8/9/2019 Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus): Overview

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus):

Overview
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By Oliver Fleck, M.Sc.

Reviewed by Susha Cheriyedath, M.Sc.

Overview
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a Gram-positive bacterium that is responsible for
the majority of community-acquired pneumonia. It is a commensal organism in the human
respiratory tract, meaning that it benefits from the human body, without harming it. However,
infection by pneumococcus may be dangerous, causing not only pneumonia, but also bronchitis,
otitis media, septicemia, and meningitis.

3D illustration. Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a gram-positive

bacteria responsible for many types of pneumococcal infections. Image Copyright:
ktsdesign / Shutterstock

S. pneumoniae is alpha-hemolytic, meaning that it can break down red blood cells through the
production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The production of H2O2 by the bacterial infection can
also cause damage to DNA, and kill cells within the lungs. Pneumococcal pneumonia causes fever
and chills, coughs, difficulty breathing, and chest pain. If the infection spreads to the brain and
spinal cord, it can cause pneumococcal meningitis, characterised by a stiff neck, fever, confusion,
and headaches.

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Pneumococcal infection is responsible for 1-2 million infant deaths worldwide, every year. During
influenza epidemics, S. pneumoniae is associated with higher mortality in patients infected with
both microorganisms. It is thought that S. pneumoniae and Haemophilius influenzae have a
synergistic effect on one another, when infecting the same host.

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8/9/2019 Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus): Overview

3D illustration. Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a gram-positive

bacteria responsible for many types of pneumococcal infections. Image Copyright:
ktsdesign / Shutterstock

3D illustration. Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a gram-positive

bacteria responsible for many types of pneumococcal infections. Image Copyright:
ktsdesign / Shutterstock

S. pneumoniae is alpha-hemolytic, meaning that it can break down red blood cells through the
production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The production of H2O2 by the bacterial infection can
also cause damage to DNA, and kill cells within the lungs. Pneumococcal pneumonia causes fever
and chills, coughs, difficulty breathing, and chest pain. If the infection spreads to the brain and
spinal cord, it can cause pneumococcal meningitis, characterised by a stiff neck, fever, confusion,
and headaches.

Related Stories
Microbiologists uncover how antibiotics help spread resistance
Study: India has large disparities in under-five mortality rate between richer and
poorer states
Cannabis ingredient shows promise as potential antibiotic for superbugs

https://www.news-medical.net/health/Streptococcus-pneumoniae-(pneumococcus)-Overview.aspx 2/4
8/9/2019 Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus): Overview

Pneumococcal infection is responsible for 1-2 million infant deaths worldwide, every year. During
influenza epidemics, S. pneumoniae is associated with higher mortality in patients infected with
both microorganisms. It is thought that S. pneumoniae and Haemophilius influenzae have a
synergistic effect on one another, when infecting the same host.

Risk Factors
The primary risk factors for infection are:

1. Age. People younger than 2 or older than 65 years old are at highest risk of infection
2. Absence of normal spleen function (asplenia / hyposplenia)
3. Alcoholism
4. Diabetes mellitus
5. Influenza
6. Defects in specific aspects of the immune system, such as the complement cascade or
antibodies
7. HIV infection
8. Strains of S. pneumoniae that are particularly virulent

Diagnosis
S. pneumoniae can be readily identified by culturing bacterial samples on blood agar. Due to the
hemolytic properties of the bacteria, they will turn blood agar to dark green. However, growing
bacterial cultures can take time. Therefore, it is more efficient to diagnose an infection using more
modern techniques.

The first technique involves the detection of parts of streptococcus bacterium, known as antigens,
in urine. C polysaccharide, a main component of the bacterial cell wall, can be detected in a
number of bodily fluids. Immunochromatography is used to test for the presence of specific
antigens, and compares favorably to diagnosis via bacterial culture.

The second technique involves an assay based on detection of S. pneumoniae-specific DNA

sequences. These can be performed extremely quickly, and the high specificity conferred by using
DNA as a target minimizes the risk of error.

Treatment
Antibiotics are the first line of treatment for bacterial infections, and are effective against
pneumococcus. However, treatment of pneumococcal infections is dependent on the strain that a
patient is infected with. Some strains of S. pneumoniae have acquired a resistance to specific

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8/9/2019 Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus): Overview

antibiotics, and therefore cannot be reliably treated with them. During diagnosis, cases of S.
pneumoniae will often be tested for susceptibility to antibiotics, and the physician will make a
judgement of treatment course based on the findings.

Prevention is considered to be better than a cure, and therefore vaccination is preferable to having
to treat a disease. Two vaccines for pneumococcal infection are available, and both work on the
same mechanism: delivery of antigens to provoke an immune response in the recipient. However,
since the introduction of these vaccines to combat the spread of S. pneumoniae, some strains
have been observed that do not carry the antigens that the body has been sensitized to. Other
vaccine approaches are being considered, looking for antigens that are more readily conserved
between bacterial strains.

References
CDC website. http://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/ Accessed 01-Aug-16
Lysenko ES, Ratner AJ, Nelson AL, Weisner JN. The Role of Innate Immune Responses in
the Outcome of Interspecies Competition for Colonization of Mucosal Surfaces. PLoS
Pathogens 2005; 1 (1): e1
Rai P, Parrish M, Tay IJJ, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae secretes hydrogen peroxide
leading to DNA damage and apoptosis in lung cells. Proc Natl AcadSci 2015; E3421 - E3430
Tikhomirova A, Kidd SP. Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae: living
together in a biofilm. Pathogens and Disease 2013; 69: 114 - 126
Van der Poll T, Opal SM. Pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of pneumococcal
pneumonia. Lancet 2009; 374 (9700): 1543 - 1556

Last Updated: Feb 27, 2019

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