O

Processo Tradutivo


Competências (ver Norma Europeia)

- Competência linguística:
Language competence is the basic competence a translator must have. Without
mastering languages, someone is disabled to translate a text from source
language to target language. Jakobson (in Munday, 2001:5) categorizes the
linguistic aspects of translation, and one of them is interlingual translation: an
interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language.

- Competência Terminologia
Knowledge of a specific area/field/domain

- Competência Técnica
Use tools to assist you; consult subject matter expert

- Controlo da Qualidade
Text revision for specific purposes

- Gestão do Tempo
Implies a strong sense of responsibility and requires strict discipline, good
organization abilities and some practical common sense to prioritize your tasks
to fulfil the deadlines;


…

Comprehension skills – Production skills:

- Textual competence: knowledge of the regularities and convention of text
genres and types;
- Subject/Domain competence: knowledge of the appropriate/commonly
used terminology in a specific knowledge area or field
- Cultural competence: comply with social conventions and reflect cultural
identity (some of the expressions in source language may have different
way to express in target language, or even does not exist at all; by having
cultural competence, the translator may need not to look the substitution
but enough to see the equivalence)
- Transfer competence: an ability of transferring message from source text
to target text communicatively. The word ‘transfer’ itself means to carry
over or across

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Fases do processo

Projecto
De
Tradução
Pré-tradução

Tradução

Pós-tradução


Pré-tradução

• Identificação do texto a traduzir (nível de língua, domínio e grau de
especialização, emissor, potencial receptor e respectivos objectivos);

• Pesquisa e Documentação (levantamento de especificidades,
terminologia, questões linguísticas, selecção de materiais de referência,
documentos paralelos, etc.);

• Obtenção de Equivalentes: criação de glossários, guias de estilo e de
redacção entre outros materiais (conforme extensão e especificidade do
projecto);

• Criação/preparação de Memórias de Tradução (MTs);





Ver, por exemplo, ficha de Pré-tradução

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Tradução

1. Intralingual translation, or rewording (an interpretation of verbal signs
by means of other signs in the same language).
2. Interlingual translation or translation proper (an interpretation of
verbal signs by means of some other language).
3. Intersemiotic translation or transmutation (an interpretation of verbal
signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign systems).

in, Jacobson, Roman. On Linguistic Aspects of Translation

Having established these three types, of
which (2) translation proper describes the
process of transfer from SL to TL, Jakobson
goes on immediately to point to the central
problem in all types: that while messages
may serve as adequate interpretations of
code units or messages, there is ordinarily
no full equivalence through translation.

Even apparent synonymy does not yield
equivalence, and Jakobson shows how
intralingual translation often has to resort to
a combination of code units in order to fully
interpret the meaning of a single unit. Hence
a dictionary of so-called synonyms may give perfect as a synonym for ideal or
vehicle as a synonym for conveyance but in neither case can there be said to be
complete equivalence, since each unit contains within itself a set of non-
transferable associations and connotations.

in, Bassnet, Susan. Translation Studies, 3rd ed. New York & London: Routledge.
2002.



Problems of Equivalence:
BAKER, Mona. In other words

1. Equivalence at word level - the meaning of single words and
expressions;
2. Equivalence above word level - explores combinations of words and
phrases (stretches of language);
3. Grammatical equivalence- deals with grammatical categories;
4. Textual equivalence - discusses the text level (word order, cohesion,
etc.);
5. Pragmatic equivalence - how texts are used in communicative situations
that involves variables such as writers, readers, and cultural context.

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Strategies for Translators


• Translation by a more general word
• Translation by a more neutral/less expressive word
• Translation by cultural substitution
• Translation using loan word/loan word + explanation
• Translation by paraphrase
• Translation by omission



- Use of a word that can be applied to a wider range of things or actions
(e.g. shampoo the hair – lavar o cabelo com champô)

- When the Target Language does not have a concept used in the SL, the
expressive meaning of the original word is lost (e.g. saudade – nostalgia,
longing, memory)

- It involves replacing a culture-specific item or expression with a target-
language item which does not have the same propositional meaning but is
likely to have a similar impact on the target reader. (e.g. cream tea –
lanche da tarde)

- This strategy is particularly common in dealing with culture-specific
items, modern concepts and buzz words. Following the loan word with an
explanation is very useful when the word in question is repeated several
times in the text. (e.g. sistemas de Business Intelligence (mecanismos que
fazem chegar a informação certa, às pessoas certas e na hora certa))

- If the concept expressed by the source item is not lexicalized at all in the
target language, the paraphrase strategy can still be used in some
contexts. Advantage: it reaches a high level of precision in specifying the
propositional meaning. Disadvantage: does not have the status of a lexical
item and therefore cannot convey expressive, evoked or any other
associated meanings (e.g. brunch – pequeno-almoço tardio que se mistura
com o almoço; misto de pequeno almoço e almoço)

- If the meaning conveyed by a particular item or expression is not vital
enough to the development of the text to justify distracting the reader
with lengthy explanations, translators can and often do simply omit
translating the word or expression in question. (e.g. consumer protection,
safety and security – proteção e segurança [técnica e pessoal] dos
consumidores)

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Pós-tradução


• Revisão gramatical Correcção ortográfica e sintáctica, pontuação,
concordância e acentuação.
•
Revisão técnica Correcção técnica do vocabulário, uniformização e
adequação do estilo.

• Garantia de qualidade Assegurada por uma equipa de revisores com
vários anos de experiência. Se não ficar satisfeito, devolvemos o seu
dinheiro.

How do you assure quality?

1. Self-revision; on screen/paper; comparative revision; final output reading.
2. Quality: fluency, accuracy, deadline fulfilment…
3. Some revision parameters:
- Adherence to the source text (mistranslations, literal translation,
untranslated text)
- Adherence to the target language patterns and grammar rules
- Inconsistencies
- Style issues
- Typos, repetitions
- Formatting issues (fonts, bullets, paragraphs, codes, spaces, punctuation)
4. Degrees of revision effort: revision parameters, time, resources
5. Checking procedure: final decision
6. Correcting: implementation of the corrections

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Processo Tradutivo: exemplo da WordLingo

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