ANALYSIS OF FLANGED SECTION

Singly & doubly reinforced

 Learning Outcomes
• At the end of this lesson, students should be
able to:
1. Understand the definition of flanged beam.
2. Determine the effective width of the flange.
3. Understand the differences between various
types of flanged beam.
 Introduction
• Flanged beams – when reinforced concrete
slabs are cast integrally with the supporting
beams
• The slabs may contribute to the compressive
strength of the beams during flexure.
• There are two types of flanged beam:
a) T-beam
b) L-beam
 Introduction
T-beam

L-beam Slab
Effective width of flanges
Pg 57
(Cl 5.3.2.1, EC2)
Effective flange width, beff or bf
 l0 calculation
Cl 5.3.2.1
• Simply supported beam
BMD
+

l0 = L

• Continuous beam
 Continuous beam (Fig 5.2, EC2)

- -
BMD +
+

l0= 0.85 L1 l02 = 0.7 L2 l0 = 0.15L2 + L3

l0 = 0.15( L1+L2)

L1 L2 L3
 TYPES OF FLANGED BEAM

LOCATION OF THE NEUTRAL AXIS

NEUTRAL AXIS IN FLANGE NEUTRAL AXIS BELOW FLANGE

DESIGN AS A RECTANGULAR DESIGN AS FLANGED

SECTION SECTION

SINGLY DOUBLY SINGLY DOUBLY

REINFORCED REINFORCED REINFORCED REINFORCED
 Stress block analysis of flanged beam
There are 3 cases that has to be considered in the analysis of
flanged section.

i) Neutral axis in flange (M ≤ Mf) or s  hf

bf
0.567 fck
hf s = 0.8x Fcc = 0.567 fck bf s

d z = d – 0.4x

Fst = 0.87 fyk As

bw
* Section can be designed as a rectangular section because the non-rectangular
section below the neutral axis is in tension and it is therefore considered as inactive.
Moment of resistance;
M = Fcc . Z
= 0.567 fck bf (0.8x) (d-0.4x)
At ultimate moment of resistance, s = 0.8x is assumed
to be similar to hf ( 0.8x = hf )

Mf = (0.567 fck bf hf)(d- hf /2)

Mf = ultimate moment of resistance of flange

NOTE: If M ≤ Mf Neutral axis lies in flange

If M > Mf Neutral axis lies below flange
 Example 2.5
bf = 900
Design data:
hf = 100 Design moment, M = 165 kNm
fck = 30 N/mm2
d=320
fyk = 500 N/mm2

Design the main reinforcement for this

bw = 250 beam.

Solution:
1. Calculate Mf & compare with M (to determine the
location of the neutral axis)
Mf = 0.567fckbf hf(d-0.5hf)
= 0.567 (30) (900) (100) (320 – 0.5(100))
= 413 kNm > M = 165 kNm
 neutral axis lies in flange
 Design as a rectangular section (900 x 320)
K = M/bd2fck
= (165 x 106) / (900 x 3202 x 30)
= 0.06 < 0.167 (singly reinforced section)
z = d { 0.5 + 0.25 – K/1.134 }
= 0.94d < 0.95d => ok!
Asreq = M / 0.87fykz
= 165 x 106 / 0.87 x 500 x 0.94 x 320
= 1261 mm2
provide = 3H25 (1470 mm2)

3H25
ii) Neutral axis below flange (M > Mf) s > hf– singly reinforced
be
0.567 fck
hf 2 2 0.8 x Fcc 2
1 Fcc 1 z1= d - 0.4x
d z1 z2= d - hf/2
z2

Fst = 0.87 fyk As

bw
A safe design for a flanged section with s > hf can be achieved by setting the depth of
the neutral axis to x = 0.45d (the maximum depth allowed in the code.
Depth of stress block, s = 0.8x = 0.36d
Internal forces,
Fcc1 = 0.567 fck bw s = 0.567 fck bw x 0.36d = 0.2 fck bwd
Fcc2 = (0.567fck)(bf-bw)(hf)

Moment of resistant about Fcc2

M = Fst (d – hf/2) – Fcc1 (s/2 – hf/2)
= 0.87 fyk As (d – hf/2) – 0.2 fckbwd (0.36d – hf) / 2
 Neutral axis below flange
• Ultimate moment of resistant for a section (x =
0.45d)
• Muf = 0.167fck bw d2 + 0.567 fck hf (bf – bw) (d-hf/2)

• If M ≤ Muf → compression reinforcement is not

required (singly reinf. flanged section)

• If M > Muf → compression reinforcement is

required (doubly reinf. flanged section)
Therefore, the area of tension reinforcement can be calculated using the
equation as follows:

Asreq = M + 0.1 fck bw d (0.36d – hf)

0.87fy (d-hf/2)
 Example 2.6
bf = 900 Design data:
Design moment, M = 420 kNm
hf = 100
fck = 30 N/mm2
d=320 fyk = 500 N/mm2

Design the main reinforcement for this

beam.
bw = 250

1. Determine the location of the neutral axis

Mf = 413 kNm < M = 420 kNm
Neutral axis is below flange
Design as a flanged beam
2. Calculate Muf & compare with M (to determine
whether it is singly/doubly reinforced)
Muf = 0.167fck bw d2 + 0.567 fck hf (bf – bw) (d-hf/2)
= 0.167 (30) (250) (320)2 + 0.567 (30)(100)(900-
250) (320 – 50)
= 427 kNm > M = 420 kNm
singly reinforced flanged section
3. Calculate Asreq
Asreq = M + 0.1 fck bw d (0.36d – hf) = 3738 mm2
0.87fyk (d-hf/2)
Provide: 5H32 (Asprov = 4020 mm2) > Asreq OK!
ii) Neutral axis below flange (M > Mf) – doubly reinforced
be
0.567 fck Fsc
hf 2 As’ 2 0.4 x Fcc 2 z1= d - 0.4x
1 Fcc 1
d z1 z2= d - hf/2
z2 z3= d – d’
As

Fst = 0.87 fyk As

bw
Area of compression reinforcement:
As’ = (M-Muf)
0.87 fyk (d-d’)
Area of tension reinforcement:

As = [0.2 fck bw d + 0.567 fck hf (bf -bw) ] + As’

0.87 fyk
 Example 2.7
bf = 900 Design data:
d’=50 Design moment, M = 450 kNm
hf = 100
fck = 30 N/mm2
d=320 fyk = 500 N/mm2

Design the main reinforcement for this

beam.
bw = 250

1. Determine the location of the neutral axis

Mf = 413 kNm < M = 450 kNm
Neutral axis is below flange
Design as a flanged beam
2. Calculate Muf & compare with M (to determine whether it is
singly/doubly reinforced)

Calculation of Muf using the equation

given in the Design Appendix

Muf = 427 kNm < M = 450 kNm

doubly reinforced flanged section
3. Calculate As’req (compression reinforcement)

Provide: 2H12 (As’prov = 226 mm2) > As’ req OK!!

4. Calculate Asreq (tension reinf.)

Provide: 5H32 (Asprov = 4020 mm2) > Asreq OK!!

 Moment of resistance in flange

Determination of neutral axis

location

Maximum moment of
resistance in flange

0.167