universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

OPEN ENDED LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL

LABORATORY
(BFC 21201)

Prepared by:
CLUSTER OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
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Title Effective Date 09/09/18
GENERAL INSTRUCTION Amendment Date 09/09/18

GENERAL INSTRUCTION:

This hydraulics laboratory has FIVE (5) experiments that need to be conducted. Students have to
develop the experimental design process by integrating the fundamental knowledge of
Hydraulics and Hydrology and technical skill with appropriate laboratory testing equipment to
fulfill the requirement of each open ended instruction. Students must present their ideas and
experimental procedures prior to commencing any experiment. It is every student’s responsibility to
ensure that safety standards are followed. All findings must be verified by the lecturer/
instructor.

START

Week 2: OPEN ENDED LABORATORY BRIEFING AND

INTRODUCTION TO LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS (BY
LECTURERJ

Week 3 — 7: PRESENT EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE,

PERFORM LABORA TORY EXPERIMENTS AND
PREPARATION OF TECHNICAL REPORTS (BY
STUDENTJ
Laboratory 1
Laboratory 2
Laboratory 3
The report on each experiment must be submitted
ONE week after the completion of the experiment

FLOWCHART OF OPEN ENDED HYDRAULICS LABORATORY

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BASIC HYDROLOGY Amendment Date 09/09/18
LABORATORY 1
PART A: BASIC HYDROLOGY

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To identify the relationship between rainfall and runoff.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, students should be able to apply the knowledge and
skills they have learned to:
a) Understand the basic terms in hydrology.
b) Understand the concept of watershed area including time of concentration,
tc and outlet, or concentration point.
c) Understand the factors which influence the runoff.

3.0 RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONSHIP

Runoff is generated by rainstorms and its occurrence and quantity are dependent on
the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. The
rainfall-runoff process is extremely complex, making it difficult to model accurately.
There are, in addition, other important factors which influence the runoff generating
process like natural surface detention, soil infiltration characteristics and the drainage
pattern formed by natural flow paths. The soil type, vegetative cover and topography
play as important roles. Rainfall and runoff are very important hydrologic components
because of their direct relations with water resources quantity, flood, streamflow and
design of dam and hydraulic structure.

4.0 INSTRUCTION TO CONDUCT BASIC HYDROLOGY TEST

You need to develop two (2) testable questions that can be answered by comparing
two different cases/ scenarios using basic hydrology apparatus and materials
available. One possible testable question is, “How do slopes change the runoff
hydrograph?” Once the lecturer or instructor approves the testable questions,
prepare a procedure for the experiment and conduct the lab experiment.

REPORT: Using the measured data, plot the discharge versus time for each case/
scenario and determine: (a) time concentration (b) rainfall duration, (c) peak
discharge, (d) runoff volume, (e) rainfall intensity and (f) storage volume. Compare
and discuss the results.
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PART B : INFILTRATION RATE

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To identify the characteristics of the infiltration rate of water into soils in the field.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, students should be able to apply the knowledge and
skills they have learned to:
a) Understand the concept of infiltration of water into soils.
b) Understand the factors which influence the infiltration rates.
3.0 INFILTRATION

Infiltration is the term applied to the process of water entry into the soil, generally by
downward flow through all or part of the soil surface. The rate of this process, relative
to the rate of water supply, determines how much water will enter the root zone, and
how much, if any, will run off. The determination of infiltration is receiving increasing
attention in hydrologic studies because of the need for more quantitative data on all
phases of the hydrologic cycle.

Figure 1. Infiltration test using double-ring infiltrometer

4.0 INSTRUCTION TO CONDUCT INFILTRATION TEST

As an engineer, you are assigned to conduct a soil infiltration test at site to determine
the infiltration rate and explore the subsurface conditions underneath the soil. The
infiltration rate refers to the speed at which water enters into the soil. The testing
needs to be conducted early in the planning and design process to determine if an
infiltration-based design is suitable for that site. Prepare a report including
procedures, results (infiltration capacity and Infiltration rate versus time plots) and
conclusions. In addition, sketch graphs of infiltration rate versus time for three
different characteristics of soils (i) dry soil, (ii) wet soil and, (iii) saturated soil.
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LABORATORY 2
PART A: HYDRAULIC JUMP

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To investigate the characteristic a standing wave (the hydraulic jump) produced
when waters beneath an undershot weir and to observe the flow patterns obtained.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, students should be able to apply the knowledge and
skills they have learned to:
a) Understand the concept and characteristics of hydraulic jump.
b) Understand the factors which influence the hydraulic jump.

3.0 THEORY
A hydraulic jump is a sudden dissipation of energy caused by a change from super-
critical to sub-critical flow. This fact may owe to the presence of some structures
obstructing the movement of slow in open channels. In engineering practice, the
hydraulic jump frequently appears downstream from overflow structures (spillways),
or under flow structures (sluice gates), where velocities are height (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Hydraulic jumps at the end of spillways

4.0 INSTRUCTION TO CONDUCT HYDRAULIC JUMP TEST

Hydraulic jump may be used to effectively dissipate kinetic energy and thus prevent
scour of the channel bottom, or to mix chemicals in a water. In design calculations,
the engineer is concerned mainly with total head loss across jump (energy
dissipated). Therefore, YOU are assigned to develop procedures and carry out the
experiment in the laboratory to first understand the concept.

REPORT: Using the measured data, calculate ∆H/y1 E\nd plot ∆H/y1 E\ gainst y 3 /y1
Also, determine yc and verify y1 < yc < y3. Please suggest application where the loss of
energy in hydraulic jump would be desirable and, how is the energy dissipated.

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5.0 USEFUL EQUATIONS

where, ∆H is the total head loss across jump (energy dissipated) (m), V a is the mean
velocity before jump (m/s), y a is the depth of flow before hydraulic jump (m), Vb is the
mean velocity after hydraulic jump (m) and yb is the depth of flow after hydraulic jump
(m). Because the working section is short, ya ≈ y1 and yb ≈ y3Therefore, simplifying the
above equation, ∆H = (y3 – y1)3 / 4y1y3.

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FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL Amendment Date 09/09/18
PART B : THE FORCE ON A SLUICE GATE

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the relationship between upstream head and thrust on a sluice gate
(undershot weir) for water flowing under the sluice gate.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, students should be able to apply the knowledge and skills
they have learned to:
a) Understand the basic terms and concept of a sluice gate.
b) Understand on the characteristics of the force on a sluice gate.

3.0 THEORY

Gates are used to regulate the level and flow in open channels and reservoirs. The
sluice gate is one of the most commonly used. In order to design a sluice gate, it is
necessary to determine the head-discharge relationship, and the pressure
distribution over the gate (Figure 2).

Water within Non-hydrostatic

control volume pressure
distribution
Hydrostatic
pressure Hydrostatic
distribution pressure
disribution

Thrust
1/2ρgd2
Section 0 Section 1

Figure 2 Force by Momentum Equation

4.0 INSTRUCTION TO CONDUCT THE FORCE ON A SLUICE GATE TEST

Prepare procedures to determine the relationship between upstream head and thrust
on a sluice gate for water flowing under the sluice gate. In the report, plot a graph of
the ratio Fg /FH against the ratio yg/ yo and discuss the results. Also, compare your
calculated values for Fg and FH and comment on any differences. What is the effect
of flowrate on the results obtained?

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5.0 USEFUL EQUATIONS

The resultant force on the gate is given by the equation,

The gate thrust for a hydrostatic pressure distribution is given by the equation,
FH = ½ ρg(yo – yg)2 where, Fg is resultant gate thrust (N), F H is resultant hydrostatic
thrust (N), Q is a volume flowrate (m/s), ρ is density of fluid (kg/m3), g gravitational
constant (9.81 m/s2), b is breadth of gate (m), yg is height of upstream opening (m),
yo is upstream depth of (m) and y1 is downstream depth of flow (m)

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Department . Edition 1
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HYDRAULIC MACHINES
Amendment Date 09/09/18
LABORATORY 3
PART A: PELTON TURBINE

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the operating characteristics of a Pelton turbine at various speeds.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, students should be able to apply the knowledge and skills
they have learned to:
a) Understand the basic operating system of the Pelton turbine.
b) Understand the factors which influence the efficiency of turbine.

3.0 BACKGROUND OF PELTON TURBINE

Energy may exist in various forms. Hydraulic energy is that which may be possessed
by a fluid. Fluid machinery is used to convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy
or mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. The turbines are used to produce power
by means of converting hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. Turbines can be
subdivided into two groups, impulse and reaction turbines. Pelton turbine (or Pelton
wheel), is one of the well-known type of water turbines.

The Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine in which vanes, sometimes called buckets, of
elliptical shape are attached to the periphery of a rotating wheel, as shown in Figure
1. The force produced by the jet impact at right angles to the buckets generates a
torque that causes the wheel to rotate, thus producing power. This type of turbine is
used for high head and low flow rates. It is named after the American engineer, Lester
Pelton.

Figure 1. Pelton wheel turbine installation and configuration of water flow in buckets

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Department . Edition 1
Cluster of Water and Environmental
Checking No
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HYDRAULIC MACHINES Amendment Date 09/09/18

4.0 INSTRUCTION TO CONDUCT PELTON TURBINE TEST

Turbines are designed for a specific speed condition of head, speed and output, but
the required condition is quite different. It is hence desirable to have complete
information about the performance of the turbine under all possible operating
condition. There is a need to conduct an experiment on the manufactured turbine in
the laboratory before being supplied to the user. Therefore, YOU are assigned to
develop procedures and carry out the experiment. The main aim is to evaluate the
performance of a Pelton turbine at different loads and spear valve settings, and
produce curves. These performance curves are known as the characteristics curves.

REPORT: Using the measured data, plot (i) rotation power, (ii) turbine efficiency, and
(iii) discharge, versus motor speed. Comment on the results. Also, the speed where
the maximum power is reached need to be determined.

5.0 USEFUL EQUATIONS

Mechanical Power, Pm (watt) = Torque (𝜏, Nm) Angular velocity (𝜔, rad/s)
2π radius/ min
where 𝜏 (Nm) = Force (N) x Radius (m) and 𝜔 = (rad/s).
60 sec/min
where, 1 revolution is equal to 2π radius

*Drum brake radius on turbine (DBR) = 30 x 10-3 (m)

Meanwhile, Water Power, Pw (watt) = pgHQ where, p is water density

(1000 kg/m3 ),

g is gravity constant (9.81 m/s2) , H is head at inlet point (m) and Q is

flowrate (m3 /s).

Turbine efficiency, 𝜂% = Pm/Pw x 100

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Department . Edition 1
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Checking No
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HYDRAULIC MACHINES
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PART B : FRANCIS TURBINE

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the relationship between the head, flow rate, velocity, power and
efficiency of Francis turbine.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, students should be able to apply the knowledge and skills
they have learned to
a) Understand the basic operating system of the Francis turbine.
b) Understand on the factors which influence the efficiency of turbine.
3.0 BACKGROUND OF FRANCIS TURBINE
The Francis turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine which was designed and
developed by the American engineer James B. Francis. Francis turbine has a purely
radial flow runner; the flow passing through the runner had velocity component only
in a plane of the normal to the axis of the runner. Reaction hydraulic turbines of
relatively medium speed with radial flow of water in the component of turbine are
runner (Figure 2).
The reaction turbine consists of fixed guide vanes called stay vanes, adjustable guide
vanes called wicket gates, and rotating blades called runner blades. Flow enters
tangentially at high pressure, is turned toward the runner by the stay vanes as it moves
along the spiral casing or volute, and then passes through the wicket gates with a
large tangential velocity component. Momentum is exchanged between the fluid and
the runner as the runner rotates, and there is a large pressure drop.

Guide Vanes

Volute
Runner

Draft Tube

Figure 2. Francis turbine at Grand Coulee dam, U.S.

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Environment
Department . Edition 1
Cluster of Water and Environmental
Checking No
Engineering
Title Effective Date 09/09/18
HYDRAULIC MACHINES Amendment Date 09/09/18

4.0 INSTRUCTION TO CONDUCT FRANCIS TURBINE TEST

Turbines are designed for a specific speed condition of head, speed and output, but
the actually required condition is quite different. It is hence desirable to have complete
information about the performance of the turbine under all possible operating
condition. There is a need to conduct an experiment on the manufactured turbine in
the laboratory before being supplied to the user. Therefore, YOU are assigned to
develop procedures and carry out the experiment. The objectives are to analyse the
operation of a Francis turbine and to determine a number of mechanical
characteristics such as head, hydraulic power, mechanical power and turbine
efficiency. The test can be performed with different degrees of opening of the
distributor blades, at different turbine rotation speeds.

REPORT: Using the measured data, produce three curves which are (i) output power,
(ii) flow and, (iii) efficiency, versus turbine speed. Comment on the results.

5.0 USEFUL EQUATIONS

Hydraulic Power, Phyd (watt) = 𝛾𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡 𝑄

Where 𝛾 is the density of water (9820 N/m3)

𝐻𝑡𝑜𝑡 (m) = Hman + Hkin + Hpres

Hman ≅ 0.35 m; Hkin = V2 m/2g, Vm (m/s) = Q/S m; Hpres = ρm/𝛾
Vm is the velocity of the water.

Q is the volume discharge (m3/s), Sm is the pipe section = 1962.5 mm2 and
ρm (in unit N/m2) as measured by pressure gauging.

Electrical power, P el (Watts) = V.I,

Mechanical Power, P mec (Watts) = Pel/0.75

𝑃𝑚⁄ 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐 × 60⁄

Torque at the turbine shaft, T (Nm) = 𝜔= 2𝜋𝑛
Where 𝜔 is the rotation speed of the turbine (rad/s) and n is the rotation
speed of the turbine (RPM)

Turbine efficiency, 𝜂,
𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑐
× 100
𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑑

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REPORT WRITING
Format of report:
(a) Report should be typed with 1.5 lines spacing, in 12-pt Times New Roman.

(b) Content of the report:

a) Cover page with list of group members
b) List of content
c) Main content:
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Methodology
3.0 Results and Analysis
4.0 Conclusions
5.0 References

*Your involvement will be assessed throughout the experiment (see assessment rubric).

Prepared by: Approved by:

Signature: Signature:

Name: Dr. Siti Nazahiyah Rahmat Name: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Adib
Date: 3 September 2018 Mohammad Razi
Date: 3 September 2018

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 Laboratory: Hydraulics Laboratory Section :
Lab Report Rubric (Assessment Form)

Subject Code: BFC 21201 Group Members:

1.
Experiment Title : 2.
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Built
3.
Environment, Universiti Tun Hussein
4.
Onn Malaysia
5.

Criteria 1 2 3 4 SCR WT TSCR (%)

• Purpose is not identified
Aim / Purpose • Relevant variables are not
described
• There is not a list of the
Materials
necessary lab materials
Procedure • Procedures are not listed
• Data is not represented or is
Data
not accurate
• Trends / patterns are not
Analysis / analyzed
Result • Questions are not answered
• Analysis is not relevant
• No discussion was included
Discussion or shows little effort and
reflection on the lab
NAME OF LECTURER :
• Purpose is somewhat vague
• Relevant variables are not
described
• Most lab materials included
• Procedures are listed but not
in clear steps
• Data lacks precision
• Greater than 20% difference
with accepted values
• Trends / patterns are not
analyzed
• Answers to questions are
incomplete
• Analysis is inconsistent
• A statement of the results is
incomplete with little reflection
on the lab
• Purpose is identified
• Relevant variables are
described in somewhat unclear
manner
• All necessary lab materials
included but not listed in any
particular order
• Procedures are listed in clear
steps but not numbered and/or
in complete sentences
• Good representation of the
data using tables and/or graphs
• Less than 15% difference with
accepted values
• Precision is acceptable
• Trends / patterns are logically
analyzed for the most part
• Questions are answered in
complete sentences
• Analysis is general
• A statement of the results of
the lab indicates whether
results support the hypothesis
SIGNATURE :
• Purpose is identified
• Relevant variables are
described
• All necessary lab materials
included and listed
• Procedures are listed in clear
steps
• Each step is numbered and in
a complete sentence
• Accurate representation of the
data using tables and/or graphs
• Data is fairly precise
• Less than 10% difference with
accepted values
• Trends / patterns are logically
analyzed
• Questions are answered in
complete sentences
• Analysis is thoughtful
• Accurate statement of the
results of the lab indicates
whether results support the
hypothesis
• Possible sources of error
identified
DATE
• Purpose is clearly identified
0.3
• Relevant variables are described
• All necessary lab materials included
and listed in an organized manner 0.3
• Procedures are listed in clear steps
• Each step is numbered and in a
complete sentence 1.6
• Diagrams are included to describe
the set-up
• Accurate representation of the data
using tables and/or graphs
• Graphs and tables are labeled and
1.8
titled
• Data is precise with less than 5%
difference with accepted values
• Trends / patterns are logically
analyzed
• Questions are answered thoroughly 1.8
and in complete sentences
• Analysis is insightful
• Accurate statement of the results of
lab indicates whether results support
hypothesis 1.2
• Possible sources of error and what
was learned from the lab discussed
TOTAL SCORE :

Note : SCR = SCORE, WT = WEIGHTAGE, TSCR = TOTAL SCORE

2""’Sep 2018
 OPEN ENDED LABORATORY
HYDRAULICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIAL LABORATORY
GROUP MEMBERS. MATRIC NO. CLUSTER OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
1. FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT
2. ENVIRONMENT
3.
4.
5. SECTION.

CLO 2 CLO 3
AVG.
Criteria 5= Very Good 2=Poor 1= Very Poor W AVG. Total W
Total
Practical Ability in
Handling Ep uipment Student is aw'are on the Student is airere ozr the
Student is prepared to handle
CLO 2 Student is completely procedure but raise some procedure but raise many Student requires
the equipment effectively
prepared to handle the questions and start requesting questions and start requesting guidance to conduct
with /ew' questions have been
equipment effectively for assistance to operate the for assistance to operate the laboratory
raised
equipzrient equipment

LABORATORY IA
LABORATORY IB
LABORATORY 2
LABORATORY 3A
LABORATORY 3B
Student can explain the
results of the experiment in
detail and the ways in
Student can answer questions
which they relate to the
Interview
research focus. The student
CLO 3
can also evaluate the
significance of the
experiment to the real
situation
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Student can explain the results Student can answer some
about the experiment and Student cannot answer
of the experiment in detail and questions about the
begins to make connections questions about the
the ways in which they relate to experiment
between the experiment and experiment
the research focus
its applications

LABORATORY 1A 0.3
LABORATORY IB 0.3
LABORATORY 2 0.3
LABORATORY 3A 0.3
LABORATORY 3B 0.3

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