Anmol Agnihotri

1604520004
Final Year EE

UEET Assignment #3

Question 1. Define the terms: Solid angle, luminous flux, lumen, candle power, luminous intensity, uniform diffuse
source, illumination, luminous efficacy, brightness or luminance, glare, MSCP, MHCP.

Answer:
1. Solid Angle: Consider an area A relative to point P. If all points on the boundary of the area A are joined to P,
a cone like shape is formed at P and the angle subtended by the area A at P is known as the solid angle. Let P
represent the centre of a sphere. There will be a boundary of intersection where the solid angle subtended
by area A passes through the sphere. This area on the sphere surface and area A are subtending the same
solid angle at P. Therefore, solid angle is defined as:
a. Solid angle subtended by area A = Area of intersection at sphere surface
(Radius of sphere)2

Solid angle is expressed in steradians.

2. Luminous Flux: It is the rate of energy radiation in the form of light waves and is denoted by ∅ = Q/t where Q
is the radiant energy. Its unit is lumen.

3. Lumen: One lumen is defined as the luminous flus emitted by a source of one candle power in a unit solid
angle, i.e., Lumen = Candle power of source * solid angle.

4. Candle power: Candle power of a source is defined as the no. of lumens emitted by that source per unit solid
angle in a given direction. The term candle power is used interchangeably with intensity.

5. Luminous intensity: The mean luminous intensity over a particular range of directions or zones is the flux
contained per unit solid angle in that zone. If the solid angle is infinitely small the intensity is no longer a
mean value but the value in a specific direction. Hence luminous intensity is mathematically defined as:
I = Lt ∂F
∂w→0 ∂w

Where ∂F is the differential luminous flux in a differential solid angle ∂w. the unit for luminous intensity is
candela or lumens/steradian.

6. Uniformly diffused source: A uniformly diffused source is one in which the intensity per unit projected area
is the same from all directions of view.

7. Illumination: Illumination of a surface is defined as the luminous flux received by the surface per unit area.
Its unit is lux or foot-candle and is denoted by E. Illumination of one lux means one lumen per sq. metre and
a bigger illumination is Phot and is equal to lumen per sq. cm, i.e., 1 Phot = 10,000 Lux.

8. Luminous efficacy: Luminous efficacy expresses the relative effectiveness of the given radiant power in
yielding luminous flux, i.e., it expresses the effectiveness of one watt of radiant power in producing luminous
flux.

9. Brightness or Luminance: It is defined as the intensity of a source in a given direction divided by the
orthogonally projected area of the source in that direction. The orthogonal projection of any element of area
of the surface ∂A is given by ∂Acosθ where θ is the angle between the normal to element and the direction
of view. The unit for brightness is lambert and is denoted by the letter ‘L’.
 10. Glare: Glare may be defined as the brightness with in the field of vision of such a character as to cause
annoyance, discomfort, interference with the vision or eye fatigue.

11. Mean spherical candle-power (MSCP): Generally, the luminous intensity or candle power of a source is
different in different directions. The average candle-power of a source is the average value of its candle
power in all the directions. Obviously, it is given by flux (in lumen) emitted in all directions in all planes
divided by 4π. This average candle-power is also known as mean spherical candle-power (MSCP).

12. Mean Hemispherical candle-power (MHSCP): It is given by the total flux emitted in a hemisphere (usually
the lower one) divided by the solid angle subtended at the point source by the hemisphere.

Question 2. Derive the relation between E, I and L for a uniform diffuse source.

Answer: Consider a uniform diffuse spherical source with radius r metres and luminous intensity I candela. Then

L = I / πr2 and E = I / 4πr2 = I / r2

Therefore, E = πL

Question 3. Discuss the laws of illumination and its limitations in actual practice.

Answer: The Inverse Square Law of Illuminance

This law states that the Illuminance (E) at any point on a plane perpendicular to the line joining the point and source
is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source and plane.

E = I / d2
Where, I is the luminous intensity in a given direction.

Suppose a source is present with luminous intensity I in any direction. From this source two distances are taken as
the radius making this source as centre.

As per the above figure, the two radiuses are r 1 and r2. At distance r1 dA1 is the elementary surface area taken. In this
direction of dA1, dA2 is considered at r2 distance.
dA1 and dA2 are within same solid angle Ω with same distributed luminous flux Φ.
Area dA1 at r1 receives the same amount of luminous flux as area dA 2 at r2 as the solid are the same.

Intensity I = dΦ / dΩ is for dA1 and intensity I = dΦ / dΩ is for dA 2

Again, solid angle for both elementary surfaces

dΩ = dA1 / r12 = dA2 / r22 …………………………………………………………………equation(i)

The Illuminance at distance r1 = E1 = dΦ / dA1 = I*dΩ / dA1 ……………equation(ii)

The Illuminance at distance r2 = E2 = dΦ / dA2 = I*dΩ / dA2 ……………equation(iii)

Now, from equation (i) we get,

dA2 = (r22 / r12)*dA1

Now in the equation (iii),

E2 = I*dΩ / dA2

Putting dA2 = (r22 / r12)*dA1 we get

E2 = (r12 / r22)*E1

Or, E1 = r12
E2 r22
This indicates the well-known inverse square law relationship for point source.
It is seen that Illuminance varies inversely as the square of the illuminated point from the source.
If the light source is not a point source, then we can assume this large source as the summation of many point
sources.
This relationship can be applied to all light sources.

The Cosine Law of Illuminance

The law states that Illuminance at a point on a plane is proportional to the cosine of the angle of light incident (the
angle between the direction of the incident light and the normal to the plane).

E= (Iθ / d2)*cosƟ

It is the point source Illuminance equation.

Where, Iθ is the luminous intensity of the source in the direction of the illuminated point, Ɵ is the angle between the
normal to the plane containing the illuminated point and the line joining the source to the illuminated point, and d is
the distance to the illuminated point.
But for non-point source, the cosine law of Illuminance can be analysed in term of luminous flux instead of luminous
intensity.
The Illuminance or the surface density of the light flux received by an elementary area varies with the distance from
the light source and the angle of the elementary area with respect to the direction of the light flux.
The maximum Illuminance occurs when the element of area receives the light flux normal to its surface.
When the element of area is tilted with respect to the direction of the light flux, the Illuminance or flux density on
the elementary surface is reduced. This can be thought of in two ways.

1. The tilted elementary area (δA) cannot intercept all the light flux it previously received and so the
Illuminance falls.

2. If the elementary area (δA) increases, the Illuminance δΦ/δA falls.

For case (1) when the element δA is tilted by an angle Ɵ the amount of flux intercepted δA is given by

Φ’ = (Φ/δA) * δA cosƟ = Φ cosƟ

So the flux received by δA is reduced by a factor cosƟ.
Now the Illuminance at δA is

E’ = Φ’/ δA = (Φ/δA) * cosƟ = Emax cosƟ

Cosine Cube Law:

An extension of the cosine law in which the distance d between the source and surface is replaced by h/cosθ ,
where h is the perpendicular distance of the source from the plane in which the point is located. It is expressed by:

E  = (I  cos3θ)/h2
Cosine Cube Law is useful for evaluating illumination in street lighting, etc.

Question 4. Explain lumen or flux method of calculation of internal lighting.

Answer: The lumen or flux method of calculation for interior lighting is based on the average illumination required
on the working plane. The method is useful where the symmetry in the layout of lighting fittings ensures that the
illumination at any point does not differ much from the average value. The average value of illumination is given as:

Average E = Flux received on the working plane = FxNxUxM

Total lamp flux A

Where F is the flux output of each lamp, N is the number of lamps, U is the utilization factor, M is the maintenance
factor, and A the area of the working plane.

The procedure therefore consists of the following steps:

1. Select a suitable type of lamp and fitting.

2. Choose a suitable mounting height above the working plane (h).
3. Layout of the lighting points is obtained using a suitable spacing to height ratio for the fitting.
4. Choose the suitable value of E for a particular job.
5. Select a suitable maintenance factor (0.6 for dirty situation and 0.8 for a clean situation).
6. Calculate the room index Ri = (l x w) / h*(l + w) and determine the utilization factor from tables.
7. Determine the required lamp flux and select the suitable size of lamp and no. of lamps for each fitting.

Question 5. Define the terms: beam angle, beam lumens, waste light factor, depreciation factor or maintenance
factor, utilization factor.

Answer:

1. Beam angle: the angle within which the diversity of illumination produced on a surface at right angles does
not exceed 10 to 1. For symmetric flood lights there will be two beam angles, one in elevation and other in
azimuth.
2. Beam lumens: the luminous flux contained within the beam as defined in beam angle. It is usually taken as
25 to 30% of the lamp lumens.
3. Waste Light factor: when several flood lights are illuminating a surface, there is bound to be some amount
of overlap and also some light will fall beyond the edges of the area to be illuminated. These two factors
taken together are known as waste light factor and has a value of 1.2 for rectangular areas and 1.5 for
monuments or statues.
4. Depreciation factor or Maintenance factor: Due to dirt and dust on projector surface, the effectiveness of
the projector reduces from 100% to 50% and hence more light should be provided than is theoretically
required so that the illumination should be adequate.
5. Utilization factor: it is the ratio of lumens actually received by a particular surface to the total lumens
emitted by a luminous surface.

Question 6. Describe the construction and principle of operation and application of (a) filament lamp (b) sodium
vapour lamp (c) mercury vapour lamp and (d) fluorescent lamp.

Answer:
a. Filament Lamp: A filament lamp consists of a fine wire of a high-resistance placed in an evacuated glass bulb
and heated to luminosity by the passage of current through it. The ideal material for the filament of lamps is
one which has the following properties:
a. A high melting point and hence operating temperature.
b. A low vapour pressure.
c. A high specific resistance and a low temperature coefficient.
d. Ductility and sufficient mechanical strength to withstand vibrations.

Since tungsten possesses practically all the above qualities, it is used in almost all modern filament lamps.
Earlier filament lamps had a square-cage type filament supported from a central glass stem enclosed in an
evacuated glass bulb. The objective of the vacuum was (i) to prevent oxidation and (ii) to minimize the loss
of heat by convection and consequent lowering of filament temperature. However, vacuum favoured the
evaporation of the filament with the resulting blackening of the lamp so that the operating temperature had
to be kept as low as 2670K with serious loss in luminous efficiency.

Later on, it was found that this difficulty could be solved to a great extent by inserting a chemically inert gas
like nitrogen or argon. The presence of these gases within the glass bulb decreased the evaporation of the
filament and so lengthened its life. The filament could now run at a relatively higher temperature and hence
higher luminous efficiency could be realized. In practice, it was found that an admixture of 85% argon and
15% nitrogen gave the best results.

However, introduction of gas led to another difficulty i.e. loss of heat due to convection which offsets the
additional increase in efficiency. However, it was found that for securing greater efficiency, a concentrated
filament having a tightly wound helical construction was necessary. Such a coiled filament was less exposed
to circulating gases, its turns supplying heat to each other and further the filament was mechanically
stronger.

b. Sodium vapour lamp: Sodium vapour has the highest theoretical luminous efficiency and gives
monochromatic orange-yellow light. The monochromatic light makes objects look grey, on account of which
these lamps are used for street and highway lighting. The lamp consists of a discharge tube having special
composition of glass to withstand the high temperature of the electric discharge. The discharge tube is
surrounded by an outer tube as shown in fig. For heating the cathode, a transformer is included. Sodium
below 600C is in solid state. For starting the lamp, the electric discharge is allowed to take place in neon gas.
The temperature inside the discharge tube rises and vaporizes sodium. Operating temperature is around
3000C. It takes about 10 minutes for the sodium vapour to displace the red colour of the neon by its own
yellow colour. The lamp takes around half an hour to reach full output. A choke is provided for stabilizing the
electric discharge and a capacitor for power factor improvement. Although the theoretical efficiency is 475
lumens/watt, the practical light output is around 40-50 lumen/watt. HPSV lamps are used for lighting of
 public thoroughfares, storage yards, open-air work sites, process plants, interiors with high ceiling heights,
etc.

c. Mercury vapour lamp: It is similar to construction of the sodium vapour lamp. The electrodes are tungsten
coils containing an electron emitting material, which may be small piece of thorium or an oxide mixture.
Argon is introduced to help start the lamp. The electric discharge first takes place through argon and this
vaporizes the mercury drops inside the discharge tube. The electron emitting material supplies electrons to
maintain the arc. The space between two bulbs is filled with an inert gas. The pressure inside the discharge
tube may range from one to ten atmospheres in lamps used for lighting purposes, as at these pressures the
radiation is in visible spectrum. Although the theoretical efficiency is 298 lumens/watt, the practical light
output is around 20- 30 lumen/watt. (The ordinary tungsten filament or incandescent bulb has practical
efficiency of 10-20 lumens/watt as against theoretical efficiency of 143 lumens/watt) HPMV Lamps are used
for lighting of secondary roads, car parking areas, parks and gardens, factory sheds, etc.

d. Fluorescent lamp: In these types, the electrons are produced by thermionic emission. Lower starting and
operating voltages are adequate. A transient voltage of 300-600 V, applied by the starter, initiates the arc
stream. The cathodes, which are coated with emitting materials, lose a little bit of this material every time
the lamp is started. The constant impact of electrons on the cathode also dislodges some of the emitting
material. Finally, so little of the materials remain that it is not possible to emit any electrons and the lamp
becomes dead. Therefore, this type of lamp is unsuitable for frequent starting. The efficiency is dependent
on the mercury vapour pressure (and hence temperature) inside the tube. For efficient light production,
these types of lamps are not used below a temperature of 100C surrounding. Fluorescent lamps produce
flicker or stroboscopic effect, since on 50 Hz supply; they are extinguished 100 times a second. Single lamps
 cannot be operated without flicker. Flicker correction can be applied to pairs of lamps. Radio interference is
another effect produced by fluorescent lamps and has to be removed by suitable filter circuits. Starters of
automatic starting switches care of two types (i) thermal type, and (ii) glow discharge type.
The thermal starter has a heater coil which heats a bimetallic strip. The heater coil remains energized to
keep the bimetallic switch open throughout the operation of lamp. It, therefore, consumes a small amount
of power. When the supply is switched on, the contacts of the bimetallic switch are closed and the current
passes through the electrodes and heat them. But after an interval of few seconds, the heater coil heats up
the bimetal strip and the bimetallic switch contacts open. This starts a high voltage transient across the
electrode due to the presence of choke or ballast in the circuit. An arc is struck between the electrodes, due
to the high voltage transient. The high frequency radio interference is bypassed through the filter circuit
provided by the radio interference suppression condenser.

The glow starter is enclosed in a glass bulb filled with neon or argon gas. One of the electrodes is a bimetallic
strip. When the normal voltage is applied to the lamp, a glow discharge takes place across the glow switch
and a small amount of current flows through the electrodes. The bimetallic strip expands due to the heating
effect of current in the glow discharge. The expansion of bimetallic strip causes the electrodes touch each
other and the electrodes get pre-heated due to the flow of appreciable amount of current. Meanwhile the
bimetal cools, the glow switch opens and the resultant high voltage transient starts the arc discharge
through the tube. If the lamp does not strike, the foregoing cycle is repeated. The switch cannot glow after
the lamp has started operating, as the available electrical potential is not high enough to establish the glow
discharge. Thus, the starter consumes no power during the normal lamp operation.

Question 7. What is the function of a (i) starter and (ii) choke coil in a fluorescent lamp?

Answer: (i) A glow starter or commonly known as starter is used in the tube light circuit to provide an initial current
to filaments of the tube light. When the switch is pressed current cannot pass through the tube initially because the
gas inside it is not ionized and hence the tube light circuit behaves as open circuit. Once the gas is ionized, it will
provide a conduction path for the current to flow. In order to ionize the gas, an initial high current is required for a
short period across the filaments of the main tube. That is what a starter does. A starter initially provides a path to
complete the circuit and once tube light starts the current flows through the ionized gas in the main tube.

A starter incorporates a small gas filled tube and a RFI (Radio Frequency Interference) suppression capacitor. The
small glass tube is filled with neon or argon and contains a bi-metallic plate. This bi-metallic plate is the heart of the
starter.

(ii) The function of choke is to provide high voltage enough for ionization to take place in a tube light and after
establishment and sustenance of ionization, limit the voltage across the tube. That is the reason why a tube fuses
when the choke is shorted. Gases present in the tube light is of such nature that once the gas ionised then it has a
tendency to increase continuously accompanied by a fall in the circuit resistance. In order to limit the current to a
safe value choke is used. Choke performs two function (1) providing ignition voltage (2) limiting the current.
Question 8. How does the operation of a fluorescent tube differ when it is used on d. c. supply?

Answer: To operate a fluorescent lamp using a d.c. supply, an additional resistive ballast is added to the choke coil
for arc stability and producing the voltage pulse. The resistive ballast introduces very high power loss in the ballast.
Also, the migration of positively charged mercury ions towards the cathode results in low light output from the
anode end of the tube. For this reason, whenever the tube is to be used for d.c., a reversing switch is normally used
in the circuit to change the direction of the current through the tube every few hours. Usually a rotary switch is
incorporated, which ensures polarity reversal every time the lamp is switched ON.

Another method to operate a fluorescent lamp using d.c. supply is to use an inverter circuit whenever d.c. supply is
available. The frequency is usually 10kHz. With the advent of power transistors, this method of operation of tubes is
extensively being used in trains, buses and aircrafts.

Question 9. What are the various types of starters used for fluorescent tubes? Describe their construction and
principle of operation.

Answer: There are two types of starter switches used in fluorescent tubes: (i) thermal starter switch and (ii) glow
starter switch.

The glow starter switch consists of a pair of bimetal contacts sealed in a small glass bulb filled with argon gas. When
the supply is switched on, the total supply voltage appears across the open contacts, thereby an arc discharge takes
place between the contacts. The heat from the discharge causes the pre-heat current to flow. The closure of the
contacts extinguishes the arc, thereby the bi-metal contacts cool and open and the lamp strikes. A small capacitor to
supress radio interference is fitted between the contact connections outside the glass bulb. The glass bulb is usually
mounted on a plastic base and inserted into a small cylindrical metal canister. The base has metal studs or pins
coming out from it which are connected to the bi-metal contacts. An insulated socket is mounted in the control gear
housing to receive the metal studs of the starter switch so that it may be connected into the control gear circuit.

A thermal starter switch has almost similar appearance to a glow starter switch except that it employs a relatively
larger size of the canister. This also has a pair of bi-metal strips which are initially closed rather than open as in the
case of a glow starter. The contacts along with the heater are enclosed in a glass bulb. The bulb is filled with a gas to
improve the thermal link between the heater coil and the contacts. When the supply is switched on, the current
flows through the choke, the starter heater and the electrodes. The heater coil raises the temperature of the bi-
metal contacts and they separate, thereby the current through the choke is interrupted and the consequent voltage
pulse of approximately 1000 volts causes the tube to strike. Once the tube strikes the tube current flows through the
starter heater and the bi-metal contacts remain open.

Question 10. Explain the various factors to be taken into account for designing schemes for (i) street lighting (ii)
flood lighting and (iii) highway lighting.

Answer: The following factors are taken into account for designing street lighting distribution:

1. The lamps should give a peak of intensity at a sufficiently high angle to make best use of the reflecting
properties of the surface of the road.
2. The intensities below the peak should gradually become smaller in order that the luminance of the road
close to the lamp-post should not be so great as to cause a patchy appearance.
3. The reduction in intensity above the peak should be sharp in order to reduce the glare but not so sharp as to
limit flexibility in the spacing of the lantern. Provision should be made for adequate lighting of side walks
where there is sufficient pedestrian traffic. Wherever two streets meet, the level of illumination at the
intersections should at least equal the sum of the illumination recommended for the two streets.

The following factors are taken into account for designing flood lighting schemes:

Buildings very often have to be lighted by flood lights close to their base owing to space limitations. In order to
achieve reasonable uniformity from side to side, the flood lights should have a wide lateral distribution and to
achieve a reasonable brightness high up in the building, the peak intensity should be high. Also, in order that the
base of the building is not too bright the beam should be narrow in elevation. Larger buildings with setback
features and towers require non-uniform illumination. Flood lights should be placed inside the parapets and
enough above the floor level of the setback to avoid rain falling on them but at such elevation as to shield the
units from external view. For this, usually long sources such as fluorescent, tungsten iodine, and sodium are used
when their light is controlled by a trough-shaped parabolic reflector which results in good sideways spread.

The following factors are taken into account for designing highway lighting schemes:

Highway lighting consists of providing illumination through lights in the vicinity of a highway/road/street. It plays
a major part in ensuring of highway safety during night driving and includes the aspect of roadside amenities for
the convenience of the road-users, and preserving the aesthetics of the highway and its vicinity during the
nights. In addition, highway lighting is important to provide security to the road-users during nights, especially to
pedestrians.

Accidents are known to occur more during nights than during the day; this is attributed to poor visibility of
potential hazards at night time and lack of proper lighting for the road or highway.

Further, provision of proper lighting in the vicinity of and approaches to different roadside amenities like petrol
pumps, service stations, restaurants/motels, rest areas and truck parks makes it easy for fast traffic to identify
such amenities sufficiently in advance besides enhancing the aesthetics.

Highway lighting is particularly required at road intersections, railway level crossing, bridges and other cross-
drainage works, and near stretches of road-repair and temporary diversions, where restriction to free flow of
traffic exists. This increases the road safety and adds to the visual appeal near such locations.

Although the vehicle headlights may be adequate for normal night driving, highway lighting is an additional and
valuable facility for the road-users.

Question 11. What do you understand by refrigerator? Draw and explain the electric circuit used in a
refrigerator.

Answer: The heat of the items, to be cooled is carried to the evaporator coils by means of air trapped in the
cabinet. The working fluid, known as a refrigerant, used in refrigerator readily evaporates and condenses or
changes alternately between the vapor and liquid phases without leaving the refrigerator. The refrigerant keeps
circulating from evaporator coil to condenser till compressor motor is connected to the supply. During
evaporation, it absorbs heat from items placed in the refrigerator and in condensing or cooling or liquefying it
rejects heat outside the refrigerator. The heat absorbed from items placed in the refrigerator during evaporation
is used as its latent heat for converting it from liquid to vapor. Thus, a cooling effect is created in the working
fluid. And this decreases the temperature inside the refrigerator. When a predetermined value of the
temperature is achieved inside the refrigerator, thermostat switch operates and disconnects the compressor
motor from the electric supply. Further circulation of refrigerant and its cooling effect stops. In this way, the
refrigerant is circulated through the coils of the refrigerator to maintain the temperature in the required
temperature range.

The following are the main parts of electrical system of a domestic refrigerator:

1. Compressor motor

2. Starting relay

3. Thermostat

4. Thermal overload protector or release.  

A brief description of each part, along with its function, is as below:

1. Compressor Motor:

It may be a DC motor. Since we have mostly AC supply so AC motor is used which work on 220 volts 50 Hz
supply. These are usually fractional horse power (F.H.P.) motors of about 1/8 H.P. The Induction type motors
commonly used are single phase split phase type and they are not rated for continuous rating but for
intermittent rating as the refrigerator motor works for some-time and then it stops and remains stopped for
some time again.

The size of the motor depends upon the capacity of the refrigerator.

One “Ton” capacity of the refrigeration requires approximately 1 H.P. motor. “Ton” is the unit of refrigerator. It
is equivalent to the heat extraction rate of 50 Kcal/minute. Domestic refrigerators are named by their capacity
like 90, 160, 200, 250 litres etc. and the motors used are fractional H.P. motors designed for intermittent rating
and not for continuous rating.

Working:

In the beginning both starting and running windings are in parallel. The high resistance winding of a split phase
motor and a capacitor is connected to give the necessary phase shift in order to make the motor self-starting. As
the motor pick up the speed, the relay opens and cut out the starting winding. Thereafter, the motor continues
to run only on running winding. Each time the motor starts, the sequence is repeated. Mostly the motor and
compressor are in one unit, known as a sealed unit.

2. Starting Relay:

The relay is of electro-magnetic type and used for making or breaking the contact of starting winding with the
supply. It essentially consists of two NC contacts in series with the starting winding. Relay coil is placed in series
with running winding.

In the start both windings are in parallel with the supply and motor starts. As it picks up speed, the sufficient
voltage is induced in starting winding and attracts the armature. This opens the N.C. contacts and starting
winding cut-off. Now the motor will run only with running winding.

Lamp and Switch Circuit:

The switch is fitted in the door of the cabinet. So long as the door of the refrigerator is closed, the switch
remains open and the lamp remains off. As soon as the door is opened, the circuit is completed and the lamp is
switched on. The user can trace and place the commodities in the refrigerator. The lamp is automatically
switched off as the door is closed. This saves consumption of electrical energy.

3. Thermostat:

It is a thermal switch. As soon as the temperature reaches – 7°C in the freezer and – 10°C in other parts of the
fridge (domestic fridge), the thermostat automatically cuts off the supply to the machine. After some time, when
the temperature rises in the refrigerator, it again receives the supply to the machine automatically.

The thermostat has setting from 0 to 10. But as precautions, it should not be set beyond 3 as it overloads the
refrigerator, which ultimately reduces its efficiency and life. The two mechanisms, bimetal control and sensing
bulb control, used in thermostats.

4. Thermal Overload Relay (OLR):

The thermal OLR is a protective device for the protection of the compressor motor unit of the refrigerator. It has
bimetals and a heating resistance. As soon as the temperature of the compressor, due to any reason, rises
beyond safe limits, the OLR automatically trips and disconnects the supply to the motor. It is connected in series
with the motor circuit. Whenever excess current flows through the motor, due to any reason, the bimetals are
heated. This interrupts the supply; thus motor is protected.
Body:

The whole body of the refrigerator is made of double walled cabinet which is packed with high thermal
insulation material like fibre glass, cork expanded rubber etc. so that the heat from outside atmosphere does not
leak into refrigerator. The cabinet is made air-tight by providing a soft rubber seal all around the inside of the
door.