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The term society has been derived from the Latin word “Socius” which means a companion,
association or fellowship. It is because man always lives in the company of his fellow beings.
This led George Simmel to remark that sociability is the essence of society. The term society is
understood in different sense. In our day-to-day discussion society is used to refer to the
members of specific in group; for example- Adivasi Society, Harijan Society etc.
2) According to F.H. Giddings, “Society is the union itself, the organization, the sum of formal relations
in which associating individuals are bound together”.
3) According to G.D.H. Cole, “Society is the complex of organized associations and institutions within
the community”.
4) According to J.F. Cuber, “A society may be defined as a group of people who have lived long
enough to become organized and to consider themselves and be considered as a unit more or less
distinct from other human units.”
5. According to Maclver and Page, “Society is a system of usages and procedures, authority and
mutual aid, of many groupings and divisions, of controls of human behavious and of liberties”.
6. According to T.Parsons, “Society may be defined as the total complex of human relationship in so
far as they grow out of action in terms of means and relationship, intrinsic or symbolic.”
7. According to C.H. Cooley, “Society is a complex of forms and processes each of which is living and
growing by interaction with the others, the whole being so unified that what takes place in one part
affects all the rest.”
8. According to Leacock, “Society includes not only the political relations by which men are bound
together but the whole range of human relations and collective activities.”
v- Rich literature
ix- Sports
x- Handicrafts.
Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and other (inc. Sikh) 3%
Islam is practised by the majority of Pakistanis and governs their personal, political,
economic and legal
Family comes first in Pakistan due to religious, cultural, economic and societal
values. Pakistani society is not led by individualism but rather by collectivism,
where family and other relationships stand strong.
Urdu is the national language. Punjabi, Pashtu, Sindhi, Balochi, Barohi and Kashmiri are
regional languages.
The people of Punjab, the Pathans of NWFP, the Baluchi people and the Sindhis wear their
own distinct dresses.
ix- Sports:.
Modern games like hockey, cricket, football, badminton, squash, and table tennis are played
throughout the coutnry.
x- Handicrafts:
Wooden furniture of Chiniot, sports goods of Sialkot and embroidery of Multan and
Hyderabad is world famous.
2. RT. Schaefer :
“Social institutions are organized patterns of beliefs and behaviour centered on basic social needs.”
3. Institutions have been defined by Maclver as the “established forms or conditions of procedure
characteristic of group activity.
4. According to Sumner, “An institution consists of a concept (idea, notion, doctrine or interest)
and a structure.
5. According to Woodward folkways, mores and laws which enter in some function or functions.
6. According to Green, “An institution is the organization of several folkways and mores into a unit
which serves a number of social functions.
7. According to Gillin and Gillin “A social institution is a functional configuration of culture pattern
(including actions, ideas, attitudes and cultural equipment) which possesses a certain
permanence and which is intended to satisfy felt social needs.
8. According to Ginsberg, Institutions are definite and sanctioned forms or modes of relationship
between social beings in respect to one another or to some external object.
9. According to Horton and Hunt, “An institution is an organized system of relationships which
embodies certain common rules and procedures and meets certain basic needs of the society.”
Institutions are forms of procedure. Every organization is dependent upon certain recognized and
established set of rules, traditions and usages. These usages and rules may be given the name of
institutions. They are the forms of procedure which are recognized and accepted by society and govern
the relations between individuals and groups. Thus marriage, education, property and religion are the
main institutions.
Religion as Institution
2. “Emile Durkheim”. Religion is an integrative force in society because it has the power to
shape collective beliefs. It provides cohesion in the social order by promoting a sense of
belonging and collective consciousness
Functions:
Political institution
2. It also work as mediator to resolve conflict and formulate economic and social
system policies.
8. Political parties, trade unions, legislature and judiciary are the examples of
political institutions.
9. Political institution may also refer to the state norms under which the above
mentioned organizations operate.
10. Political institution also influences the economy and businesses. Unstable
political environment have negative impact on economy, whereas, stable political
environment bring peace and prosperity in the country.
11. Political institution include both politics and government. There are many political
systems in the world however, the most eminent and applied systems are as
follow, democracy, republic, communism, socialism, dictatorship and monarchy.
Recreational Institution
Social Change
Social Change
social change.
of existence".
Merril & Elbridge "Social change means, that large no. of persons are
Heroin Users: Heroin remained the most popular drug being abused by 77% or
approximately 484,000. These findings mirror those of Drug Abuse Assessment
undertaken in 2000 (estimated number of heroin users in 2000 drug abuse assessment
was 500,000). Given the massive increase of opium and heroin production in
neighboring Afghanistan this stability in prevalent rates is a notable achievement.
Age Group: The opioid users fall in the age bracket of 15-64 years which is very
high rate.
Drug injecting users
Over the last one decade the drug abuse problem has become more complicated as
the number of IDUs has doubled. There are an estimated 125,000 injecting drug users
It is important to note that in the year 2000 the absolute number of injecting drug
users in Pakistan was 60,000, which almost doubled in 2006, an alarming trend that
needs to be addressed on priority
In 1990’s the proportion of injecting users was reported between 2 and 8 percent of
opiod users
In 2000 injecting was reported among 15 percent (60,000)
In 2006 up to 29 percent (125,000) injected drugs
POPULATION
UNEMPLOYMENT