Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Lecture-05
Serviceability Requirements &
Development of Reinforcement

By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali

Civil Engineering Department

UET Peshawar
drqaisarali@uetpeshawar.edu.pk

www.drqaisarali.com

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 1

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Topics Addressed
 Section 1: Deflections
 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams, Deflection in RC Two-way
Slabs, Examples

 Section 2: Cracking in RC Members

 Crack Formation, Equations for Maximum Crack Width, Reasons for
Crack Width Control, Crack Control Reinforcement in Deep Members,
ACI Provisions for Crack Control, Example

 Section 3: Development & Splices of Reinforcement

 Bond Strength, Bond failure, ACI provisions for Development Length,
Splices of Reinforcement

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 2

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Section 1: Deflections

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 3

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Topics Addressed
 Introduction to deflections

 Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and Beams

 Deflection in RC Two-way Slabs

 Example 1

 Example 2

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Introduction to Deflections

 Deflection Effects
 It is important to maintain control of deflections so that members
designed mainly for strength at prescribed overloads will also
perform well in normal service.

 Excessive deflections can lead to cracking of supported walls and

partitions, ill-fitting doors and windows, poor roof drainage,
misalignment of sensitive machinery and equipment, and visually
offensive sag etc.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 5

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Introduction to Deflections

 Deflection Types
 Immediate (short-term)
 Due to applied loads on the member.

 Long-term
 Due to creep and shrinkage of concrete.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Introduction to Deflections
w Deflection history of
fixed ended beam
subjected to uniformly
distributed load

Yielding of reinforcement
w
5
4
3 – Due to shrinkage and creep
3 – Full service load

2 – Cracking at midspan

1 – Ends of beam crack

Mid-span deflection
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 7

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Immediate (short-term) Deflection
 Immediate deflection at a given load in a structure is calculated
using equations of elastic deflection.

Δ = f(loads, spans, supports)/EI

 EI is the flexural rigidity.

 f(loads, spans, supports) is a function of particular load, span and support

arrangement.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Immediate (short-term) Deflection
 Elastic equation in a general form for deflection of cantilever and
simple and continuous beams subjected to uniform loading can
be written as:

Δi = K(5/48)Mal2/EcIe

 Where,
 Ma = the mid-span moment (when K is so defined) for simple and continuous
beams. For cantilever beams, Ma will be the support moment.

 l = Span length.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 9

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Immediate (short-term) Deflection
 Determination of K: Theoretical values of deflection coefficient
“K” for uniformly distributed loading w:

Reference: PCA Notes.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Immediate (short-term) Deflection
 Alternatively, deflections can be directly computed for different
conditions of loading and end conditions as below:

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 11

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Immediate (short-term) Deflection
 Determination of l: In elastic deflection formulae, l is the span
length and is least of:
 ln + h

 c/c distance between supports.

Slab

Support

ln ln

c/c distance c/c distance

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Immediate (short-term) Deflection
 Determination of Ec (modulus of elasticity of concrete)
 Unless stiffness values are obtained by a more comprehensive
analysis, immediate deflection shall be computed with the modulus
of elasticity (Ec) of section as given in ACI 19.2.2.1.

Ec = wc1.5 33 fc (in psi)

Note: The formula is used for values of wc between 90 and 160 lb/ft3.
 Ec strongly influences the behavior of reinforced concrete members
under short-term loads, particularly showing more variation with
concrete quality, concrete age, stress level, and rate or duration of
load.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 13

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Immediate (short-term) Deflection
 Effective Moment of Inertia

M
Icr
Moment, Ma

Graph shows the portion of

Mcr load deflection curve up to
stage 3 as discussed earlier
Ig Ie

Dcr

De Dt Deflection D
“Idealized short term deflection of RC beam”
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Immediate (short-term) Deflection
 Determination of Ie: In elastic deflection equation, the effective
moment of inertia Ie is calculated as (ACI 24.2.3.5a):

Where, Ma = maximum service load moment at the stage for which

deflections are being considered.

Mcr = Cracking moment = fr Ig /yt (where fr = 7.5fc)

Ig = Gross moment of inertia

Icr = Moment of inertia of cracked section

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 15

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Immediate (short-term) Deflection
 Determination of Ie:
 Un-cracked section moment of Inertia (Ig) [about centroid]:

 For an un-cracked concrete section, full section will be effective

so that:

Ie = Ig = bh3/12

b
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Immediate (short-term) Deflection
 Determination of Ie:
 Un-cracked section moment of Inertia (Ig) [about base]:

 Ig = Ic.a = bh3/12 is the moment of inertia of rectangular section

about the centroid.

 For determination of moment of inertia about base of the

section, transfer formula may be used:

 Ibase = Ic.a + Ae2 = bh3/12 + Ae2

Where, A = bh ; e = h/2 (for given case) h

 Ibase = bh3/3 e

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures b 17

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Immediate (short-term) Deflection
 Determination of Ie:
 Cracked section Moment of Inertia (Icr) [about neutral axis]:

 Similarly, moment of inertia of cracked section about neutral axis

can be determined through transfer formulae (I = bh3/3 + Ae2)

 For the section shown:

Icr = [bw (kd)3 /3] + nAs(d – kd)2 kd
 kd in above equation is unknown. N.A d h
 n = Es / Ec e
nAs

bw
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Immediate (short-term) Deflection
 Determination of Ie:
 Cracked section Moment of Inertia (Icr):

 Determination of kd:

 Taking moments of area about the neutral axis:

kd  bw  kd/2 = nAs  (d – kd)

kd2bw/nAs = d – kd kd
 Let B = bw/nAs, then N.A
d h
kd2B = (d – kd)
nAs
 Simplification through quadratic formula gives,

kd = {√(1 + 2Bd) – 1}/B bw

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 19

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Immediate (short-term) Deflection
 Determination of Ie:

 Cracked section Moment of Inertia (Icr): Alternatively, gross and

cracked moment of inertia of rectangular and flanged sections can
be calculated from the given tables:

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 20

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Immediate (short-term) Deflection
 Determination of Ie:

 Cracked section Moment of Inertia (Icr):

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 21

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Immediate (short-term) Deflection
 Determination of Ie:

 Cracked section Moment of Inertia (Icr):

Note: Effective width of T-section as per ACI 6.3.2.1

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Immediate (short-term) Deflection
 Determination of Ie:

 Cracked section Moment of Inertia (Icr):

Note: Effective width of T-section as per ACI 6.3.2.1

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 23

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Immediate (short-term) Deflection
 Application of Ie for simple and continuous members
 We have seen that Ie depends on Ma , which will be different at different
locations . Therefore according to (ACI R 24.2.3.7); for
 Simply supported Beams:
Ie = Ie,midspan
 Beams with one end continuous:
Ie, average = 0.85Ie,midspan + 0.15 (Ie,continuous end)
 Beams with both ends continuous:
Ie, average = 0.70Ie,midspan + 0.15 (Ie1 + Ie2)

Where, Ie1 and Ie2 refer to Ie at the respective beam ends. (ACI R
24.2.3.7)

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Long-term Deflections
 Shrinkage and creep due to sustained loads cause additional long-
term deflections over and above those which occur when loads are
first placed on the structure.

 Such deflections are influenced by:

 Temperature,
 Humidity,

 Curing conditions,

 Age at the time of loading,

 Quantity of compression reinforcement, and

 Magnitude of the sustained load.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 25

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Long-term Deflections (ACI 24.2.4)
 Additional Long-term deflection resulting from the combined
effect of creep and shrinkage is determined by multiplying the
immediate deflection caused by the sustained load with the factor
lD . x is a time dependent factor for sustained load.

Δ (cp +sh) = λΔ(Δi)sus

Time x
3 months 1.0
x 6 months 1.2
lD = 12 months 1.4
1 + 50r
5 years 2.0
r = As/bd

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Long-Term Deflections
 It is important to note here that long term deflections are function
of immediate deflections due to sustained load only i.e., Δ (cp +sh) =
λΔ(Δi)sus

 Sustained loads are loads that are permanently applied on the

structure e.g., dead loads, superimposed dead loads and live
loads kept on the structure for long period.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 27

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Deflection Control according to ACI code:
 Two methods are given in the code for controlling deflections.

 Deflections may be controlled DIRECTLY by limiting computed

deflections [see Table 24.2.2] or INDIRECTLY by means of
minimum thickness [Table 7.3.1.1] for one-way systems.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Deflection Control according to ACI code:
 In DIRECT approach, the deflections are said to be within limits if
the combined effect of immediate and long term deflections does
not exceed the limits specified in ACI table 24.2.2.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 29

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC One-way Slabs and

Beams
 Deflection Control according to ACI code:
 In the INDIRECT approach, the deflections for beams and one-way slabs
are controlled indirectly by the minimum requirements given in ACI table
9.3.1.1 and 7.3.1.1.

 However, this method is applicable only to the cases of loadings and

spans commonly experienced in buildings and cannot be used for
unusually large values of loading and span.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 30

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC Two-way Slabs

 Immediate (short-term) Deflection

 The calculation of deflections for two-way slabs is complicated
even if linear elastic behavior can be assumed.

 For immediate deflections 2D structural analysis is required in

which the values of Ec and Ie for one-way slabs and beams
discussed earlier may be used.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 31

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC Two-way Slabs

 Long-Term Deflections
 The additional long-term deflection for two-way construction is
required to be computed using the multipliers given in ACI
24.2.4.1.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Deflection in RC Two-way Slabs

 Deflection Control according to ACI code

 Deflections may be controlled directly by limiting computed deflections
[see Table 24.2.2] or indirectly by means of minimum thickness, table
8.3.1.1 and table 8.3.1.2 for two-way systems

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 33

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1

 Analyze the simply supported reinforced concrete beam for short-

term deflections and long-term deflections at ages 3 months and 5
years.

 Data:
 fc′ = 3000 psi (normal weight concrete); fy = 40,000 psi

 Es = 29,000,000 psi

 Superimposed dead load (not including beam weight) = 120 lb/ft

 Live load = 300 lb/ft (50% sustained) ; Span = 25 ft

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 34

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1

 Data:
 As = 3 #7 = 1.80 in2

 ρ = As/bd = 0.0077

 As′ = 3 #4 = 0.60 in2 (As′ not required for strength)

 ρ′ = As′ /bd = 0.0026

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 35

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1

 Solution:
 Step 01: Minimum beam thickness, for members not supporting or
attached to partitions or other construction likely to be damaged by
large deflections:
 hmin = (l/16) {multiply by 0.8 for fy = 40000 psi}

 hmin = (25  12/16)  0.8 = 15″

 22″ is the given depth, therefore O.K.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 36

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1

 Solution:
 Step 02: Moments
 wd = 0.120 + 0.150  12  22/144 = 0.395 kips/ft

 Md = wdl2/8 = 0.395  252/8 = 30.9 ft-kips

 Ml = wll2/8 = 0.300  252/8 = 23.4 ft-kips

 Md+l = 54.3 ft-kips

 Msus = Md + 0.5Ml = 30.9 + 0.5  23.4 = 42.6 ft-kips

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 37

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1

 Solution:
 Step 03: Modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, modular ratio
 fr = 7.5 √ (fc′) = 7.5 √ (3000) = 411 psi

 Ec = wc1.533 √ (fc′) = 1501.5 33 √ (3000) = 3.32  106 psi

 n = Es/Ec = 29  106/ 3.32  106 = 8.7

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 38

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1

 Solution:
 Step 04: Gross and cracked section moments of inertia
 Ig = bh3/12 = 12  223/12 = 10650 in4

 B = b/nAs = 12/{8.7  1.80} = 0.766″

 r = (n – 1)As′/nAs = {(8.7 – 1)0.60/(8.71.80) = 0.295

 kd = [√ {2dB(1 + rd′/d) + (1+r2)} – (1 + r)]/B = 5.77″

 Icr = {b(kd)3/3} + nAs (d – kd)2 + (n – 1) As′ (kd - d′)2 = 3770 in4

 Ig/Icr = 2.8

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 39

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1

 Step 05: Effective moment of inertia

 Mcr = frIg/yt = [411  10650/11]/12000 = 33.2 ft-kips

 a. Under dead load only:

 Mcr/ Md = 33.2/30.9 > 1, hence (Ie)d = Ig = 10650 in4

 b. Under sustained load:

 (Mcr/Msus)3 = (33.2/42.6)3 = 0.473

 (Ie)sus = (Mcr/Ma)3Ig + {1 - (Mcr/Ma)3}Icr ≤ Ig (where Ma= Msus)

= 0.47310650 + (1 – 0.473) 3770 = 7025 in4

 c. Under dead + live load:

 (Mcr/Md+l)3 = (33.2/54.3)3 = 0.229

 (Ie)d+l = (Mcr/Ma)3Ig + {1 – (Mcr/Ma)3}Icr ≤ Ig (where Ma= Md+l)

= 0.22910650 + (1 – 0.229) 3770 = 5345 in4

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 40

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1

 Step 06: Initial or short term deflection

 (Δi)d = K(5/48)Mdl2/Ec(Ie)d = (1)(5/48)(30.9)(25)2(12)3/(3320)(10650) = 0.098″

K = 1 for simply supported spans

 (Δi)sus = K(5/48)Msusl2/Ec(Ie)sus = (1)(5/48)(42.6)(25)2(12)3/(3320)(7025) = 0.205″

 (Δi)d+l = K(5/48)Md+ll2/Ec(Ie)d+l = (1)(5/48)(54.3)(25)2(12)3/(3320)(5345) = 0.344″

 (Δi)l = (Δi)d+l – (Δi)d = 0.344 – 0.098 = 0.246″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 41

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1
 Step 06: Initial or short term deflection
 Allowable deflection: For flat roofs not supporting and not attached to
nonstructural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections:

(Δi)l ≤ l/180

l/180 = 300/180 = 1.67″

(Δi)l =0.246″ < l/180, OK

 Allowable deflection: Floors not supporting and not attached to

nonstructural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections:

(Δi)l ≤ l/360

l/360 = 300/360 = 0.83″

(Δi)l = 0.246″ < l/360, OK

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 42

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1
 Step 07: Long-term deflections at ages 3 months and 5 yrs

Duration ξ λ = ξ/(1 + 50ρ′) Δisus Δ (cp +sh)=λΔisus Δil

5 years 2.0 1.77 0.205″ 0.363 0.246″

3 months 1.0 0.89 0.205″ 0.182 0.246″

 Allowable deflection: From Table 24.2.2, the most stringent requirement has
been placed on “Roof and floor construction supporting or attached to
nonstructural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections (sum of the
long-term deflection due to all sustained loads and the immediate deflection
due to any additional live load)= l/480

 l/480 = 300/480 = 0.63 inch

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 43

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1

 Step 07: Long-term deflections at ages 3 months and 5 yrs.

 Which computed deflection should be considered for this case ?

 The code says that this should include “Sum of the long-term
deflection due to all sustained loads and the immediate deflection
due to any additional live load”
 As the partition will be installed after the immediate deflection due to
dead load has occurred, total deflection which would affect the partition
would include
1. Only long term dead load deflection (not including dead load immediate
deflection)

2. Both Short and long term sustained live load portion

3. Additional live load immediate deflection. This is immediate deflection due to

total live load minus sustained live load
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1

 Step 07: Long-term deflections at ages 3 months and 5 yrs.

 Therefore total deflection for this case would be equal to

 λ Δd + Δi sus live + λ Δi sus live+ Δi additional live

 (λ Δd + λ Δi sus live ) + ( Δi sus live + Δi additional live )

 λ (Δd + Δi sus live ) + Δil total

 (Δd + Δi sus live ) is total sustained load and Δil total would be
denoted by Δil

 Finally we have

 λ (Δisus) + Δil

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 45

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1
 Step 07: Long-term deflections at ages 3 months and 5 yrs.
 The deflection [ λ Δisus + Δil ] is given as follows:

Duration λΔisus Δil λ Δisus + Δil

5 years 0.363 0.246″ 0.61″

3 months 0.182 0.246″ 0.428″

 [ λ (Δisus) + Δil ] should be ≤ l/480 ; where l/480 = 300/480 = 0.63″

 [ λ (Δisus) + Δil ] = 0.61 < 0.63 ; OK

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 46

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 2
 Find the deflection under full service load for the beam of the hall
shown below.

 Data:
 fc′ = 3000 psi (normal weight concrete); fy = 40,000 psi

 Dead load (wd) = 2.26 kip/ft; Live load (wl) = 0.40 kip/ft

 Full service load (ws) = wd + wl = 2.66 kip/ft

 Note: No live load is sustained.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 47

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 2
 Solution:
 Summary of Strength Design of Beam:
 According to ACI 9.3.1 {table 9.3.1.1} = hmin = l/16 = 36.9″

 Taken h = 5′ = 60″ ; d = h – 3 = 57″ ; bw = 18″ (assumed)

 Also, l = 61.5′

 Flexural Design = 12 #8 bars

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 48

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 2
 Solution:
 Immediate deflection (under full service load):
 Δi = K(5/48)Mal2/EcIe

 K = 1 (for simply supported beam)

 l = 61.5′ = 738″

 Md = wdl2/8 =12  (2.26  61.52/8) = 12821 in-kip

 Ml = wll2/8 =12  (0.40  61.52/8) = 2269.35 in-kip

 Md+l = wd+ll2/8 =12  (2.66  61.52/8) = 15091 in-kip

 Ec = 57 √fc′ = 57  √ (3000) = 3122 ksi

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 49

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 2
 Solution:
 Immediate deflection (under full service load):


 For calculation of Ie, various parameters are required:

Note: Effective width as per ACI 6.3.2.1

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 50

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 2
 Solution:
 Immediate deflection (under full service load):
 Effective width of T-beam (ACI 6.3.2.1)

T - Beam

1 bw + 16h

2 bw + sw sw sw

3 bw + ℓn/4
Least of the above values is selected
 This effective width of T-section is different from that used in design
for torsion and direct design method.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 51

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 2
 Solution:
 Immediate deflection (under full service load):
 n = Es/Ec = 29000/3122 = 9.289

 C = bw/(nAs) = 18/ (9.289  12  0.79) = 0.204

 b = 114″ (ACI 6.3.2.1)

 f = hf(b – bw)/ (nAs) = 6.54

 yt = h – ½ [ {b – bw}hf2 + bwh2]/ [{b – bw}hf + bwh] = 39.39″

 Ig = (b–bw)hf3/12+bwh3/12+(b–bw)hf(h–hf/2–yt)2+bwh(yt–h/2)2 = 599578 in4

 Mcr = 7.5 √fc′Ig/yt = 6252 in-kip < Md (therefore section is cracked for dead load)

 kd = [ √{C(2d + hff) + (1+f)2} – (1 + f)]/C = 9.05

 Icr = (b–bw)hf3/12+bw(kd)3/12+(b – bw)hf(kd – hf/2)2 + nAs(d – kd)2 = 229722 in4

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Example 2
 Solution:
 Immediate deflection (under full service load):

 For Dead load (Ma = Md = 12821 in-kip):

Ie(d) = (6252/12821)3  599578 + [1–(6252/12821)3] 229722= 272608 in4

 For Dead + Live loads (Ma = Md+l = 15091 in-kip):

Ie(d+l) = (6252/15091)3  599578 + [1–(6252/15091)3] 229722= 256030 in4

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 53

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 2
 Solution:
 Immediate deflection (under full service load):

 Deflection due to dead load:

Δi(d)=K(5/48)Mdl2/EcIed = 1(5/48)12821(61.5×12)2/(3122272608)= 0.85″

 Deflection due to dead + live loads:

Δi(d+l)=K(5/48)Md+ll2/EcIe(d+l)=1(5/48)15091(61.5×12)2/(3122256030)= 1.07″

 Deflection due to live load:

Δil =Δi(d+l) − Δi(d) = 1.07 − 0.85 = 0.22″

Note: In this case, Δi(d) is Δi(sus) , the deflection due to sustained load.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 54

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 2
 Solution:
 Long term deflection (under full service load):

 Δ (cp +sh) = λΔ(Δi)sus x

lD = r = As/bd
1 + 50r
Duration ξ λ Δisus λΔisus Δil λΔisus+ Δil
5 years 2 2 0.85″ 1.7″ 0.22 1.92″

3 months 1 1 0.85″ 0.85″ 0.22 1.07″

 Allowable deflection (case 1): With no false ceiling attachments, the case for
“Roof and floor construction supporting or attached to nonstructural elements not
likely to be damaged by large deflections” applies: λΔisus+ Δil ≤ l/240

 l/240 = 61.5 ×12/240 = 3.07″

 λΔisus+ Δil = 1.92″ ; As 1.92″ < 3.07″, OK

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 55

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 2
 Solution:
 Long term deflection (under full service load):

 Allowable deflection (case 2): With false ceiling attachments, the case for
“Roof and floor construction supporting or attached to nonstructural elements
likely to be damaged by large deflections” applies: λΔisus+ Δil ≤ l/480

l/480 = 61.5 ×12/480 = 1.54″

λΔisus+ Δil = 1.92″ ;

As 1.92″ > 1.54″ , N.G.

(The deflection should not have exceeded 1.54 inch required by ACI code)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 56

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Example 2
 Solution:
 Long term deflection (under full service load):

 Now for the beam in question, table below displays the live load deflections
due to various depths of beam (ranging from minimum depth as per ACI
code requirement up to 60″).

Depth (inches) λΔisus+ Δil (inches) ACI Limitation Remarks

36.9 (hmin of ACI) 5.42 3.07 Not Governing

40 4.60 3.07 Not Governing
50 2.91 3.07 OK
60 1.92 3.07 OK

 From the above table, it is concluded that minimum depth requirements of

ACI does not govern for unusually large values of loading and/or span.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 57

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Section 2: Cracking in RC Members

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Topics Addressed
 Crack Formation

 Reasons for Crack Width Control

 Parameters Affecting Crack Width

 ACI Code Provisions for Crack Control

 Maximum Spacing Requirements

 Crack Control Reinforcement in Deep Flexural Members

 Example 1

 Equations for Maximum Crack Width

 Example 2

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 59

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Crack Formation

 All RC beams crack, generally starting at loads well below service

level, and possibly even prior to loading due to restrained shrinkage.

 In a well designed beam, flexural cracks are fine, so-called hairline

cracks, almost invisible to a casual observer, and they permit little if
any corrosion to the reinforcement.

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Crack Formation

 As loads are gradually increased above the cracking load, both

the number and width of cracks increase, and at service load
level a maximum width of crack of about 0.016 inch (0.40 mm) is
typical.

 If loads are further increased, crack widths increase further,

although the number of cracks do not increase substantially.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 61

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Crack Formation

 In ACI code prior to 1995, the limitation on crack width for interior
and exterior exposure was 0.016 and 0.013 inch respectively.

 Research in later years has shown that corrosion is not clearly

correlated with surface crack widths in the range normally found
with reinforcement stresses at service load levels. For this
reason, the former distinction between interior and exterior
exposure has been eliminated in later codes.

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Crack Formation

 Therefore, the limiting value of crack width both for interior and
exterior exposures is now taken as 0.016 inch.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 63

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Crack Formation

 Because of complexity of the problem, present methods for

predicting crack widths are based primarily on test observations.

 Most equations that have been developed predict the probable

maximum crack width, which usually means that about 90 % of
the crack widths in the member are below the calculated value.

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Reason for Crack Width Control

 Appearance is important for concrete exposed to view such as

wall panels.

 Corrosion is important for concrete exposed to aggressive

environments.

 Water tightness may be required for marine/sanitary

structures.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 65

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Parameters Affecting Crack Width

 Concrete cover
 Experiments have shown that both crack spacing and crack width
are related to the concrete cover distance (dc), measured from
center of the bar to the face of concrete. Increasing the concrete
cover increases the spacing of cracks and also increases crack
width.

w1 (> w)

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Parameters Affecting Crack Width

 Distribution of reinforcement in tension zone of beam

 Generally, to control cracking, it is better to use a larger number of
smaller diameter bars to provide the required As than to use the
minimum number of larger bars, and the bars should be well
distributed over the tensile zone of the concrete.

This portion
may crack

Smaller diameter bars distributed

over tension zone
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 67

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Parameters Affecting Crack Width

 Stress in Reinforcement (crack width fsn)

 Where fs is the steel stress and “n” is an exponent that varies in the
range of 1.0 to 1.4. For steel stress in the range of practical interest,
say from 20 to 36 ksi, n may be taken equal to 1.0.

 Steel stress may be computed based on elastic cracked section

analysis. Alternatively, fs may be taken equal to 0.60fy (ACI 24.3.2.1)

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Parameters Affecting Crack Width

 Bar Deformations
 Beams with smooth round bars will display a relatively small number
of wide cracks in service, while beams with bars having proper
surface deformations will show a larger number of very fine, almost
invisible cracks.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 69

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

ACI Code provision for crack control

 Crack width is controlled in the ACI Code: (ACI 24.3.2)

s (inches) = (540/fs) – 2.5cc OR 12(36/fs) (whichever is less)

The center-to-center spacing between the bars in a concrete

section shall not exceed “s” as given by the above equation.

fs is the bar stress in ksi under service condition.

s cc is the clear cover in inches from the nearest surface in tension

to the surface of the flexural tension reinforcement.
b
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ACI Code provision for crack control

 The stress fs is calculated by dividing the service load moment by

the product of area of reinforcement and the internal moment arm.

For equilibrium,
a
n.a Ms = Asfs(d – a/2)
fs = Mn/As(d – a/2)
d
Where,

As Asfs Ms = service load

moment
b

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 71

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

ACI Code provision for crack control

 Alternatively, the ACI code permits fs to be taken as 60 percent of

the specified yield strength fy (because seldom will be reinforcing
bars stressed greater than 60 % of fy at service loads).

 The condition “fs = 0.60fy“ is for full service load condition. For
loading less than that, fs shall be actually calculated.

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Maximum Spacing Requirement

 Maximum spacing requirement corresponding to concrete

cover as per ACI equation {s = (540/fs) – 2.5cc}:

For various values of

concrete cover and fs of
15″ 24, 36 and 45 ksi, the
maximum center-to-
center spacing between
the reinforcing bars
7.5″
closest to the surface of
4.5″
a tension member to
control crack width can
be plotted as shown.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 73

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Crack Control Reinforcement in Deep

Flexural Members
 For deep flexural members with effective depth d exceeding 36
inches, additional longitudinal skin reinforcement for crack control
must be distributed along the side faces over the full depth of the
flexural tension zone.

ssk ≤ d/6, 12″ or 1000Ab/(d−30)

Ask = As/2

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Example 1

 Figure shows the main flexural reinforcement at mid span for a T

girder in a high rise building that carries a service load moment of
7760 in-kips. The clear cover on the side and bottom of the beam
stem is 2 ¼ inches. Determine if the beam meets the crack control
criteria in the ACI Code.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 75

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 1

 Solution:
 Since the depth of the web is less than 36 inches, skin
reinforcement is not needed.

 To check the bar spacing criteria, the steel stress can be

estimated closely by taking the internal lever arm equal to
distance d – hf/2.

fs = Ms/ {As(d – hf/2)}

= 7760/ {7.9 × (32.25 – 6/2)} = 33.6 ksi

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Example 1
 Solution:
 Alternately, the ACI code permits using fs = 0.60fy = 0.60 × 60 = 36 ksi.
Therefore, according to ACI 24.3.2, the maximum center-to-center spacing
between reinforcing bars required to control crack width is:

 s = (540/fs) – 2.5cc = {540/ (33.6)} – 2.5 × 2.25 = 10.4 inches OR

s = 12 × (36/fs) = 12 × {36/ (0.60 × 60)} = 12″ (10.4 inches governs)

 Therefore, required spacing is 10.4″. The provided spacing shall be less than or
equal to 10.4″. From given figure, c/c sprovided = 5.375″. Therefore the crack
control criteria of ACI code is met.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 77

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Equations for Maximum Crack Width

 As alternate to ACI crack width equation, crack width can be

calculated using following equations. These equations have
been used in deriving the ACI Code equation on crack control.

 Gregely and Lutz equation:

w = 0.076βfs(dcA)1/3

 Frosch equation:

w = 2000(fs/Es)β√[dc2 + (s/2)2]

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Equations for Maximum Crack Width

 Where,
 w = maximum width of crack, thousandth inch

 fs =steel stress at loads for which crack width is to be

determined, ksi

 Es = modulus of elasticity of steel, ksi

 dc = thickness of concrete cover measured from tension face to

center of bar closest to that face, inch

 s = maximum bar spacing, inch.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 79

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Equations for Maximum Crack Width

 β = ratio of distance from tension face to neutral axis to distance

from steel

centroid to neutral axis = e/f

f e

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Equations for Maximum Crack Width

 A = concrete area surrounding one bar which is equal to total

effective tension area of concrete surrounding total reinforcement
divided by number of bars, in2.

A = 2dcg  b/n (where n = number of bars)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 81

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 2

 Check the maximum crack width of the beam shown below. The
beam is subjected to service load moment of 7760 in kips. The
clear cover on the side and bottom of the beam stem is 2 ¼ inches.
The material strengths are fc′ = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi. Use:
 Gregely & Lutz equation,
6″

 Frosch equation,
36″ 32 ¼″

10 #8

3 ¾″

27″

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 2

 Solution: a=3.68″ 6″

 Gregely & Lutz equation:

f = 28.57″
w = 0.076βfs(dcA)1/3 e = 32.32″

 Determine the location of neutral

axis for the determination of β.

 a = Asfs/ (0.85  fc′  b) = (10  0.8) 27″

 0.6 × 60/ (0.85  4  27) = 3.13″

 c = a/β1 = 3.13/ 0.85 = 3.68″

 β = e/f = 32.32/ 28.57 = 1.13

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 83

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 2

 Solution:
 Gregely & Lutz equation:

w = 0.076βfs(dcA)1/3

 Determine fs.

fs = 0.6fy = 0.6  60 = 36 ksi

 dcg = 2.75 + 1 = 3.75″

dc = 2.75″ 2dcg = 7.5″
 A = 2dcgb/n = 7.527/10 = 20.25 in2

 w = 0.0761.1336(2.7520.25)1/3 27″

= 11.80 thousandth inch OR 0.012″ (0.30 mm)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 84

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example 2

 Solution:
 Frosch equation:

w = 2000(fs/Es)β√[dc2 + (s/2)2]

 c/c spacing between bars (s) = 5.375″

 Es = 29000 ksi

 w = 2000(36/29000)1.13√[(2.75)2 +(5.375/2)2]
s = 5.375″
= 10.78 thousandth inch OR 0.011″ (0.28 mm)
27″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 85

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Section 3: Development & Splices of

Reinforcement

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Topics Addressed
 Definition of Development Length

 Bond failure

 ACI provisions for Development of Tension Reinforcement

 ACI provisions for Development of Standard Hook in Tension

 Dimensions & Bends for Standard Hooks

 Various Scenarios where ldh must be satisfied

 Splices of Deformed Bars

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 87

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Definition of Development Length

 Length of embedded reinforcement required to develop the design

strength of the reinforcement at critical section.

 If the actual length (l) is equal to or greater than the development

length (ld), no premature bond failure occurs.

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Bond Failure

 There are two types of Bond Failure

1. Direct pullout of reinforcement: Direct pullout of reinforcement
occurs in members subjected to direct tension.

2. Splitting of concrete: In members subjected to tensile flexural

stresses, the reinforcement causes splitting of concrete as shown.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 89

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

ACI Provision for Development of

Tension Reinforcement
 Basic Equation (ACI 25.4.2.3)
 For deformed bars or deformed wire, ld shall be:

3 𝑓𝑦 Ψz Ψ𝑒 Ψ𝑠
ℓd = 𝑑𝑏 (25.4.2.3a)
40 λ 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑐𝑏 + 𝐾𝑡𝑟
𝑑𝑏

 In which the confinement term (cb + Ktr)/db shall not be taken greater than
2.5.

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ACI Provision for Development of

Tension Reinforcement

 Basic Equation (ACI 25.4.2.3)

• For the calculation of ℓd, modification

factors shall be in accordance with

Table 25.4.2.4.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 91

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

ACI Provision for Development of

Tension Reinforcement
 Simplified Equations (ACI 25.4.2.2)
 Section 25.4.2.2 recognizes that many current practical construction
cases utilize spacing and cover values along with confining
reinforcement, such as stirrups or ties, that result in a value of (cb +
Ktr)/db of at least 1.5.

 For other cases, (cb + Ktr)/db shall be taken equal to 1.0

 Based on these values of 1.5 and 1.0, equation (25.4.2.3a) can be

simplified as given on next slide.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

ACI Provision for Development of

Tension Reinforcement
 Simplified Equations (ACI 25.4.2.2)

ld determined shall not be less than 12″.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 93

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

ACI Provision for Development of

Tension Reinforcement

ld for grades 40 and 60

ld for grades 40 and 60
(αβλ = 1 and fc′ = 3000 psi )
(Clear spacing of bars being developed or spliced not less than db, clear (αβλ = 1 and fc′ = 3000 psi )
cover not less than db, and stirrups or ties throughout ld not less than the
code minimum OR Clear spacing of bars being developed or spliced not (Other cases)
less than 2db and clear cover not less than db.)
Bar No Grade 40 Grade 60
Bar No Grade 40 Grade 60
#3 12 16 #3 16 25
#4 15 22 #4 22 33
#5 18 27 #5 27 41
#6 22 33 #6 33 49
#7 32 48 #7 48 72
#8 37 55 #8 55 82
#9 41 62 #9 62 92

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

ACI Provision for Development of

Tension Reinforcement

Table: Generalized formulae for development lengths for usual cases of

reinforcement.
αβλ = 1 ld for No. 6 and smaller ld for No. 7 and larger
fc′ = 3000 psi bars bars
(inches) (inches)
Grade 40 Grade 60 Grade 40 Grade 60
Clear spacing of bars being developed or spliced
not less than db, clear cover not less than db,
and stirrups or ties throughout ld not less than
the code minimum
OR 32db 45db 36db 55db
Clear spacing of bars being developed or spliced
not less than 2db and clear cover not less than
db.

Other Cases 45db 66db 55db 82db

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 95

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

ACI Provision for Development of

Tension Reinforcement
 Further reduction in development length (ACI R25.4.2.3)
 The development length can be reduced by increasing the term (c +
Ktr)/db in the denominator of equation 25.4.2.3a
 “c” is the smaller of either the distance from the center of the bar to the nearest
concrete surface or one-half the center-to-center spacing of the bars being
developed.

 Bars with minimum clear cover not less than 2db and minimum clear
spacing not less than 4db and without any confining reinforcement would
have (c + Ktr)/db value of 2.5.

 Therefore ld can be further reduced by substituting the value of 2.5

instead of 1.5 in equation 25.4.2.3a

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ACI Provision for Development of

Standard hook in Tension (ACI 25.4.2)
 Development length ldh, in inches, for deformed bars in tension
terminating in a standard hook shall be the greater of (a) through (c).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 97

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

ACI Provision for Development of

Standard hook in Tension (ACI 25.4.2)

 For the calculation of ℓdh,

modification factors shall be in
accordance with Table 25.4.3.2.
Factors ψc and ψr shall be
permitted to be taken as 1.0. At
discontinuous ends of members,
25.4.3.3 shall apply.

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ACI Provision for Development of

Standard hook in Tension (ACI 12.5)
 For bars being developed by a standard hook at discontinuous ends of
members with both side cover and top (or bottom) cover to hook less than 2-
1/2 in., (a) through (c) shall be satisfied:
 (a) The hook shall be enclosed along ℓdh within ties or stirrups perpendicular to ℓdh
at s ≤ 3db

 (b) The first tie or stirrup shall enclose the bent portion of the hook within 2db of the
outside of the bend

 (c) ψr shall be taken as 1.0 in calculating ℓdh in accordance with 25.4.3.1(a)

where db is the nominal diameter of the hooked bar.

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ACI Provision for Development of

Standard hook in Tension (ACI 25.4.2)

ldh (inches) for grades 40 and 60

(αβλ = 1 and fc′ = 3000 psi )
ldh = (fy/50√fc′)db

Bar No. Grade 40 Grade 60

#3 6 8
#4 7 11
#5 9 14
#6 11 16
#7 13 19
#8 15 22
#9 16 25

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ACI Provision for Development of

Standard hook in Tension (ACI 25.4.2)

ldh (inches) for grades 40 and 60 (generalized formulae)

Grade 40 Grade 60
16db 22db

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Dimensions and bends for standard

hooks (ACI 25.3.2)
 Minimum inside bend diameters for bars used as transverse reinforcement and
standard hooks for bars used to anchor stirrups, ties, hoops, and spirals shall
conform to Table 25.3.2. Standard hooks shall enclose longitudinal reinforcement.

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Various scenarios where ldh must be

satisfied
 Beam Column Joint

Development of beam
reinforcement in column
shall be > ldh

Development of column
reinforcement in beam
shall be > ldh

Beam
Column

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Various scenarios where ldh must be

satisfied
 Development of column reinforcement in foundation

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Splices of Deformed Bars

 Introduction
 Splice means “to join”.

 In general, reinforcing bars are stocked by supplier in

lengths upto 60′. For this reason, and because it is often
more convenient to work with shorter bar lengths, it is
frequently necessary to splice bars.

 Splices in the reinforcement at points of maximum stress

should be avoided.

 Splices should be staggered.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Splices of Deformed Bars

 Types
 Bar splicing can be done in three ways:
 Lap Splice

 Mechanical Splice

 Welded Splice

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Splices of Deformed Bars

 Lap Splice:

 Splices for #11 bars and smaller are usually made simply lapping the
bars by a sufficient distance to transfer stress by bond from one bar
to the other.

 The lapped bars are usually placed in contact and lightly wired so
that they stay in position as the concrete is placed.

 According to ACI 12.14.2.3, bars spliced by noncontact lap splices in

flexural members shall not be spaced transversely farther apart than
one-fifth the required lap splice length, nor 6 inches.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Splices of Deformed Bars

 Lap Splice:
 According to ACI 25.5.2.1, minimum length of lap for tension lap
splices shall be as required for Class A or B splice, but not less
than 12 inches, where:
 Class A splice ................................................... 1.0ld

 Class B splice ................................................... 1.3ld

 Where ld is as per in ACI 25.4 (discussed earlier).

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Splices of Deformed Bars

 Lap Splice:
 Lap splices in general must be class B splices according to ACI
25.5.2.1, except that class A splice is allowed when the area of the
reinforcement provided is at least twice that required by analysis
over the entire length of the splice and when ½ or less of the total
reinforcement is spliced within the required lap length.

 The effect of these requirements is to encourage designers to

locate splices away from regions of maximum stress to a location
where the actual steel area is at least twice that required by
analysis and to stagger splices

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 109

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Splices of Deformed Bars

 Lap Splice:
 According to ACI 25.5.5.2, tension lap splices shall not be used for
bars larger than #11 (Because of lack of adequate experimental
data on lap splices of No. 14 and No. 18 bars).

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Splices of Deformed Bars

 Mechanical Splice:
 In this method of splicing, the bars in direct
contact are mechanically connected through
sleeves or other similar devices.

 According to ACI 25.5.7.1, a full mechanical

splice shall develop in tension or compression,
as required, at least 125 percent of specified
yield strength fy of the bar.

 This ensures that the overloaded spliced bar

would fail by ductile yielding in the region away
from the splice, rather than at the splice where
brittle failure is likely.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 111

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Splices of Deformed Bars

 Welded Splice:
 Splicing may be accomplished by welding in which bars in direct
contact are welded so that the stresses are transferred by weld
rather than bond.

 According to ACI 25.5.7.1, A full welded splice shall develop at

least 125 percent of the specified yield strength fy of the bar.

 This is for the same reason as discussed for mechanical splices.

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Splices of Deformed Bars

 Lap splice location

 The splicing should be avoided in the critical locations, such as at
the maximum bending moment locations and at the shear critical
locations.

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

References

 Control of Deflection in RC Structures, Reported by ACI

Committee 435

 ACI 318-14

 Design of Concrete Structures by Nilson, Darwin and Dolan

[Chapter 5, 6].

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The End

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