THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

COURSE CODE: PH 216

COURSE NAME:ELECTRONICS PRACTICALS SEMISTER 1

COURSE INSTRUCTOR: MR.KAMAZE

EXPERIMENT NAME: VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER

THEOREM.

EXPERIMENT NUMBER: EXPERIMENT 3

NATURE OF WORK: INDIVIDUAL WORK

DATE ISSUED: 11/12/2019

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 18/12/2019

STUDENT PARTICULARS:

NAME REG. NUMBER DEG. PROG. SIGN

CHILEWA FRANK T/UDOM/2017/16297 BSC
PETER EDUCATION

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Table of Contents

ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................2

INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................3

THEORY....................................................................................................................................................4

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES............................................................................................................5

METHODOLOGY......................................................................................................................................6

PROCEDURES...........................................................................................................................................7

RESULTS...................................................................................................................................................8

DATA ANALYSIS.....................................................................................................................................9

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS...................................................................................................................10

CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................................11

PROBLEM SOLVING..............................................................................................................................12

REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................................13

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 ABSTRACT.

The aim of this experiment is to determine the maximum power on both DC and AC networks.
In DC network the maximum power reached when the load resistance (RL) equals to the internal
resistance Rin. Also in AC network the maximum power is delivered when the load resistance is
made equal to the absolute values the networks impedance. The graph of power against
resistance can be drawn and it shows that the power increases until it reaches its maximum
power and then decreases.

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 INTRODUCTION

Maximum power transfer theorem states that, to obtain maximum external power from the source with a
finite internal resistance, the resistance of the load must be equal to the resistance of the source as viewed
from its output terminal.

Load Resistance (RL) = Internal Resistance (Ri)

The theorem results in maximum power not maximum efficiency.

Maximum power from the experiment can be determined by the following equation where V is the DC
voltage supply.

Pmax = V2 th / 4RL

The objective of this experiment was to verify the maximum power transfer theorem on DC and AC with
resistive and reactive loads

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 THEORY

In many practical situations, a circuit is designed to provide power to a load. There are applications in
areas such as communications where it is desirable to maximize the power delivered to a load. Hence, the
maximum power transfer theorem states that a resistive load will receive maximum power when its total
resistive value is exactly equal to the Thevenin’s resistance of the network as “seen” by the load.

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows that any

circuit A terminated with a load RL can be reduced to its Thevenin’s equivalent. Now according to this
theorem the load RL will receive maximum power when

RL = RTH

The efficiency of power transfer is defined as the ratio of the power delivered to the load POUT, to the
power supplied by the source PIN.

The voltage regulation is defined as

At maximum power transfer condition, η = 50% & VR = 100%.

A relatively low efficiency of 50% can be tolerated in situations where power levels are relatively low
such in electronic & communication circuits for transmission & reception of signal where

the power delivered to the load is given by.

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 … EQ 1

To prove the maximum power transfer theorem, we differentiate p in Equation. above with
respect to and set the result equal to zero. We obtain

… EQ 2

the Engineer’s goal is to receive or transmit maximum amount of power. However if large power levels
are involved, such as at generating stations, efficiencies of 50% would not be acceptable. The goal here is
high efficiency and not maximum power.Power utility systems are designed to transmit the power to the
load with the greatest efficiency by reducing the losses on the power lines. Thus the effort is concentrated
on reducing RTH, which would represent the resistance of the source plus the line resistance.

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 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES AND METHODOLOGY

APPARATUS/EQUIPMENTS USED

For D.C power supply (0-30)

Multimeter

Resistors ( R1 = 1K, R2= 1K, R3= 2.2K)

Bread boards

Patch cords

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 METHODOLOGY

PROCEDURES

PART A. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER ON DC

The circuit was set up as shown in Figure 2. Then, 5V DC was applied from the power supply. Thevenin
rheostat, RTH is keep 5kΩ at maximum position. The load rheostat RLwas varied from 0Ω to 2.5kΩ. The
voltages VL and I were measured. All the results were recorded in Table 1.1

Figure 2: Circuit diagram showing the verification of maximum power transfer theorem for DC

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Part B: MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER VERIFICATION ON AC

The circuit was connected as shown in figure 3. The input voltage was kept constant Vs = 4V and
frequency f = 1 KHz. The capacitor value ranging ( 0.1microF- 1microF) was varied and the voltage across
the load and current through the load IL.Afte noting the current IL, the maximum power across the load
must be equal to the conjugate of Zth = Rs - jwL

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 RESULTS

. Table 1. 1. DC VERIFICATION

S/N Vo(V) IL (mA) RL (kOhm) P=VLxIL

1 0.675 676 1.1 0.4563l

2 0.812 625 1.3 0.5075

3 0.892 596 1.5 0.5316

4 0.965 569 1.7 0.55

5 1.032 544 1.9 0.5614

6 1.092 521 2.1 0.569

7 1.149 500 2.3 0.575

8 1.200 481 2.5 0.577

9 1.249 464 2.7 0.579

10 1.293 447 2.9 0.578

Table 1.2. AC VERIFICATION

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S/N Vo(V) IL (mA) C(uF) Z= RL + XC P=VoIL (mW)

1 2.881 23.947 0.1 1711.55 68.991

2 2.926 23.947 0.2 917.77 70.068

3 2.981 23.947 0.3 654.52 70.90

4 2.986 23.947 0.4 522.88 71.50

5 3.000 23.947 0.5 443.31 71.84

6 3.002 23.947 0.6 390.26 71.88

7 2.993 23.947 0.7 351.36 71.67

8 2.974 23.947 0.8 322.94 71.22

9 2.945 23.947 0.9 299.84 70.52

DATA ANALYSIS.

From the experiment performed, the maximum power is reached when the load resistor made
equal to the absolute values of the internal resistance of the active network impedance.

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This can be proved mathematically as follows,

Consider the following diagram,

In the diagram opposite, power is being transferred from the source, with voltage V and fixed source resistance

RS, to a load with resistance RL, resulting in a current I. By Ohm's law, I is simply the source voltage divided
by the total circuit resistance:

But

Substitute into the eqn 1 above, yields

The value of RL for which this expression is a maximum could be calculated by differentiating it, but it is

easier to calculate the value of RL for which the denominator

Is a minimum. The result will be the same in either case. Differentiating the denominator with respect to RL:

For maximum power the derivative, is equal to zero.

Therefore, in practical resistive circuits, RS and RL are both positive, so the positive sign in the above is the
correct solution. This is true as seen from the table 1 where the maximum power was at 2.7kΩ

which is equal to the impedance of the network.

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For the verification on the AC connection, there was a load for a maximum power as shown in
the table for the verification on AC from table 2 the maximum power was 71.88mW the load for
this maximum power, I was 23.947mA and V was 3.002V so the load resistor can calculated as

P=I2 R

I= 23.947mA

R=(71.88x10^-3)/(23.947)

R=125. 34Ohm

Therefore the load resistor for the maximum power in the AC connection is 125.36mA.

Power maximum = 71.88mW, which is the actual values for the load resistor for the maximum
power. The error between actual value and the measured value is 0.016.

The diagram for the illustration of maximum power transfer theorem is shown below :

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

Generally, the maximum power transfer

theorem has been verified from this
experiment. The maximum power will transfer
to the load when the load resistance,
RL equals to the Thevenin’s resistance,
RTH as seen from the load. From our result in this experiment, when RTH = 124.76Ω is used, the

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maximum power is transfer to the load when RL = 125.36Ω. After the calculations, the maximum power
is 71.88mW.High voltage transmission is always used in case of transmitting electric power to reduce the
energy lost in long distance transmission. It is due to the the electrical definition ofpower: Power =
Voltage * Current, or Current squared times resistance. Since resistance is an inherent characteristic of
the wire used, as the power sent through the power line increases, so does the losses in the power line
(the power line will heat up based on how much current is passing through it). If the voltage is
increased, then the current must decrease for the same amount of power (first equation), so the losses
in the power lLin will also ddecrease The maximum power transfer is used when designing a system with
limited energy availability. It is also used when power levels are relatively low and it is desirable to
maximize the power delivered to the load such as in electronic and communication circuit.Power utilities
transmit power at maximum efficiency instead of transmitting mmaximum power because it will
minimise losses over the lines and in transformers, and hence minimise generation costs. If the lower
efficiency is used, the loss of power over the lines will be higher.

CONCLUSION

It is very common that in every experiment conducted, there might be some discrepances in the result
obtained compared to the theoretical values. That’s why there will be some percentage errors obtained
in every result achieved. These discrepancies is due to the probable errors that might be occurs in the
experiment. Some of the errors is the ammeter is not function properly, as there is a loose connection
between the ammeter and the wire. This error is human error and it will make the value of current
inconsistent, hence will affect the result. The other human error is failure to complete the circuit in a
correway as well as doing the careless mistakes in completing it. Besides that, there is other error that

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might be occurs, which is the insufficient current to run the circuit and this can reduce the value of
voltage and current measured. This error is called system error.In order to achieve a good result and
data while conducting the experiment, there must be some precautionary steps taken to prevent the
occurring of those errors. These stepsincluding make sure the apparatus that will be used is in a good
condition, make sure the connection of wire is tight enough before reading the values, and having a
better understanding about a particular experiment that will be conduct by doing pre-reading before the
experiment.

REFERENCES

Thomas L, Floyd, 2010, principles of Electric Circuits, 9th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall.

CNMS,Physics Department, 2019-2020, Electronics Practicals Laboratory Manual

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