Strategies for Enhanc

Enhancement
31
CHAPTER
in Food Pr
Product
oduction
ion
1. Cash crops are the crops which are grown 9. Production of plant without fertilization is done
(a) alternating with other crops to increase the by
yield (a) vegetative propagation
(b) for their high price to benefit the farmers (b) transplantation
(c) to initiate the germination of parasitic plants (c) grafting
before the main crop (d) none of these
(d) to increase the capacity of parasitic 10. Pure line breed refers to
seedlings to infect the main crop (a) heterozygosity only
2. The quickest method of plant breeding is
(a) introduction (b) selection (b) homozygosity only
(c) hybridization (d) mutation breeding (c) heterozygosity and linkage
3. The new varieties of plants are produced by (d) homozygosity and self-assortment
(a) introduction & mutation 11. The best way to increase the yield of wheat in
(b) selection & introduction India is
(c) selection & hybridization (a) to sow seeds of improved varities
(d) mutation & selection (b) to use tractors to till the soil
4. Silk is produced by (c) to reduce the quantity of ration consumers
(a) larva (b) adult moth (d) to remove weeds from wheat fields
(c) both (a) and (b) (d) cocoon/pupa 12. Aims of plant breeding are to produce
5. Domestication of honey bees is called (a) disease-free varieties
(a) sericulture (b) apiculture (b) high yielding varieties
(c) tissue Culture (d) pisciculture (c) early maturing varieties
6. What is the best pH of soil for cultivation of (d) all of the above
plants? 13. Selection is the method of
(a) 3.4 – 5.4 (b) 6.5 – 7.5 (a) plant physiology (b) plant breeding
(c) 4.5 – 8.5 (d) 5.6 – 6.5 (c) genetics (d) cytology
7. Three crops that contribute maximum to global 14. Largest producer of sugarcane is
food grain production are (a) China
(a) wheat, rice and maize (b) India
(b) wheat, rice and barley (c) Pakistan
(c) wheat, maize and sorghum (d) USA
(d) rice, maize and sorghum 15. Mule is a product of
8. The branch of biology which deals with (a) breeding
improvement of plant variety (b) mutation
(a) plant breeding (b) eugenics (c) hybridization
(c) agrology (d) serendipity (d) interspecific hybridization
264 Question Bank-BIOLOGY
16. Silk worm is a 24. Of the world’s top five crops in terms of annual
(a) fly (b) worm production
(c) moth (d) beetle (a) all five belong to the family Poaceae
17. An explant is (Gramineae)
(a) dead plant (b) four belong to Poaceae (Graminaeae) and
(b) part of the plant one to Leguminosae
(c) part of the plant used in tissue culture (c) four belong to Poaceae (Gramineae) and one
(d) part of the plant that expresses a specific to Solanaceae
gene (d) three belong to Poaceae (Gramineae), one
18. Protoplast is to Leguminosae and one to Solanaceae
(a) another name for protoplasm 25. The reason why vegetatively reproducing crop
(b) an animal cell plants are best suited for maintaining hybrid
(c) a plant cell without a cell wall vigour is that
(d) a plant cell (a) once a desired hybrid has been produced
there are few chances of losing it
19. The science of rearing, feeding, care, breeding (b) they have a longer life span
and utilization of animals is called (c) they are more resistant to diseases
(a) animism (b) veterinary science (d) they can be easily propagated
(c) animal husbandry (d) dairy science 26. Biological control component is central to
20. The milk of which one of these has more fat advanced agricultural production. Which of the
content following is used as a third generation pesticide?
(a) Cow (b) Buffalo (a) Insect repellants
(c) Sheep (d) Goat (b) Pheromones
21. In crop improvement programme, haploids are (c) Pathogens
important because they (d) Insect hormone analogues
(a) require one half of nutrients 27. Which one of the following statement is correct
(b) are helpful in study of meiosis in relation to honey bees?
(c) grow better under adverse conditions (a) Apis indica is the largest wild honey bee in
(d) form perfect homozygous India
22. One of the major difficulties in the biological (b) Honey is predominantly sucrose and
control of insect pests is the arabinose
(a) practical difficulty of introducing the (c) Beewax is a waste product of honey bees
predator to specific areas (d) Communication in honey bees was
(b) method is less effective as compared with discovered by Karl Von Frisch
the use of insecticides 28. In tissue culture medium, the embryoids formed
(c) predator does not always survive when from pollen grains is due to
transferred to a new environment (a) cellular totipotency
(d) the predator develops a preference to other (b) organogenesis
diets and may itself become a pest (c) double fertilization
23. Which one of the following is an exotic Indian (d) test – tube culture
fish ? 29. Cellular totipotency is demonstrated by
(a) Catla catla (a) only bacterial cells
(b) Heteropneustes fossilis (b) only gymnosperm cells
(c) Cyprinus carpio (c) all plant cells
(d) Labeo rohita (d) all eukaryotic cells
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production 265
30. India’s wheat yield revolution in the 1960s was 37. In crop improvement programmes, virus-free
possible primarily due to clones can be obtained through
(a) hybrid seeds (a) grafting (b) hybridization
(b) increased chlorophyll content (c) embryo (d) shoot apex culture
(c) mutations resulting in plant height 38. Desired improved varieties of economically
reduction useful crops are raised by
(d) quantitative trait mutations (a) migration (b) biofertilizer
31. The technique of obtaining large number of (c) hybridization (d) natural selection
plantlets by tissue culture method is called 39. Plants can be disease resistant by
(a) plantlet culture (a) breeding with their wild relatives
(b) organ culture (b) colchicine treatment
(c) micropropagation (c) hormone treatment
(d) macropropagation (d) heat treatment
32. In order to obtain virus-free plants through tissue 40. Which of the following is not used for crop
culture the best method is improvement ?
(a) embryo rescue (a) Inbreeding (b) Introduction
(b) anther culture (c) Hybridization (d) Mutations
(c) meristem culture 41. Which of the following effect is produced by
(d) protoplast culture colchicine ?
33. Triticale, the first man-made cereal crop, has (a) Duplication of DNA
been obtained by crossing wheat with (b) Duplication of chromosomes
(a) pearl millet (b) sugarcane (c) Formation of spindle fibres
(c) barley (d) rye (d) Hinderance in the formation of middle wall
34. Somaclones are obtained by 42. Which of the following is generally used for
(a) plant breeding induced mutagenesis in crop plants ?
(b) irradiation (a) X-rays
(c) genetic engineering (b) UV (260 nm)
(d) tissue culture (c) Gamma rays (from cobalt 60)
35. Breeding of crops with high level of minerals, (d) Alpha particles
vitamins and proteins is called 43. Heterosis means
(a) somatic hybridisation (a) hybrid vigour
(b) biofortification (b) hybrids are weak
(c) biomagnification (c) hybrids are weak as well as vigorous
(d) micropropagation (d) hybrids are neither weak nor vigorous
36. An improved variety of transgenic basmati rice 44. The Triticum aestivum (wheat) is
(a) does not require chemical fertilizers and (a) haploid (7 chromosomes)
growth hormones (b) diploid (14 chromosomes)
(b) gives high yield and is rich in vitamin A (c) tetraploid (30 chromosomes)
(c) is completely resistant to all insect pests (d) hexaploid (42 chromosomes)
and diseases of paddy 45. The plant most useful for man kind
(d) gives high yield but has no characteristic (a) coconut (b) cotton
aroma (c) mustard (d) ground nut
266
46. In tissue culture medium, the embryoid formed 51.
from pollen grain is due to
(a) cellular totipotency
(b) organogenesis
(c) double fertilization
(d) test tube culture
47. Honey bee after discovering the new source of 52.
nector/honey can convey this information but
(a) cannot convey the direction
(b) can convey the direction by round or tail
waving dance
(c) can convey the direction by round dance
only 53.
(d) cannot convey the direction by tail waving
dance only
48. Parthenocarpic tomato fruits can be produced
by
(a) treating the plants with low concentrations
of gibberellic acid and auxins
(b) raising the plants from vernalized seeds 54.
(c) treating the plants with phenylmercuric
acetate
(d) removing androecium of flowers before
pollen grains are released
49. Farmers in a particular region were concerned 55.
that pre-mature yellowing of leaves of a pulse
crop might cause decrease in the yield. Which
treatment could be most beneficial to obtain
maximum seed yield ?
(a) Treatment of the plants with cytokinins 56.
along with a small dose of nitrogenous
fertilizer
(b) Removal of all yellow leaves and spraying
the remaining green leaves with 2, 4, 5
- trichlorophenoxy acetic acid 57.
(c) Application of iron and magnesium to
promote synthesis of chlorophyll
(d) Frequent irrigation of the crop
50. Crop plants grown in monoculture are
(a) free from intraspecific competition
(b) characterised by poor root system 58.
(c) highly prone to pests
(d) low in yield
Question Bank-BIOLOGY
The most likely reason for the development of
resistance against pesticides in insects damaging
a crop is
(a) random mutation
(b) genetic recombination
(c) directed mutation
(d) acquired heritable change
Haploid plants are preferred over diploids for
mutation study because in haploids
(a) recessive mutation expresses immediately
(b) induction of mutation is easier
(c) culturing is easier
(d) dominant mutation expresses immediately
The long-term prospects for a truly human
civilization depend in a large measure on
(a) the ability of humanity to moderate its
fecundity
(b) increasing the food production
(c) colonization of underpopulated areas
(d) control of human diseases
Super-ovulation and embryo transplantation are
meant for improving
(a) human race
(b) livestock
(c) poultry
(d) plants
Artificial breeding of cattle is brought about by
(a) artificial insemination
(b) superovulation and embryo
(c) homozygotic twinning
(d) all the above
The transgenic animals are those which have
(a) foreign DNA in some of its cells
(b) foreign DNA in all its cells
(c) foreign DNA and RNA in some of its cells
(d) foreign DNA and RNA in all its cells
Inbreeding is carried out in animal husbandry
because it
(a) increases vigour
(b) improves the breed
(c) increases heterozygosity
(d) increases homozygosity
Sonalika and Kalyan sona are varieties of
(a) wheat (b) rice
(c) millet (d) tobacco
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production 267
59. Fungicides and antibiotics are chemicals that 66. Which of the following processes is used for
(a) enhance yield and disease resistance created genetic variation by changing the base
(b) kill pathogenic fungi and bacteria, sequence withing genes resulting in the creation
respectively of a new character or trait not found in the parental
(c) kill all pathogenic microbes type?
(d) kill pathogenic bacteria and fungi (a) Selection (b) Hybridization
respectively. (c) Mutation (d) Breeding
60. Two plants growing in different seasons and 67. Which of the following statement(s) is/are
different geographical area, can produce hybrid incorrect?
by (a) In 2000, maize hybrids that had twice the
amounts of the amino acids, lysine and
(a) pollen culture proline, compared to existing maize hybrids
(b) tissue culture were developed.
(c) somatic embryogenesis (b) The Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
(d) in vitro synthesis New Delhi has released several vegetable
61. Which of the following is incorrectly matched crops that are rich in vitamins and minerals.
(a) Explant - excised plant part used (c) Some of the diseases caused by fungi are
for callus formation black rot of crucifers, tobacco mosaic,
turnip mosaic etc.
(b) Cytokinins - root initiation in callus (d) Both (a) and (c)
(c) Somatic embryo- embryo produced from 68. Select the correct statement(s).
a vegetative cell (i) IARI has released a mustard variety rich in
(d) Anther culture - haploid plants vitamin C.
62. Four inbreed lines of maize are crossed. The cross (ii) Pusa Sawani variety of Okra is resistant to
is aphids.
(a) tetraploid cross (b) double cross (iii) Hairiness of leaves provides resistance to
(c) dihybrid cross (d) tetrahybrid cross insect pests.
63. Honey bee is a greatest use to man due to which (iv) Agricultureaccounts for approximately 33%
of India's GDP and employs nearly 62% of
reason the population.
(a) We get honey from them (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and(iii)
(b) Helps in cross pollination (c) (i), (iii) and (iv) (d) None of these
(c) Is of medicinal value 69. Read the following statements
(d) Entertains (i) In this method of breeding, the mating of
64. Choose the correct pair animals occurs with same breed.
(ii) They have no common ancestors on either
(a) Apiculture – honey be side of their pedigree upto 4 - 6 generations.
(b) Sericulture – fish (iii) It is best for those animals that are below
(c) Pisciculture – silk worm average in productivity in milk production,
(d) Aquaculture – lac insect growth rate in beef cattle.
65. Crosses between, the plants of the same variety (iv) It helps to overcome inbreeding depression.
are called Which of the following characteristics is/
are being described by above statements?
(a) interspecific (b) intervarietal (a) Inbreeding (b) Out- breeding
(c) intravarietal (d) intergeneric (c) Out-crossing (d) Cross-breeding
268
70. (i) Fishery is an industry, which deals with
catching, processing and marketing of
fishes and other aquatic animal such as
prawn, crab, lobster, edible oyster, etc. that
have a high economic value.
(ii) Both Aquaculture and pisciculture are same.
(iii) The development and flourishing of the
fishery industry is called silver revolution.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are
correct?
(a) Only (i) (b) Both (ii) and (iii)
(c) Both (i) and(iii) (d) All of these
71. Read the following statements.
(i) Out-breeding is the breeding of the
unrelated animals which may be between
individuals of the same breed but having
no common ancestors for 4 - 6 generations
or between different breeds or different
species.
(ii) Cross-breeding allows the desirable
qualities of two different breeds to be
combined.
(iii) In interspecific hybridisation, male and
female animals of two different related
species are mated.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are
correct?
(a) Only (i) (b) Only (iii)
(c) Both (ii) and (iii) (d) All of these
Question Bank-BIOLOGY
72. Which of the following crop plant is not
matching as correct pair with its variety ?
(i) Wheat – Himgiri
(ii) Brassica – Pusa Gaurav
(iii) Cauliflower – Pusa Komal
(iv) Chilli – Pusa Sadabahar
(v) Okra – Pusa Sawani
(a) Only (i) (b) (ii) and(iii)
(c) Only (iii) (d) (ii) and (iv)
73. Which of the following is not correctly matched
with its variety?
(a) Brassica (rapeseed mustard)
– Pusa Gaurav
(b) Cowpea – Pusa Sadabahar
(c) Flat been –Pusa sem 2
(d) Okra (Bhindi) – Pusa A-4
74. Which of the following is incorrectly matched ?
(a) Explant – Excised plant part used or
callus formation
(b) Cytokinins – Root initiation in callus
(c) Somatic embryo – Embryo produced from a
vegetative cells
(d) Anther culture – Haploid plants
75. The technique used in animal biotechnology for
the rapid multiplication and production of
animals with a desirable genotype is
(a) protoplast fusion and embryo transfer
(b) hybrid selection and embryo transfer
(c) in vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer
(d) All of these
Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production 269
ANSWER KEY
1 (b) 11 (a) 21 (d) 31 (a) 41 (b) 51 (a) 61 (b) 71 (d)
2 (d) 12 (d) 22 (d) 32 (c) 42 (c) 52 (a) 62 (b) 72 (c)
3 (c) 13 (b) 23 (c) 33 (d) 43 (a) 53 (d) 63 (b) 73 (b)
4 (a) 14 (b) 24 (c) 34 (d) 44 (d) 54 (b) 64 (a) 74 (b)
5 (b) 15 (d) 25 (a) 35 (b) 45 (a) 55 (d) 65 (c) 75 (c)
6 (b) 16 (c) 26 (b 36 (b) 46 (a) 56 (b) 66 (c)
7 (a) 17 (c) 27 (d) 37 (d) 47 (b) 57 (d) 67 (d)
8 (a) 18 (c) 28 (a) 38 (c) 48 (a) 58 (a) 68 (c)
9 (a) 19 (c) 29 (c) 39 (a) 49 (c) 59 (b) 69 (c)
10 (b) 20 (b) 30 (c) 40 (a) 50 (c) 60 (b) 70 (a)

HINTS & SOLUTIONS

6. (b) The best pH of soil for cultivation of plants is
6.5 – 7.5.
7. (a) Three crops that contribute maximum to global
food grain production are wheat, rice and maize,
which belong to the family Poaceae (Graminae).
12. (d) The aims ofplant breeding are increase in yield
of seeds, resistance to diseases, insects, pests
and earliness or lateness in maturity period or
change in maturity behavior.
15. (d) Mule isan inter specific hybrid between female
horse and male donkey. Mule is sterile hybrid.
16. (c) Silk is produced bysilk worm insect called as
silk moth.
21. (d) In crop improvement programme, haploids
are very important because they form perfect
homozygous which are helpful to get a pure line.
22. (d) Biological control refers the use of living
organisms like natural predators and parasites to
reduce pest population and control diseases.
However they may become pest as they can
develop a preference to other diets.
23. (c) Catla catla and Labeo rohita are the two
Indian major carps whereas Heteropneustes isa
catfish. Cyprinus is the exotic breed.
24. (c) The top five crops are potato (which belongs
to the family Solanaceae) and wheat, rice, corn,
barley (which belongs to the family Poaceae).
25. (a) In vegetative reproduction the same genotype
can be propagated from one generation to the
next.
26. (b) Inorganic substances, oils, plant extracts used
as insecticides are called first generation
pesticides. Synthetic organic compounds are
known as second generation pesticides. Insect
hormones are third generation pesticides.
Pheromones are the chemical substances which
when released into an animal’s surroundings,
influence the behaviour or development of other
individuals of the same species.
Insect hormone analogues help in trapping the
insects by confusing them as they mimic the
odour of pheromones.
27. (d) Karl Von Frisch, carried out many experiments
and determined that when a foraging bee returns
to the hive, it performs a waggle dance. Honey is
predominantly glucose and fructose. Dorsata is
a biger bee than Apis indica(a medium sized bee).
Bees wax is secreted by special wax glands to
make compartments.
28. (a) Cellular totipotency is the ability, shown by
many living cells to form all types of tissue that
constitute the mature organisms.
29. (c) Cellular totipotency is exhibited only by plant
cells wherein the plant cells retain the ability to
deactivate and form the new dividing cells.
30. (c) Green revolution was possible due to
hybridization. Increased chlorophyll content has
no effect on yield of crops. Hybrid plants were
dwarf because of selection. Quantitative trait
mutations are not involved in hybridization.
270
32. (c) Meristem culture is done for the development
of virus free plants. Meristematic tissue cell can
be taken either from shoot or root tip.
33. (d) Triticale is the first man made cereal which is
made by the crossing of wheat (Triticum
aestivum) and rye (Secale cereale).
34. (d) Genetic variation present among plant cells
during tissue culture is called somaclonal
variation. The term somaclonal variation is also
used for the genetic variation present in plants
regenerated from a single culture. This variation
has been used to develop several useful varieties
against resistance to diseases and pests, better
yield, better quality etc.
35. (b) Breeding ofcrops with high levelsof minerals,
vitamins and minerals is called biofortification.
This is most practical aspect to improve the health
of people.
36. (b) An improved variety of transgenic basmati
rice gives high yield and is rich in vitamin A.
38. (c) In hybridization, two or more plants of unlike
genotypes are crossed together to get offsprings
with new desirable combinations of characters
as a result of genetic recombinations.
40. (a) Introduction, hybridization and mutations are
methods of plant breeding.
42. (c) Gamma rays (from cobalt 60) is generally used
for induced mutation in crops plants.
48. (a) Parthenocarpy is the development of fruits
without prior fertilization which results in the
formation of seedless fruits. In some plant
species, parthenocarpic fruits are produced
naturally or they maybe induced bytreatment of
the unpollinated flowers with auxin.
Removal of androecium before pollen release is
called emasculation which is helpful in preventing
unwanted pollination. Vernalized seeds are the
chilled treated seeds for breaking dormancy.
Phenyl mercuric acetate is an antitranspirant.
Gibberellins and auxins are known to induce
parthenocarpy in plants. If a tomato plant is
treated with a low concentration of auxin and
gibberellic acid it’ll produce fruits without
fertilization i.e. parthenocarpic fruits.
49. (c) Because iron promotes the formation of
chlorophyll and magnesium is an integral part of
chlorophyll molecule so in the absence of these
nutrients plants show chlorosis & leaves get
Question Bank-BIOLOGY
yellowing. Application of iron and magnesium to
promote the synthesis of chlorophyll can cure
the disease.
50. (c) Crop plants grown in monoculture are highly
prone to pests.
51. (a)According to Darwin resistance to pesticides
has a genetic basis due to presence of certain
alleles. In the presence of pesticides, the insects
devoid of the allele for resistance die while the
ones having them survive. They are selected by
nature.
52. (a) Mutations are generally recessive so they are
not expressed in their heterozygous condition. If
plant is haploid then mutation can express
themselves.
53. (d) The long-term prospects for a truly human
civilization depend in a large measure on control
of human diseases.
66. (c) Mutation is a sudden stable and heritable
change which alters the genotype of an organism.
In mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus
and powdery mildew were induced by mutations.
67. (d) In 2000 maize hybrids that had the twice the
amount of the amino acids, lysine and tryptophan,
compared to existing maize hybrids were
developed. Some of the diseases caused by fungi
are brown rust of wheat, red rot of sugarcane,
late blight of potato, etc. Black rot of crucifers
caused by bacteria and tobacco mosaic and turnip
mosaic caused by viruses.
68. (c) Pusa Sawani variety of Okra is resistant to
shoot and fruit borer.
70. (a) Pisciculture refers to the breeding, hatching
and rearing of fishes under controlled conditions
whereas aquaculture is the cultivation of aquatic
organisms such as algae, fishes, prawns, shrimps,
crabs and pearl-oysters etc. at commercial level
by proper utilization of small and large water
bodies. The development and fluorishing of the
fishery industry is called blue revolution.
72. (c) Pusa Komal is a variety of Cowpea which is
resistant to bacterial blight disease. Pusa Shubhra
and Pusa Snowball K-1 are varieties of cauliflower
resistant to black rot and curl blight black rot
diseases.
73. (b) Pusa Sadabahar is avariety of chilli while Pusa
Komal is a variety of cowpea.