Fredrick 22
3M Marc 68
4F Aprere 31
5F May 92
6F June 75
7M Julius 58
8M Anjana 40
9M Septra 80
10 M Omkar 60
11 F Nova 55
 12 M Dean 70
13 F Sam 68
14 F Turu 59
15 F Wheri 92
16 M Tarun 30
17 M Gomati 63
18 M Satpute 64
19 M Sunder 44
20 F Christina 24

SUBTOTALS
SR Name PPM
Gender MARKS 100
1F Jauna 20
2F Fredrick 22
3M Marc 68
4F Aprere 31
5F May 92
6F June 75
7M Julius 58
8M Anjana 40
9M Septra 80
10 M Omkar 60
11 F Nova 55
12 M Dean 70
13 F Sam 68
14 F Turu 59
15 F Wheri 92
16 M Tarun 30
17 M Gomati 63
18 M Satpute 64
19 M Sunder 44
20 F Christina 24

SUBTOTALS
SR Gender Name PPM
SR Gender Name Marksmax100
1F Jauna 20
2F Fredrick 22
4F Aprere 31
5F May 92
6F June 75
11 F Nova 55
13 F Sam 68
14 F Turu 59
15 F Wheri 92
20 F Christina 24
3M Marc 68
7M Julius 58
8M Anjana 40
9M Septra 80
10 M Omkar 60
12 M Dean 70
16 M Tarun 30
17 M Gomati 63
18 M Satpute 64
19 M Sunder 44
FM MKT
100 100
96 98
57 33
50 83
46 41
55 87
71 34
88 91
20 79
63 55
65 56
45 36
57 51
30 48
47 54
53 71
66 41
28 36
69 50
51 99
33 31

FM MKT
100 100
96 98
57 33
50 83
46 41
55 87
71 34
88 91
20 79
63 55
65 56
45 36
 57 51
30 48
47 54
53 71
66 41
28 36
69 50
51 99
33 31

FM MKT
100 100
96 98
57 33
50 83
46 41
55 87
71 34
88 91
20 79
63 55
65 56
45 36
57 51
30 48
47 54
53 71
66 41
28 36
69 50
51 99
33 31

FM MKT
Marksmax100 Marksmax100
96 98
57 33
46 41
55 87
71 34
45 36
30 48
47 54
53 71
33 31
50 83
88 91
20 79
63 55
65 56
57 51
66 41
28 36
69 50
51 99
5 Presenting Data using Charts

Creating a Chart, Chart options SR Name PPM

The Series, Legends/Titles/Axes 1 Jan 20
Pie, Bar, Line 2 Feb 22
Explode a Pie Chart 3 Mar 68
Add Data Labels and a Data Table 4 Apr 31
Trendlines 5 May 92
Secondary Axes 6 Jun 75
Format Chart Elements 7 Jul 58
8 Aug 40
9 Sep 80
10 Oct 60

PPM
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 1

PPM is location and FM is the voulume of the bubb

 PPM
FM MKT Out of 30
96 98 7 20 Jan
60 22
57 33 4 Feb
Mar
50 83 7 68
Apr
46 41 4 80
May
55 87 8 31 Jun
71 34 6 Jul
Aug
88 91 8 40
Sep
20 79 5 92 Oct
63 55 7 58
65 56 6
75

M 120 9

8
100
7

80 6

5 PPM
60 FM
4 MKT
OUT(30)
40 3

2
20
1

8 10 12 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

FM is the voulume of the bubble

 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct

5 PPM
FM
4 MKT
OUT(30)
3

0
ct
6 GOAL SEEK
SIMPLE
Item Budget(Rs) Rate per Unit
Pencils 200 10
Pencils 200 10

COMPLEX
Rate of Saving 20%

SALARY SAVINGS
Jan 20000 4000
Feb 20000 4000
Mar 20000 4000
Apr 20000 4000
May 20000 4000
Jun 20000 4000
Jul 20000 4000
Aug 20000 4000
Sep 20000 4000
Oct 20000 4000
Nov 20000 4000
Dec 20000 4000
240000 48000
Qty Amount
50 500
? 200

25% 30% 40% 50% 60%

required saving solution solution solution solution solution

? 5000 6000 8000 10000 12000
5000 6000 8000 10000 12000
5000 6000 8000 10000 12000
5000 6000 8000 10000 12000
5000 6000 8000 10000 12000
5000 6000 8000 10000 12000
5000 6000 8000 10000 12000
5000 6000 8000 10000 12000
5000 6000 8000 10000 12000
5000 6000 8000 10000 12000
5000 6000 8000 10000 12000
5000 6000 8000 10000 12000
60000 60000 72000 96000 120000 144000
7 Data Tables
GIVEN VALUES UNITS
Principal 1,000,000 Rs.
Rate 10% p.a. 0.83%
Time Period 15 Years

EMI ₹ 10,746.05 rate

Data Table
Rate(s)
₹ 10,746.05 5% 6%
Periods 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
pm Here
Row 10%
Col 15 yrs
1.075%

7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14%

Region Quarter Sales rep Sales Value (Rs) Region
E 1 Jauna 3166 E
W 2 Fredrick 5906
E 4 Marc 6765
S 3 Aprere 1390
E 2 May 1580
E 4 Jauna 3750 N
N 1 Fredrick 102
N 3 Marc 3769
N 2 Aprere 486
W 4 Marc 5920
E 2 Jauna 9922 S
S 2 Fredrick 1543
N 3 Marc 7966
N 3 Aprere 8106
N 4 May 2826
W 4 Marc 8503 W
E 3 Marc 5943
S 1 Fredrick 2332
N 2 Fredrick 1062
N 3 Marc 6752 Total Result
E 2 Aprere 6024
W 4 Jauna 7704
E 1 Fredrick 8293
S 3 Marc 5103
E 2 Fredrick 6672
E 4 Marc 4085
N 2 Aprere 8838
N 2 May 2077
N 3 Aprere 4850
W 1 Marc 20
E 4 Jauna 8953
S 4 Aprere 2306
N 1 May 8832
N 2 Marc 3771
N 3 May 8023
W 2 Jauna 1101
E 4 May 9988
S 1 Jauna 8512
N 3 Marc 7659
Quarter Sum - Sales Value (Rs)
77280
1 18082
2 31733
3 6147
4 21318
87218
1 17329
2 20090
3 43070
4 6729
29075
1 12690
2 1874
3 7045
4 7466
37669
1 8456
2 8322
4 20891
231242
9 Vlookup & Hlookup
Vertical Lookup

DUTY Name
10 LIZA

LOOK UP THIS VALUE

OBTAIN THIS NAME

Horizontal Lookup

DUTY Name
12 ZIA

LOOK UP THIS VALUE

OBTAIN THIS NAME

 Dept
IT EMP ID NAME DEPT
10 LIZA IT
11 PALLU MKT
12 ZIA HR
13 MON OPS
14 TUE IT
15 WED MKT
16 THU HR
OBTAIN THIS Department 17 FRI OPS

Dept
HR EMP ID 10 11 12 13 14 15
NAME LIZA PALLU ZIA MON TUE WED
DEPT IT MKT HR OPS IT MKT

OBTAIN THIS Department

 16 17
THU FRI
HR OPS
 Portfolio Mr Ramesh

rate 0.08 savings % of salary 0.12634666

INFLOW
Age Salary (inflow) PVIFA(Rate,n) salary * PVIFA(8%,n) In hand
0 45 400,000 1.000000 400,000 600,000
1 46 448,000 0.925926 414,815 56,603
2 47 501,760 0.857339 430,178 63,396
3 48 561,971 0.793832 446,111 71,003
4 49 629,408 0.735030 462,633 79,524
5 50 704,937 0.680583 479,768 89,066
6 51 789,529 0.630170 497,537 99,754
7 52 884,273 0.583490 515,965 111,725
8 53 990,385 0.540269 535,074 125,132
9 54 1,109,232 0.500249 554,892 140,148
10 55 1,242,339 0.463193 575,443 156,965
11 56 1,391,420 0.428883 596,756 175,801
12 57 1,558,390 0.397114 618,858 196,897
13 58 1,745,397 0.367698 641,779 220,525
14 59 1,954,845 0.340461 665,549 246,988
15 60 2,189,426 0.315242 690,198 276,627

16 61
17 62
18 63
19 64
20 65
21 66
22 67
23 68
24 69
25 70
26 71
27 72
28 73
29 74
30 75
31 76
NPV On 45 yrs 8,125,557 8,125,557
capex
Shares 0.5 wt rate of ret 0.13
Bonds 0.5 wt rate of ret 0.07
Outflow
Shares Bonds Pension PVIFA(Rate,n) Pension * FVIFA(8%,n)
39,000 21,000
3,679 1,981
4,121 2,219
4,615 2,485
5,169 2,783
5,789 3,117
6,484 3,491
7,262 3,910
8,134 4,380
9,110 4,905
10,203 5,494
11,427 6,153
12,798 6,891
14,334 7,718
16,054 8,645
17,981 9,682

-500,000 0.291890 -145,945

-500,000 0.270269 -135,134
-500,000 0.250249 -125,125
-500,000 0.231712 -115,856
-500,000 0.214548 -107,274
-500,000 0.198656 -99,328
-500,000 0.183941 -91,970
-500,000 0.170315 -85,158
-500,000 0.157699 -78,850
-500,000 0.146018 -73,009
-500,000 0.135202 -67,601
-500,000 0.125187 -62,593
-700,000 0.115914 -81,140
-700,000 0.107328 -75,129
-700,000 0.099377 -69,564
-1,000,000 0.092016 -92,016
 Inflow Outflow
97,899 52,715 1,505,692 -1,505,692
0 1,355,078
VIFA(8%,n)
deficit
0
SELECT FOR MOVE
SELECT FOR COPY PASTE
FILL RANGE
11
RAW DATA
Number of observations OBS SET A SET B
Group interval 1 23 10
2 28 12
SET A 3 29 12
Sales Department -f months working experience 4 34 16
5 34 19
6 39 20
7 43 22
SET B
Producation department -months working 8 44 23
experience 9 45 23
10 45 23
11 48 26
12 48 28
13 49 29
14 54 32
15 54 33
16 54 34
17 55 34
18 56 41
19 56 43
20 65 43
21 65 44
22 65 45
23 67 45
24 73 54
25 76 56
26 76 56
27 77 56
28 78 65
29 87 67
30 92 76

Avg 55.30 36.23

Median 54 33.5
Mode 54 23
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
 6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2

CHART2 for SET C

n 1002
SET C FREQ C
10% 0
11% 0
12% 0
13% 0
14% 0
15% 0
16% 0
17% 0
18% 0
19% 0
20% 0
21% 2
22% 3
23% 6
24% 7
25% 6
26% 10
27% 3
28% 16
29% 8
30% 23
31% 20
32% 11
33% 22
34% 26
35% 26
36% 33
37% 40
38% 34
39% 34
40% 44
41% 43
42% 36
43% 45
44% 42
45% 49
46% 47
47% 37
48% 30
49% 38
50% 32
51% 32
52% 37
53% 25
54% 26
55% 13
56% 12
57% 18
58% 20
59% 12
60% 6
61% 14
62% 3
63% 5
64% 4
65% 1
66% 0
67% 0
68% 0
69% 0
70% 0
71% 0
72% 0
73% 0
74% 0
75% 0
76% 0
77% 0
78% 0
79% 0
80% 0
81% 0
82% 0
83% 0
84% 0
 85% 0
86% 0
87% 0
88% 0
89% 0
90% 0
91% 0
92% 0
93% 0
94% 0
95% 0
96% 0
97% 0
98% 0
99% 0
100% 1
 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
SET A FREQ A SET B FREQ B
5 0 5 0
25 1 25 10
36 4 36 7
48 7 48 6
60 7 60 4
72 4 72 2
100 7 100 1

n 30 n 30
Min 23.00 Min 10.00
Max 92.00 Max 76.00

Mean 55.30 Mean 36.23

Std 17.83 Std 17.61
2 sigma 2 sigma
Upper limit 90.97 Upper limit
Lower limit 19.63 Lower limit

mean+/- 2 x sd mean+/- 2 x sd
mean+/- 3 x sd mean+/- 3 x sd

12
FREQ B
10

4
FREQ A
8 2
7
0
6
1 2 3 4 5
5
FREQ A
4
3
2
1
6
5
FREQ A
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6000%

5000%

4000%

3000%

2000%

1000%

0%
1 4 7 1 0 13 1 6 19 2 2 25 2 8 31 3 4 37 40 43 46 4 9 52 5 5 58 61 64 67 70 73 7 6 79
1000%

0%
1 4 7 1 0 13 1 6 19 2 2 25 2 8 31 3 4 37 40 43 46 4 9 52 5 5 58 61 64 67 70 73 7 6 79
 FREQ B

FREQ B

2 3 4 5 6 7
 SET C
FREQ C

8 61 64 67 70 73 7 6 79 8 2 85 8 8 91
8 61 64 67 70 73 7 6 79 8 2 85 8 8 91
11
RAW DATA
Number of observations OBS SET A SET B
Group interval 1 23 10
2 28 12
SET A 3 29 12
Sales Department -f months working experience 4 34 16
5 34 19
6 39 20
7 43 22
SET B
Producation department -months working 8 44 23
experience 9 45 23
10 45 23
11 48 26
12 48 28
13 49 29
14 54 32
15 54 33
16 54 34
17 55 34
18 56 41
19 56 43
20 65 43
21 65 44
22 65 45
23 67 45
24 73 54
25 76 56
26 76 56
27 77 56
28 78 65 8
29 87 67 7
30 92 76
6

Avg 55.30 36.23 5

Median 54 33.5 4
Mode 54 23 3
2
1
0
1 2
CHART2 for SET C
n 1002
SET C FREQ C
10% 0
11% 0
12% 0
13% 0
14% 0
15% 0
16% 0
17% 0
18% 0
19% 0
20% 0
21% 2
22% 3
23% 6
24% 7
25% 6
26% 10
27% 3
28% 16
29% 8
30% 23
31% 20
32% 11
33% 22
34% 26
35% 26
36% 33
37% 40
38% 34
39% 34
40% 44
41% 43
42% 36
43% 45
44% 42
45% 49
46% 47
47% 37
48% 30
49% 38
50% 32
51% 32
52% 37
53% 25
54% 26
55% 13
56% 12
57% 18
58% 20
59% 12
60% 6
61% 14
62% 3
63% 5
64% 4
65% 1
66% 0
67% 0
68% 0
69% 0
70% 0
71% 0
72% 0
73% 0
74% 0
75% 0
76% 0
77% 0
78% 0
79% 0
80% 0
81% 0
82% 0
83% 0
84% 0
 85% 0
86% 0
87% 0
88% 0
89% 0
90% 0
91% 0
92% 0
93% 0
94% 0
95% 0
96% 0
97% 0
98% 0
99% 0
100% 1
 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
SET A FREQ A SET B FREQ B
5 0 5 0
25 1 25 10
36 4 36 7
48 7 48 6
60 7 60 4
72 4 72 2
100 7 100 1

n 30 n 30
Min 23.00 Min 10.00
Max 92.00 Max 76.00

Mean 55.30 Mean 36.23

Std 17.83 Std 17.61
2 sigma 2 sigma
Upper limit 90.97 Upper limit
Lower limit 19.63 Lower limit

mean+/- 2 x sd mean+/- 2 x sd
mean+/- 3 x sd mean+/- 3 x sd

12
FREQ A FREQ B
8 10

7
8
6
5 6
FREQ A
4
4
3
2 2
1
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5
6000%

5000%

4000%

3000%

2000%

1000%

0%
1 4 7 1 0 1 3 16 19 22 25 28 3 1 3 4 3 7 4 0 4 3 4 6 49 52 55 58 61 6 4 6 7 7 0 7 3 7 6 79 82 85 88 91
 FREQ B

FREQ B

2 3 4 5 6 7
 SET C
FREQ C

7 3 7 6 79 82 85 88 91
 12 SD

Observation Ra Rb Ra- E(Ra)

1.00 5.00% 50.00% -7.50%

2.00 10.00% 30.00% -2.50%
3.00 15.00% 10.00% 2.50%
4.00 20.00% -10.00% 7.50%
E(Ra) E(RB)
AVG 12.50% 20.00%
SUM
SD or STD DEV
SQRT of(SUM fo sq ( xi-X)/ n)

stdev Formulae 0.05590 0.22361

STDEVP

Cov( Ra, Rb) is CoVariance

Cov (Excel)
Cov(Ra, Rb) =σ12
sum of H/ n
Cov (Excel) -0.0125
= Cover(Ra, Rb)

Corr(Ra, Rb) is correlation coeff

coeff of correlation = ρ12
= Cov(ra, Rb)/ SDa x SDb -1.0000
Rb- E(Rb) (Ra- E(Ra))2 (Rb- E(Rb))2 [Ra- E(Ra)]* [Rb- E(Rb)]

30.00% 0.56% 9.00% -2.2500%

10.00% 0.06% 1.00% -0.2500%
-10.00% 0.06% 1.00% -0.2500%
-30.00% 0.56% 9.00% -2.2500%

-0.05
1.2500% 20.0000% -5.0000%

0.055902 0.223607

-0.0125

-1.000
13 Standard Error

Large number of sample elements many be taken from the

population espically if the elements are taken at different
time

Since the samples are drawn from the same population

standard deviation for each sample is Sigma.

SO the population standard error SE(p) for the sample if n

is

SE(P) = Sigma/ n or SD / n

SET A
0.594492603771231
14

DESCRIPTIVE STASTICS
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

DATA FREQUENCY TABLES need data and bin

SKEWNESS
KURTOSIS

Normal disribution

standardise the variation for different variables

The area under the curve is =1
 is z curve
Where
Mean is 0
var orSD = 1

Z= (X- μ)/ σ

8 say X or data point s = 8

3.47 μ or mean of sample = 3.47
2.05 σ or SD = 2.05

2.210 then z = 2.21

EXCEL FUNCTION normal distribution =NORMSDIST(A66)

0.986438952928552
normal distribution =NORMDIST(x, mean, SD, cumulative)
0.986438952928552

Example : to calculate the probability of an outcome or observation to be greater than 36

Observation 36
Mean 40
SD 5
Cummalative 1
Probability 0.21185

calc normdist()
ean, SD, cumulative)
( ans .21185 and
1-.21185
hence is .788 ot 78.8%
 RAW DATA
OBS SET A SET B SET A FREQ A
1 23 10 10 0
2 28 12 20 0
3 29 12 30 3
4 34 16 40 3
5 34 19 50 7
6 39 20 60 6
7 43 22 70 4
8 44 23 80 5
9 45 23 90 1
10 45 23 100 1
11 48 26
12 48 28 MEAN 55.3
13 49 29 SD 17.5350125939
14 54 32 VAR 307.476666667
15 54 33
16 54 34 CORRELATION
17 55 34 SET A
18 56 41 SET A 1
19 56 43 SET B 0.986474
20 65 43
21 65 44 Covariance
22 65 45 SET A
23 67 45 SET A 307.4767
24 73 54 SET B 299.53
25 76 56
26 76 56
27 77 56 F-Test Two-Sample for Variances
28 78 65
29 87 67 SET A
30 92 76 Mean 55.3
Variance 318.0793
Observations 30
df 29
F 1.02545

P(F<=f) one-tail 0.473256

F Critical one-
tail 1.860811
points obser
1 5
2 11 SUMMARY OUTPUT
3 18
4 19 Regression Statistics
5 3 Multiple R 0.240879
6 14 R Square 0.058023
7 16 Adjusted R-0.130372
8 8 Standard Er6.129554
Observatio 7

ANOVA
df SS MS F
Regression 1 11.57143 11.5714285714 0.307985
Residual 5 187.8571 37.5714285714
Total 6 199.4286

Coefficients
Standard Error t Stat P-value
Intercept 15.92857 6.23805 2.55345371382 0.051051
1 -0.642857 1.158377 -0.55496377438 0.60283

RESIDUAL OUTPUT

ObservationPredicted 5ResidualsStandard Residuals

1 14.64286 -3.642857 -0.65103435855
2 14 4 0.71486125645
3 13.35714 5.642857 1.00846498677
4 12.71429 -9.714286 -1.7360916228
5 12.07143 1.928571 0.34466524864
6 11.42857 4.571429 0.81698429308
7 10.78571 -2.785714 -0.4978498036
 FREQ A
8
SET B FREQ B
6
10 1
20 5 4

30 7 2
40 4 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
50 6
60 4
70 2
80 1 FREQ B
90 0 8
100 0 6
4
36.233333333 2
17.316049075 0
299.84555556 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

HISTOGRAM
SET B Bin Frequency Cumulative %
10 0 0.00%
1 20 0 0.00%
30 3 10.00%
40 3 20.00%
SET B 50 7 43.33%
60 6 63.33%
299.8456 70 4 76.67%
80 5 93.33%
90 1 96.67%
ple for Variances 100 1 100.00%
More 0 100.00%
SET B
36.23333
310.1851 Histogram
30 8
29
7

5
Frequency

0
 5

Frequency
4

0
50 60 80 70 30 40 90 100 10
Bin
1 Residual Plot
10
5 1 Line Fit

Residuals
0 20 20
-5 1 2 3 18 4 5 6
15 16
-10 10 14

5
-15 5 12
10 1
0
1 28 3 4 5
6
Significance F 1
4
0.60283 2
0
0 10 20 30

Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0%

-0.106846 31.963988928 -0.106846 31.96399
-3.620559 2.3348451325 -3.620559 2.334845

PROBABILITY OUTPUT

Percentile 5
7.142857 3
21.42857 8
35.71429 11
50 14
64.28571 16
78.57143 18
92.85714 19
 FREQ A

FREQ A

4 5 6 7 8 9 10

FREQ B

FREQ B

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Bin Frequency Cumulative %

50 7 23.33%
60 6 43.33%
80 5 60.00%
70 4 73.33%
30 3 83.33%
40 3 93.33%
90 1 96.67%
100 1 100.00%
10 0 100.00%
20 0 100.00%
More 0 100.00%

Histogram
120.00%

100.00%

80.00%

Frequency
60.00%
Cumulative %

40.00%

20.00%

0.00%
 Frequency
60.00%
Cumulative %

40.00%

20.00%

0.00%
40 90 100 10 20 More
Bin
1 Residual Plot
1 Line Fit Plot
4 5 6 7 8 9
Column C
Predicted 5

1
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Limitations of Excel 2008
1. Many statistical methods are not available in Excel.
Commonly-used statistics and methods NOT available within Excel include:
* Boxplots
* p-values for the correlation coefficient
* Spearman’s and Kendall’s rank correlation coefficients
* 2-way ANOVA with unequal sample sizes (unbalanced data)
* Multiple comparison tests (post-hoc tests following ANOVA)
* p-values for two-way ANOVA
* Levene’s test for equal variance
* Nonparametric tests, including rank-sum and Kruskal-Wallis
* Scatterplot arrays or brushing
* Principal components or other multivariate methods
* GLM (generalized linear models)
* Survival analysis methods
* Regression diagnostics, such as Mallow’s Cp and PRESS 
(it does compute adjusted r-squared)
* Durbin-Watson test for serial correlation
* LOESS smooths 

NOT COVERED HERE - detailed lecture on these aspects as needed

Grouping variables to form constructs or themes
Exploring the construct
Inter item correlation coefficients
A quick set of summary statistics
A spreadsheet for quantitative analysis
Data Frequency Tables
The standard normal curve
Normal curve and probability
Estimation and confidence interval
Hypothesis testing
The =tinv() function
More examples using the t-statistic
Paired samples t-test to compare means
The t-test for independent samples
Right-tailed and Left-tailed hypothesis tests
Two-tailed Hypothesis tests
The use of P-Values
A test for the normal distribution
Correlation and regression
Different correlation coefficients
Simple linear regression
Fitting the curve
Removing outliers
Multiple linear regression
Multicollinearity
Some non-linear lines
Categorical variables using the χ2 Chi-squared test
An application of goodness of fit
χ2 as a test of association
A test for homogeneity
One-way ANOVA: Three Independent Samples
aspects as needed
Set up a car showroom

Requirements Estimate Of Business

Number of Units Commission
Models Price
Showroom 15,000 sqft Sold / month (%)
Go Down 30,000 sqft Pradoo 1 3,000,000 4%
Initial Costs Fortunerr 12 2,200,000 4%
Initial Rennovation 2,500,000 Rs. Camryy 1 2,000,000 4%
Deposit for Showroom
(6 months rental) Rs. Corollaa 10 1,200,000 3%
Deposit for Go Down (6
Months Rental) Rs. Innovaa 50 1,000,000 3%
Rental Costs Etioss 50 700,000 3%
Rent for Showroom 150 Rs./Sqft/Month Total Monthly Sales
Rent for Go Down 30 Rs./Sqft/Month
Staff Profit Calculations
Staff No. Salaries Year - 0 Year - 1 Year - 2
Manager 1 35,000 Rs./Month Revenues
Sales 3 25,000 Rs./Month y/y (%) growth 10%
Admin 2 20,000 Rs./Month Rental - Showroom
Go Down 3 12,000 Rs./Month Rental - Go Down
Increament in Salaries 10% per year Salaries
Operations and
Operations & Maintenance
Maintainance 15% As % of Revenues Expenses
Initial Funding Operating profit
Debt - For 5 years 50% Interest Expense
Interest Rate -
Commercial Loan 13% per year Profit Before Tax
Equity Tax @ 35%
Net Profit
 Cash Flow
Evaluate the proposal to run this business for 5 years by Calculations 1 2
investing 50% in the business Year - 1 Year - 2
Operating Cash Flows/Net Profit
Initial Investment
Initial Funding Amount Debt amount raised / (repaid)
At the end of 5
years deposit
amount would be
Debt Raised returned
Equity Raised Total Cash Flows
IRR

Interest Rate %
10% 11%
20%
25%
30%
35%

Debt %
40%
45%
50%
55%
60%
Commission
(Rs.)

Year - 3 Year - 4 Year - 5

10% 10% 10%

 3 4 5
Year - 3 Year - 4 Year - 5

Interest Rate %
12% 13% 14%