Figure 10-2. Terminology for a pump with a positive suction head.
(*) The gauge is located to show theoretical pres-
sures at the inlet and outlet flanges; see "Field Pump Tests" in Section 16-6 for practical gauge locations.
suction nozzle of the pump and referenced to the
pump datum elevation and atmospheric pressure.
Manometric discharge head (hgd): The discharge
gauge reading is expressed in meters (feet) measured
at the discharge nozzle of the pump and referenced
to the centerline of the pump impeller. The gauge
reading is the height that a water column would
attain in a vertical pipe. It is also the distance to the
hydraulic gradeline (shown dashed in Figures 10-2
and 10-3).
Manometric head (//g): This is the increase of
pressure head, expressed in meters (feet) generated by
the pump (fcgd - /igs).
Friction headloss (hfs, /zhd): This is the head of
water that must be supplied to overcome the frictional
loss in the pipe. The frictional headloss in the suction
(hfs) and discharge (hfd) piping systems can be com-
puted with the Hazen-Williams or Darcy-Weisbach
equations (Equations 3-9 and 3-10).
Velocity head (v2/2g): The velocity head is the
kinetic energy in the liquid being pumped at any
point in the system. The energy gradeline (shown
solid in Figures 10-2 and 10-3) is always above the
hydraulic or piezometric or manometric gradeline
(dashed line) by v2/2g. The velocity head in the dis-
charge pipe, v\ /2g is lost if the pipe discharges
freely in air or if it discharges abruptly below the sur-
face of a reservoir. Some of the velocity head can be
recovered if turbulence is inhibited by a gradually
expanding section, but this is ordinarily impractical
with the pipe velocities normally encountered (i.e.,
up to 2.5 m/s or 8 ft/s).
Fitting and valve losses (hfvs, /ifvd): As a fluid flows
through fittings and valves, energy is lost due to eddy
formation and turbulence. Because the head lost in fit-
tings and valves is small compared with the friction
loss in long piping systems, the losses in fittings and
valves are sometimes called "minor losses" and often