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Energy
EnergyProcedia
Procedia117 (2017) 000–000
00 (2017) 283–290
st
1 International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and Control, PECCON-2017, 2-4
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

March 2017, VIT University, Chennai Campus

1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and Control, PECCON-2017, 2-4
Marchon
Experimental Investigation 2017, VIT University,
Performance Chennai Campus
and Emission Characteristics of a Common
Rail Direct InjectionEngine Using Animal Fat Biodiesel Blends
Experimental The
Investigation on Performance
15th International Symposium andonEmission
District Characteristics
Heating of a Common
and Cooling
V.K.Shahira, C.P.Jawahar
Rail Direct InjectionEngine Using
b
*, P.R.Suresh c
Animal ,V.Vinod
c
Fat Biodiesel Blends
a Department of Mechanical Engineering, AWH Engineering College, Calicut, India
Assessing the(Research
bDepartment
a Department
feasibility
ofofMechanical
of using
Scholar,Karunya
V.K.Shahir University,
, C.P.Jawahar
MechanicalEngineering,
Engineering, the
*, P.R.Suresh
Karunya
AWH
heat
,V.Vinod
University,
Engineering
demand-outdoor
Coimbatore,India)
a b
Coimbatore,India
College, Calicut, India
c c

temperaturebDepartment
function
c Department of
for
Mechanical
(Research a long-term
Engineering,
Scholar,Karunya University,district
NSS College of
heat
Engineering,
Coimbatore,India) demand forecast
Palakkad, India
of Mechanical Engineering, Karunya University, Coimbatore,India
c Department of Mechanical Engineering, NSS College of Engineering, Palakkad, India
Abstract I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc
Abstract
a Our society
IN+ Center is highlyTechnology
for Innovation, dependentand on Policy
petroleum for its
Research activities.
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Av. Rovisco finite source and
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Lisbon, several
Portugal
environmental problems such b
as rising
Veolia carbon&dioxide
Recherche Innovation,levels
291 in the atmosphere.
Avenue About
Dreyfous Daniel, 90%
78520 of petroleum
Limay, France produced is used as an
energy sourceOurcDépartement
society is highly
for transportation,
Systèmesdependent
heat andon
Énergétiques petroleum
electricity for its activities.
generation,
et Environnement theHowever,
andAtlantique,
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4 ruepetroleum
sources
Alfred is a finite
used
Kastler, as feed
44300 source and
stocks
Nantes, incauses
France several
the chemical
environmental
industry. As demands problems forsuch as rising
energy carbon and
is increasing dioxide levels
fossil fuelsinare thelimited,
atmosphere. About
research 90% oftowards
is directed petroleum produced
alternate is used fuels.
renewable as an
energy
Alternate source
fuelsfor fortransportation,
compression ignitionheat and(CI) electricity
enginesgeneration,
have become and the
the need
remaining
of thesources
hour due usedto as feeddepletion
rapid stocks inand the predicted
chemical
industry.
scarcity ofAsconventional
demands forpetroleum
energy is increasing
resources. and fossil fuels
Biodiesel are limited,
is becoming researchpropulsion
a common is directedfuel.
towards
Variousalternate renewable
countries around fuels.
the
Abstract
Alternate
world fuels
blend it toformineral
compression
diesel, ignition
usually in (CI)low engines have become
percentages. the need
Large scale of theproduction
biodiesel hour due to by rapid
usingdepletion
low cost and predicted
abundant
scarcity
feedstockofofconventional
waste animalpetroleum
fat is becomingresources.
moreBiodiesel
important. is becoming
Experiments a common
were carriedpropulsion
out withfuel. Various
different countries
blends aroundfrom
of biodiesel the
District
world
animal fatheating
blendmixed networks
it to with
mineral arediesel
diesel,
mineral commonly
usually inaddressed
in the in the
low percentages.
concentrations of literature
Large20%,
10%, as 30%,
scale one of
biodiesel
40% theproduction
most
and 50%effective
toby solutions
using
examine low for and
cost
the effect decreasing
abundant
of emissions the
greenhouse
feedstock
and performance gas emissions
of waste animal
of a CRDI from
fat the building
isengine.
becoming Themore sector. These
important.
collected data weresystems
Experiments require
analysed werehigh
for investments
carried
various out withwhich are blends
different
parameters such returned ofthrough
as, brake biodiesel
specificthe heat
from
fuel
sales. fat
animal Due to
mixed the
withchanged
mineralclimate
diesel inconditions
the COand
concentrations building
of2 10%,renovation
20%, policies,
30%, 40%Of andheat demand
50% in biodiesel
to examine the the
future
effect could decrease,
of emissions
consumption (BSFC), thermal efficiency, CO, 2, NOX, O and HC emissions. all the animal fat blends, the 30%
prolonging
and
blendperformance the
concentrationsinvestment
of awereCRDIreturn
found period.
engine.
to beThe collected
at par data were
with mineral analysed
diesel, regardingfor the
various parameters
performance andsuch as, brake
emission specificof fuel
parameters the
The main
consumption
CRDI scope
engine. (BSFC),
Theseof this
were, paper
thermal is
however, to assess
efficiency, the feasibility
CO,
observed CO
to NOXof , Ousing
be2,marginally 2 and
the
HCheat
inferior fordemand
emissions. – outdoor
Of
higher and all temperature
the blend
lower animal functionblends,
fat biodiesel
concentrations. for heatthedemand
30%
forecast.
blend The districtwere
concentrations of Alvalade,
found to be located
at parinwithLisbon (Portugal),
mineral diesel, was used the
regarding as aperformance
case study. and The emission
district isparameters
consisted of of the
665
buildings
CRDI thatThese
engine. vary were,
in both construction
however, observedperiod
to beand typology.inferior
marginally Three for weather
higherscenarios
and lower(low,
blendmedium, high) and three district
concentrations.
©renovation scenariosPublished
2017 The Authors. were developed
by Elsevier (shallow,
Ltd intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
©The
2017 results
Peer-review showed
The Authors.
under that when only
Published
responsibility by weather
Elsevier
ofthe change
Ltd.
Ltd
scientific is considered,
committee of the 1stthe margin of error
International could be
Conference on acceptable for some applications
Power Engineering,
Peer-review
(the error inunder annualresponsibility
demand was of lower
the scientific
than 20% committee of the 1stscenarios
for all weather International Conference
considered). on Power
However, afterEngineering,
introducing renovation
Computing and CONtrol.
Computing
scenarios, and
Peer-review the
underCONtrol.
error value increased
responsibility oftheup to 59.5%
scientific (depending
committee of theon 1st
theInternational
weather and Conference
renovation on scenarios combination considered).
Power Engineering,
The value
Computing of slope
and CONtrol.
Keywords: Animal
coefficient increased on
fat, Biodiesel, CRDI, Efficiency, Emission
average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
renovationAnimal
Keywords: scenarios considered).
fat, Biodiesel, CRDI,On the otherEmission
Efficiency, hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
coupled scenarios).
* Corresponding The
author. values
Tel.: suggested could
+91 9894396544 fax: +91 be422
used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
2615615
improve
E-mail the accuracy of heat demand estimations.
address:cpjawahar@gmail.com
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 9894396544 fax: +91 422 2615615
© 2017
E-mailThe Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
address:cpjawahar@gmail.com
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
Cooling.
1876-6102© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility ofthe scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol.
Keywords: Heat demand; Forecast; Climate change
1876-6102© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility ofthe scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing and CONtrol.

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 1st International Conference on Power Engineering, Computing
and CONtrol.
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.133
284 V.K. Shahir et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 283–290
2 Shahir VK et al./ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

1. Introduction
Significant increase in waste tallow occurs during previous decades. Meat manufacture in the world
touched 237.7 million tons in 2010. Eventually higher amount of waste tallow from this industry has been created.
To avoid inefficient disposal of waste tallows from meat industry may be used to produce biodiesel as fuel in
compression ignition engines. So many papers are available to compare properties of biodiesel from different
sources such as waste tallow, waste oil, wastage of fish, vegetable oil, and ordinary diesel [1, 2, 3]. It is found some
properties like density, heat of burning, flash point, acid value and corrosion related to the source of biodiesel [3].
Following properties of biodiesel can be obtained from ester profile of fuel. Oxidative stability kinematic viscosity
and low temperature properties. Fuel qualities significantly effects on linolenate and some contaminants [3]

2. Literature review
Vishal Mutreja et al [1] explains the production of biodiesel from mutton tallow advantage of magnesium
oxide with potassium hydroxide as catalyst for pre-treatment of mutton tallow with methanol has been
experimentally determined. In this reaction yield of biodiesel is 98% in 20 min which is achieved with 0.02 % of
water vapour and 0.002 % of FFA with methanol fully transformed to biodiesel. Extra 1% of water vapour content
produces soap. Magnesium oxide with 20 % potassium hydroxide reagents can accommodate extra 1% of water in
the tallow. Metin Guru et al. [2], conducted experiment on single cylinder compression ignition DI engine by using
chicken tallow biodiesel with synthetic Mg additive biodiesel as fuel Influence of fuel properties on engine
performance and exhaust emissions were calculated. Biodiesel was prepared by two step catalytic process.
Methanol, sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide catalyst were used in the reaction. Amount of Methanol, sulphuric
acid and sodium hydroxide were varied as single independent variables to find relation on viscosity and flash point
of new fuel. Experiments were conducted by mixing chicken tallow biodiesel with diesel in different proportions at
full load and varying engine rpm. The experiments revealed that the engine torque was not altered drastically while
substituting B10 instead of pure diesel. But SFC higher by 5.2% due to the lower heating value of biodiesel. Burning
inside the cylinder was advanced due to the high pressure inside the cylinder. Carbon monoxide and smoke reduced
while NOx is increased Shaoyang Liu et al. [3] produced biodiesel from beef fat using radio frequency heating as
this method has greater heat energy transmission rate than ordinary heating methods. A transformation amount of
96.3±0.5% was found with a sodium hydroxide application of 0.6% (based on tallow), five minutes radio frequency
heating, and 9:1 base /fat molar ratio. To find the influence of sodium hydroxide, radio frequency heating duration,
and base/fat molar ratio response surface methodology was implemented. In ordinary heating, the energy is
transported through the boundary of the reactants and the vessel. The energy can then spread over the reactants by
conduction and convection. The molecule/ion kinetic energy spreading of the reactants attained using RF heating
may give advantage to the transesterification process. A chemical reaction occurs when reactant molecules/ions with
greater energy strike. There are numerous difficulties, e.g. high viscosity, incomplete combustion and carbon build
up, preventing vegetable oil and animal fat to be directly used in modern diesel engine like CRDI engines. Shahir et
al [4] reviewed that the advantage of Biodiesel, when related to diesel as a fuel, in compression ignition engines
diesel without major or no alteration, pointers to the substantial decrease in carbon monoxide (CO) ,particulate
matter (PM) and hydro carbon (HC) emissions. All together it is clear that the use of biodiesel pointers to a marginal
reduction of power, greater fuel intake and increase of NOx in the exhaust. Review is done on both direct injection
and CRDI engines, though works on the common rail direct injection are less and insufficient compared to the direct
injection engines. Cenk Sayin et al. [5], showed the impact of injection timing on the engine emission of a single
cylinder DI engine. Ordinary diesel engine has been practically examined using ethanol blended diesel fuel from 0%
to 15% with an addition of 5% increase in steps. The engine has its initial injection timing 270 CA BTDC but the
examinations were executed at injection timings. 210,240,270,300,330 CA BTDC by altering the depth of advanced
shim. The research outcomes in improved NOx and CO2 content in exhaust while the CO and HC content were
reduced with cumulative quantity of ethanol in the fuel combination. When matched to the evaluations of actual
injection timing, at the delayed injection timings (210 and 240 CA BTDC) reasons an growth of NOx and CO2
content in the engine exhaust. The unburned HC and CO content in the exhaust reduced for all experimental setup.
Alternatively, with the progressive injection timings (300 and 330 CA BTDC), HC and CO content in the exhaust
decreased, and NOx and CO2 content in exhaust improved for all experimental conditions. Donghui Qi et al [6]
showed the use of biodiesel manufactured from waste cooking oil (WCO) in a CRDI compression ignition engine.
 V.K. Shahir et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 283–290 285
Shahir VK et al / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 3

By using biodiesel in compression ignition engine soot particle contents in exhaust is reduced than ordinary CI
engine. When the injection pressure reduces, CO and HC content in the engine exhaust were to some extent reduced,
NOx content in exhaust were amplified. With the greater EGR ratio, CO and HC content in the exhaust were
obviously developed, NOx content in the exhaust were reduced. Atul Dhar and Avinash Kumar Agarwal [7]
investigated at two fuel injection pressures (500 and 1000 bar) for different injection timings with biofuels (20% and
50% Karanja biodiesel blends) and the outcomes are matched with ordinary mineral diesel data. Particulate number-
size supply reduced with greater fuel injection pressure. For fixed pilot injection timing, particulate number-size
supply rises with delayed key injection for all trial fuels. Chien- Hsing Li et al. [8] showed that, for grater biodiesel
blends, combustion noise has a growing trend. Each of 20%biodiesel in the blend increased the combustion noise by
0.5dB.The vibration of engine is reduced by 0.25dB. Regarding emission, for every 20% biodiesel, the NOx content
in the exhaust reduced by 10.6ppm approximately. How et al. [9] experimentally investigated that coconut oil
methyl ester (CME) on a high pressure CRDI engine to determine the result of injection timing on engine
performance, exhaust and burning features. The investigations were accompanied at constant speed of 2000 rpm
keeping 50% throttle position. The various fuels used are base line diesel fuel and B20, B40 blends of CME.
GléciaVirgolino da Silva Luz et al.[10] showed the significances concerning the use of a innovative fuel
improver platform containing antioxidant (AS), pour-point depressant (D) and biocide (Bi), so as to improve the
quality and quantity of biodiesel in the blends of diesel and biodiesel. Aggarwal et al [11] presented the impact of
deviation of fuel injection pressure and injection timings on the particulates in the engine emission and the spray
appearances in a single cylinder, CRDI engine fueled with biodiesel (Jetropha based) blends and matched it with
pure mineral Diesel. Avinash Kumar Agarwal et al. [12] used a single cylinder CRDI diesel engine(AVL,5402)
connected with dynamometer. In that paper they concluded that the spray tip penetration and spray area of diesel,
and Karanja biodiesel blends showed that spray tip penetration was longer at higher injection pressures at same
elapsed time after the start of injection. Number of larger size particulates in the engine exhaust reduced
significantly with increasing fuel injection pressure for all test fuels. Pravesh Chandra Shukla et al. [13] Conducted
test on CRDI engine to compare particle emission for primary and aged particulates. In primary emissions,
particulate collection increased with increasing engine load, which transformed into highly crystalline format higher
engine load, Sumit Roy et al. [14] showed the use artificial neural network to forecast the performance and
emissions of CRDI 4 stroke mono cylinder engine by changing EGR strategies. This study was thus able to establish
an ANN architecture, which could consistently emulate actual engine parameters proficiently even under different
modes of CRDI operation with EGR thereby providing a holistic and robust predictive platform for virtual sensing
in real time optimization strategies for such engine operation. Jitendra Gangwar et al. [15] conducted parametric
research on a latest automobile common rail direct injection engine running at various speeds of 1800 and 2400 rpm,
operated at different loads, using B20 derived from Jetropha oil. It is observed from the results presented in this
study that the PAHs concentration is low at no load condition which increases to a peak concentration for 60% rated
load at 1800 rpm and 20% rated load at 2400 rpm and then comes down with further increase in engine load.
Venkanna et al. [16] conducted experiments by using different blend of rice bran oil (0% to 50%)
withdiesel. Direct injection engine was used for conducting experiments up to 100 % rated load. The result show
that for a blend B20, BSFC and exhaust parameters were close to the values of diesel. Tarun Gupta et al. [17]
determined exhaust contents of CRDI engine by implementing a new method, using photochemical chamber. From
the above literature it is clear that a CRDI engine is not tested for higher percentage biodiesel blends for
performance and emission characteristics. The literature also shows that the biodiesel from animal fat is not studied
in the CDRI engine. In the present study a CRDI engine is tested with blends up to B50 using biodiesel derived from
animal fat. Performance and emission characteristics are tested for various blends and compared with that of pure
diesel.
3. Methodology

Biodiesel blends of B10, B20, B30,B40,B50 were prepared from animal fat biodiesel. Samples were tested for
viscosity dependence on temperature using a redwood viscometer. Experiments were conducted for constant speed.
Load was varied from 0 to 100% in five intervals. Experiments were repeated thrice using different blends.. The
variation was with limits of ±1% in all the cases.
The dynamometer is connected to a computer via an AD card and torque is estimated from the
formula T=W X r. A code in C programme is used for estimation of brake power and fuel consumption directly (W
286 V.K. Shahir et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 283–290
4 Shahir VK et al./ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

is the load in Newton and r is radius of the arm which is equal to 0.15m) Brake power BP in KW =2πNT/1000
where N is the rated rpm during the load test Break Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) in Kg/KWh = TFC/BP
(TFC is total fuel consumption in Kg/hr. estimated from the formula TFC=10 x ρ x 3600 x 10-6/t where t is the time
in seconds for 10cc fuel consumption

4. Experimental setup
A turbocharged CRDI engine (M/S Mahindra) is used. The experimental test rig is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig 1: Schematic diagram of the experimental setup

Technical details of engine are provided in Table 1. Various blends of animal fat biodiesel with diesel is
prepared and used to run the engine to find the optimum blend during standard running conditions. The engine is
operated at a speed of 2800 rpm. Adequate quantity of lubricant filled in to the sump before starting the
experiments. The engine is connected to an eddy current dynamometer. Fuel tank, exhaust gas line, by-pass line, and
the equipment’s for measurement of performance and emissions are the major parts of the experimental test rig.

Table1: Engine specification

Engine Type In-Line Engine, Make: Mahindra

Engine Description 2.6L, 115bhp Turbocharged, Intercooled 4-stroke CRDe
Name: Scorpio
Engine Displacement(cc) 2609
No. of Cylinders 4
Maximum Power 116.6 @ 3,800 (PS@rpm)
Maximum Torque 28.3 @ 1,700-2,200 (kgm@rpm)
Valves 4 Per Cylinder
Fuel Supply CRDI
Bore x Stroke 94 x 94 mm
Compression Ratio 18.5:1
An eddy current dynamometer supplied by M/S Power mag is used for loading in the experiments. Uncertainties in
the measurement of dynamometer were ±0.5%. The exhaust gas sample was measured and analysed using exhaust
gas analyser. It measures CO, CO2, HC, O2 and NOxconcentrations in the exhaust gas. Uncertainty in the
measurement of CO, NOx, and HC were ±0.2 percentage and that of CO2 were ±0.15 percentage. Blend of 10, 20,
30,40 and 50% biodiesels of jatropha mixed with diesel were prepared for conducting this experiments. B10 means
10% biodiesel and 90% diesel. With the blending of biodiesels, the viscosities were controlled close to that of diesel
fuel. Constant speed test were carried out using blends of bio diesel and diesel and based on this, the performance of
the engine was evaluated. The experiments were performed at the rated speed of 2800 rpm for different loads. The
experimental data obtained are analysed and presented with the help of plots of various performance parameters.
The aim of the above tests is to find out the optimum proportion of the biodiesel–diesel mixture for a viable engine
 V.K. Shahir et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 283–290 287
Shahir VK et al / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 5

operation. The CRDI engines work with an injector pressure of around 1400 Bar. The orifice of the injectors is too
narrow, so there is every chance of getting these injectors clogged, unless viscosity of blends controlled suitably.
Besides the fuel filter is designed for diesel and any solid contents in biodiesel introduced during esterification pose
a challenge in maintaining the quality needed for a CI engine fuel. Therefore ample amount of heating was provided
to reduce the viscosity of the blended fuel. Care is taken in filtering the fuel so as to prevent clogging of the
injector, high pressure lines and the high pressure pump. In case of clogging, automatically the ECM (Electronic
Control Module) will sense the problem and the engine stop functioning which may demand continuous repair of
engine. The reported literature on the use of biodiesel in CRDI engine is rare .The present research focus on testing
of CRDI engine using blends up to B50. A number of blends of different concentrations were prepared ranging from
0% (mineral diesel) to 50% (animal fat-biodiesel oil) through 10%, 20%, 30%,40%, 50%. These blends were then
subjected to performance and emission tests on the engine. Tests were conducted in the engine using different
blends of animal fat biodiesel (B10, B20, B30,B40 and B50). In each experiment, engine parameters linked with the
thermal performance of the engine like fuel consumption and applied load are measured. Apart from that, the
emission parameters and gas temperature from the exhaust are also measured .Finally, tests were conducted for the
same engine with Diesel as fuel and the results are compared. For all the experiments a detailed analysis of the
performance and emission data’s were done and the results are discussed in the following section.Biodiesel of waste
tallow has encouraging properties, like greater heating value (HHV) and cetane number (CN) [28]. The heating
value is the amount of the energy accessible from the fuel. Usually, energy increases with increasing chain length
and decreases with increasing unsaturation. Even though the heating value is not represented in the biodiesel
standard EN 14214, the EN 14213 requires a lowest heating value of 35 MJ/kg for consuming biodiesel as heating
oil. The heating value of the ordinary diesel is more than biodiesel. The FFA content of biodiesel is the measure of
acid value, acid value have a important role on the fuel storage stability and thermal properties, high acid value leads
to high corrosion on engine and oxidisation. Corrosive property of the fuel can be tested by using copper strip
corrosion test. Corrosion causedamage on engine material, storage tank and tools used for repairing [28].

5. Results and discussion

Fig 2 shows that BSFC is high for higher blends of B40 and B50 with B50 having maximum BSFC. It
shows that increase in load results in decreased BSFC till 60% load. Higher blends of B40 and B 50 having high
BSFC with B50 having maximumBSFC. BSFC initially decreases with increase of load .But, at higher loads again
the BSFC increases. Lowest BSFC (0.23 kg/kWh) was found at B 30. Thermal efficiency was found to decrease
with increasing blending percentage for higher blends of B40 and B50. Lower BSFC was observed while the engine
is running with B30 blend. This is due to the lower calorific value of animal fat biodiesel which leads to increased
volumetric fuel consumption in order to maintain similar energy input to the engine. Perfect oxidation due to higher
oxygen content in the bio diesel leads to lower BSFC up to B30. BSFC is high for B 40 and B50 compared with B30
because of lower calorific value of the fuel blend. The thermal efficiency increases with load [Fig.3] reaches
maximum followed by a decrease. It is clear from Fig. 3 that maximum efficiency is for B30. However for higher
blending, the efficiency decreases. Maximum value of thermal efficiency (35.4%) was found at 80% of rated load.

Fig 2: Variation of BSFC with load Fig 3: Variation of thermal efficiency with load

Fig 4 shows that biodiesel blends shows decrease in CO emission at higher rated loads compared to that of
288 V.K. Shahir et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 283–290
6 Shahir VK et al./ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

diesel. Further as the engine load increases, CO emission decreases for biodiesel blends. CO emission is the least for
the B30 blend. While running at low loads, CO emissions were nearly similar for these fuels, but at higher loads, CO
emissions were lower for the biodiesel blends compared to that of diesel. This can be attributed to the better burning
characteristics and uniform flame propagation in the mixture of biodiesel in the CRDI engines. Fig 8 shows that HC
emissions are higher at part loads, but tend to decrease at higher loads for all blends. This is due to lack of oxygen
resulting from engine operation at higher equivalence ratio. Biodiesel fuel operation produces lower HC emissions
at higher loads. HC emission for animal fat biodiesel is slightly higher than the emission by using animal fat bio
diesel. Thus the experimental results suggest that biodiesel produced from the animal fat oil blended with diesel at a

Fig 4: Variation of CO emission with load Fig 5: Variation of CO2 emission with load
percentage of 30 improves engine performance and have better emission characteristics than with the mineral diesel.
The thermal efficiency while using of blends up to B30 was higher than that of diesel. The main reason is the
presence of oxygen in the fuel molecules which improves the combustion and oxidation characteristics Therefore,
thermal efficiency was found to be higher for higher blend concentrations up to B 30 compared to that of mineral
diesel. The better performance of B30 blends may be attributed to the a dominating effect of increased oxygen
content over decrease in CV. Fig 9 shows the variation of exhaust gas temperature of the engine while operating
with with various blends and are compared to that of diesel at various loads. The temperature in general varies
from 120o C to 320 o C for various loads for B30.The highest and lowest temperatures are observed for B 30 and
diesel. Uncertainty in the measurement temperature was ±0.15 percentage. Lowest CO emissions were observed for
B30 blend (Fig 4).The CO emission varies from .02 % vol to .03 % vol with B30 having the lowest (32% less
comparing with diesel) emissions at higher loads. This is due to the total combustion the feed.CO 2 emissions for
lower blend concentrations were less, (Fig 5) CO2 emission varies from 2.4 % vol to 7.4 % vol. B 30 have highest
CO2 emission,O2 emission decreases with increase in load. O2 emission varies from 17.32 % vol to 10.23 % vol.
Lowest O2emissions were observed at highest loading condition of the blend B30. HC emissions decreases with the
increase in load (Fig.6) at higher loads HC emissions are lower due to availability of more oxygen. It can be noticed
that with the increase in proportion of animal fat in biodiesel up to B30, the HC emissions decreases and coming
closer to that of Diesel. HC emission for B 40 and B 50 are higher, compared to that of Diesel. This is in tune with
Fig 7 which shows that, O2 levels are lowest while using B30 especially at higher loads. This indicates that an
optimum blending and O2 availability under these conditions is the reason for lowest HC emissions. As the quantity
of biodiesel increases to B40 and B50, O2 level increases. As seen from figure, the exhaust temperature is also

Fig 6: Variation of HC emission with load Fig 7: Variation of O2 emission with load
 V.K. Shahir et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 283–290 289
Shahir VK et al / Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000 7

higher corresponding to B30 (Fig 8).This further indicates that an optimized combustion and performance as well as
lowest emissions takes place while the engine runs with B30.Similar trend is reported by Magı´nLapuerta et al [26]
in direct injection engine with biodiesel derived from animal fat. This may be attributed to the presence of better
oxygenated biodiesel molecule, higher cetane number of biodiesel and consequent reduction in delay time and lower
final distillation points compared to Diesel. Different chain length in chemical structure can be one of the reasons.
The results of NOx variation is shown in Fig 9. In the present study NOx emission is high while using bio diesel
blends. For lower loads upto 60%, the NOx value is higher for B50.It changes from 56ppm to 313ppm.At higher
loads, B20 is found to have an increased NOX and the value shoot to 350ppm. It can be related to the temperature
rise which shoots to 291o C. Though a large number of studies have reported the increase of nitrogen oxide NOx
emission with biodiesels [7,17,18,19, 20] a few others have reported about the decrease in NOx emission [21, 22]
The explanations put forward by different researchers are widely varying. Fig 8 and Fig. 9 shows that, with the
increase of biodiesel blend, the exhaust gas temperature and NOx emission increases. At higher blending
percentage amount of oxygen in the fuel is high so the oxidation of the fuel increases .This causes a rise in the
exhaust temperature which leads to increase of NOx emission. Monyem and Van Gerpen [23] found that exhaust
emission considerably reduced with oxidized biodiesel, while both oxidized and unoxidized biodiesel exhibited
almost similar engine performance. They concluded that, compared to unoxidized biodiesel and diesel fuels, CO
emissions is less of about 15% and 28% respectively. HC emissions were reduced by 21% and 54% with oxidised
biodiesel compared with unoxidised biodiesel and diesel. It is reported that the NOx emissions with oxidised
biodiesel is 13% higher than that with diesel fuel. Unoxidised biodiesel had about 14% higher NOx compared with
diesel. They explained that the reduction in emission of oxidized biodiesel compared to un oxidized was associated
with increase of cetane number from 51.1 (unoxidized) to 72.7 (oxidized) In general, most investigations reported an
optimum blend of B20 for DI engine [25] .In the present investigation on CRDI engine, the optimum blend is found
to be B30.The reason for the deviation may be due to finer injection systems present in the CRDI technology and
consequent improvement in combustion characteristics. Thus it is clear that the engines with CRDI technology can
run with higher percentages of biodiesel (B30) while maintaining better performance and emission characteristics.

Fig 8: Variation of exhaust gas temperature with load Fig 9: Variation of NOx emission with load
6. Conclusions
The CRDI engine is tested with several blends of biodiesel produced from animal fats, for the
performance and emission characteristics and compared with that with pure Diesel. Animal flat based on biodiesel
blend (30%) was found even better than that of diesel. The test is done at different loads and under constant speed
(2800 rpm).Results shows that, for compression ignition engines with CRDI technology, animal fat biodiesel is
found to be an assuring alternative fuel. Hence without major modification in the engine, it can be considered as a
direct substitute for replacement of diesel fuel. For the blend with more than 30 % animal fat biodiesel content
BSFC and exhaust gas temperatures was found to be higher compared to diesel as fuel. Thermal efficiency was
higher for animal fat biodiesel up to 30 percentage blending compared to diesel. CO and O 2 were lower for B 30
compared to that of diesel. Emission parameters such as CO2, NOX, and HC were found to increase with increasing
percentage of animal fat biodiesel in the fuel blends compared to diesel. Therefore, for an optimum performance of a
CRDI engine blending animal fat biodiesel can be used in CRDI engines at 30 percentages. However to regulate
carbon deposits formed during long term usage of biodiesel blends, modified maintenance schedule may be
followed. The findings from the present study can be used for optimising the performance of new generation engines
with the CRDI technology. The large scale use of animal fat based biodiesel will be helpful in solving the pollution
generated from meat waste.
290 V.K. Shahir et al. / Energy Procedia 117 (2017) 283–290
8 Shahir VK et al./ Energy Procedia00 (2017) 000–000

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