THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCE

SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

COURSE INSTRUCTOR: MR KIMARIO

COURSE NAME: PHYSICS PRACTICALS III

COURSE CODE: PH126

EXPERIMENT NO: 01

NATURE OF WORK: INDIVIDUAL LAB REPORT

DATE OF EXPERIMENT:

STUDENT DETAIL
S/N NAME OF STUDENT REG.NUMBER PROGRAMM SEX SIGNATURE
01 Nzilal L T/UDOM/2017/11875 BSC Edu M

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

Abstract ………………………………………….. 03

Introduction ………………………………………….04

Theory ……………………………………………05

Methodology………………………………………….07

Data result ……………………………………………09

Discussion ……………………………………………11

Conclusion…………………………………………….12

References …………………………………………….13

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 ABSTRACT

The experiment conducted with the aim of verifying the Norton’s theorem and Thevenin,s, some
of electronic device were connected together to obtain the reading these included d.c power
source, resistor, digital multimeter ,bread board. Two circuits of the different voltage sources
(7V and 10V) were used with same loads of about(RL = 3.3kΩ) and three resitances connected
in parallel.Thevenin voltage(vTh) was found to be 3.5V, while the Thevenin resistance was RTh
was 2.5kΩ and the current recorded as 0.602mA., and for second case for Norton’s theorem the
current noted down before disconnection of the circuit was 0.862mA then after the
disconnection of ammeter and the load resistor RL was 2Ma and the Norton’s resistonce RN
obtained as 2.5KΩ and the current noted down after Norton’s cicuit was 0.862mA , then from
the experimentl value ,the current and its ratio was the same before and after interchanging the
voltage source and ammeter, hence result of both Thevenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorem
obey because experimental value obey the theoretical value hence experiment was done
successfully

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 INTRODUCTION

Both Thevenin,s and Norton’s theorem used to determine VTh in series with RTh and also IN in
parallel with RN and connected to the load RL. It happens in practice that circuits the particular
elements in circuit are variables while the other are fixed. Every time the load is changed and the
entire circuit has to be analyzed all over again. Firstly Thevenin’s theorem was introduced in
1883 y telegram engineer for the purpose of providing a technique by which fixed part on an
electric circuit replaced by equivalent circuit of voltage source in series with a resistor (RTh)

The Norton theorem was introduced in 1926 by America telephone engineer who known as
Norton afterThevenin theorem for the same purpose of providing a fixed part of an electric
circuit replaced by an equivalent circuit of current source IN parallel with resist

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 THEORY

Thevenin’s Theorem form any two- terminal resistive circuit consists of an equivalent voltage
(VTh) and equivalent resistance (RTh), any complex circuit can b reduced to a Thevenin’s theorem
circuit consists of single voltage and single resistor connected in series to the load

In this experiment connection of a circuit was shown bellow, to apply the Thevenin’s theorem to
calculate the current through the resistor RTh in the two loopas shown,the individual current
supplied by each battery is calculated with the each battaary replaced by short circuirt.

To find the equivalent Thevenin resistance o the circuit,RTh is first removed and circuit voltage
are short cicurted. The resistance is then calculated.thevenini voltage is found by first removing
the cicurt load and working of the voltage across point A and B

This formula below always used to find the thevenin voltage as equivalent voltage

……………………………………….i

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 METHODOLOGY

The experiment was done by using computer software program called N MULTISM and the
following equipment was involved in experiment

 D.c power supply (0 -30V) ,

 Resistor (1kΩ -3.3 kΩ),
 Digital multimeters,
 Voltmeters,
 Bread board and
 Patch chord

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
The following below were the procedure followed during the conducting the experiment
that involve the verification of two network theorem which are Thevenin’s theorem and
Norton’s theorem
The circuit was connected in soft ware program N MULTISM as shown,
The load current indicated as( I1) was recorded by ammeter readings. The load resistance
RL and ammeter then disconnected from the circuit diagram, then the multimeters was
connected and voltage of an open circuit was measured across the terminal then from
such connection voltage (VTh ) was recorded as in the figure. Then the voltage source
was disconnected from the circuit diagram and resistors the R =1KΩ WAS connected
using the wire by replacing the voltage source by short circuit. The multimeter was
connected across the terminal and the RTh was recorded to physics lab manual of
2019/2020
Apart from the Thevenin’s theorem the following were the procedure followed for
verifying the Norton’s theorem. The circuit of 10V sources, three parallel resistors (1Ω,1
Ω,2 Ω) and a load (3.3Ω) was connected on a bread board of NI multism computer
software program,as indicated in figure, also the load current noted as II from the
ammeter reading. After that both ammeter and load resistor RL were disconnected from
the circuit after that ammeter was connected again between the terminals and short circuit
current noted as Isc the current measured and recorded in figure this current known as
Norton’s current source indicated as IN .the ammeter disconnected from the terminal and
voltage source replaced by short circuit. Then multimeter connected between the
terminals and Norton’s resistance RN measured and recorded to the figure. The finally
,the voltage source was varied from 0V to end 30V until the current source I obtained to e
equal to that of short circuit current

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 RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS

From the above procedure the following data were collected or obtained

Table of results for verifying Thevenin’s theorem

S.NO II(mA) VTH(V) RTH(KΩ) I2(mA) LOAD APPLIED RL KΩ

01 0.603 3.5 2.5 0.603 3.3
The table (1)

Table of results for verification of Norton’s theorem

S.NO II(mA) ISC(mA) RN(KΩ) I2(mA) LOAD APPLIED RL KΩ

01 0.862 2 2.5 0.862 3.3
The table (2)

ANALYSIS OF DATA

From both two tables:, table 1 and table 2 show that

The load current is II=0.603ma before connection of the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit and
Thevenin’s voltage, Vth = 3.5v as the Thevenin’s voltage after connection of the Thevenin’s
equivalent circuit.

Thevenin;s resistance,RTh=2.5kΩ is the Thevenin’s resistance after

of Thevenin’equivalent circuit. The load current, I2 satisfied an equation I=VTh/(RTh + RL) then er
connection of the Thevenin’ s

Equivalent circuit and I2=0.603mA is the load current after connection;

I2=3.5/(2.5+3.3)=0.603mA.

This implies that, the current passing through the load before the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit is
equal to the current passing through the after the connection of Thevenin’s equivalent circuit
(I1=I2) (Alexander, 2000)

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The two tables above showed that ;

RL=3.3(KΩ) Load applied for whole experiment.

II=0.862mA the load current before connection of Norton’s equivalent circuit.

ISC=2mA is the current after short circuiting a circuit by disconnection a voltage source.

RN=2.5(KΩ) is a Norton’s resistance in parallel with load and Norton’s current.

I2=0.862mA is the current reached by varying the voltage source from 0v to 30v and it is equal
to I1 because for a fixed load, the short circuit current is equal to Norton’s circuit current.

Considering the circuit diagram above (figure 05), when load disconnected from the circuit, the
current flowing through resistance (1kΩ) is 3.5ma.

But Thevenin’s voltage, VTh is equal to V∞ (Alexander and Sadiku, 2000)

Then, the voltage=IxR2=3.5max 1kΩ=3.5V

Thus, the voltage is equivalent to Thevenin’s voltage, VTh from the data obtained in this
experiment.

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 DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The verification of thevenin’s and Norton theorem was successfully obtained in two cases

First case this deals with thevenin’s theorem and then the load current was noted as 0.603, and
the thevenin’s voltage recoded which known as VTh found tobe 3.5v,and the thevenin’s resistance was
RTh was about 2.5kΩ

For second case for norton’s theorem the current noted down before disconnection of the circuit
was 0.862mA then after being disconnectedof the ammeter the load resistance found to be 2Ma

From the data obtained from the experiment it shows that III is direct proportional to the I2 AS
one increase also another increase in both cases

Their ratio and current was the same before and after the interchangingthe voltagesource and
ammeter, this shows that the result of both thevenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorem because the
experimental value obey the theoretical value

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 CONCLUSION

The experiment if verifying two theorems, Thevenin’s theorem and Norton’s theorem was done
successfully in both two cases

Also from the experiment observed that there is a relationship between the current II and the I2
then in mathematically express as II ∞ I2 this mean that as currentII increase also current I2
increase

The current and its ratio was the same before interchanging the voltage source and ammeter, the
the experimental result obtained from the experiment obey the theoretical value

PROBLEM SOLVING

1, Thevenin’s theorem state that Any two linear terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of a voltage source VTh in a series of resistor RTh, where the vth is open circuit
at the terminal and RTh is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminal

2, Norton’s theorem ststes that any two linear terminal circuit can e replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of current source IN in parallel with a resistor where the IN is a short circuit
current through the terminals and RN is an input or equivalent resistance

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 REFERENCES

 Boylestad &Nashesky(2001) Electronic divices and circuit theory (9th ed) London
 Haliday &Resnick(2001). Fundamental of physiscs(9th ed).Electronic circuit.New
York.oxford press
 Sear &zemansky’s(2006). University physiscs with modern physics. Oscilloscope(pg551)
London
 Kimario physics lab maul the sturature of physics report for year 2019/2020

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