LABORATORY RESULTS

HEMATOLOGY SECTION:

Test Name: Results: Unit: Reference Range:

Complete Blood Count:

WBC Count: 20.83 X10˄g/L 4.0-13.0
H
RBC Count: 4.10 X10˄12/L 4.0-5.4

Hemoglobin: 127.00 g/L 120-150

Hematocrit: 36.20 % 37-47

L
MCV: 88.70 Fl 78-95

MCH: 31.00 pglcell 26-32

MCHC: 35.10 % 32-36

ROW-CV: 13.00 % 12.50-14.50

Platelet Count: 264.00 X10˄g/L 130-450

Differential Count:
Neutrophil 83.70 % 54.62
H

Lymphocyte 10.10 % 25-33

L

Monocyte 5.40 % 3-11

Eosinophil 0.50 % 1-3

L

Basophil 0.30 % 0-1

Remarks:
Specimen collected by non-laboratory personnel
 HEMATOLOGY SECTION:

Blood Typing Result

Blood Typing: Result: Unit: Reference:
ABO Type A
Rh Positive

Remarks:
Specimen collected by non-laboratory personnel

CLINICAL MICROSCOPY:
URINALYSIS

Test Result Unit

Physical Characteristics
Color: Light Yellow
Transparency: Slightly Cloudy
Chemical Parameters
Specific Gravity: `1.020
pH: 6.0

Glucose: (-)
Protein: (-)

Ketone (-)

Nitrites (-)

Leukocytes 4t
Blood 3t
Microscopic Findings:
RBC: 1001
WBC: 2650
Bacteria: Few
Few

Screening Test Result Method

HBsAg Non-Reactive 1CT

White Blood Cells (WBC)

White blood cells act as the body’s first line of defense against foreign bodies, tissues, and other

substances. WBC count assesses the total number of WBC in a cubic millimeter of blood. White blood

cell differential provides specific information on white blood cell types:

 Neutrophils are the most common type of WBC and serve as the primary defense against
infection.
 Lymphocytes play a big role in response to inflammation or infection.
 Monocytes are cells that respond to infection, inflammation, and foreign bodies by killing
and digesting the foreign organism (phagocytosis).
 Eosinophils respond during an allergic reaction and parasitic infections.
 Basophils are involved during an allergic reaction, inflammation, and autoimmune
diseases.
 Bands are immature WBCs that are first released from the bone marrow into the blood.

Normal lab values for white blood cell count and WBC differential: 

 WBC Count: 4,500 to 11,000 cells/mm³

 Neutrophils: 55 – 70% or 1,800 to 7,800 cells/mm³
 Lymphocytes: 20 – 40% or 1,000 to 4,800 cells/mm³
 Monocytes: 2 – 8% or 0.0 to 800 cells/mm³
 Eosinophils: 1 – 4% or 0.0 to 450 cells/mm³
 Basophils: 0–2% or 0.0 to 200 cells/mm³
 Bands: 0–2 % or 0.0 to 700 cells/mm³

Increased WBC Count (Leukocytosis) Decreased WBC Count (Leukopenia)

 Inflammation  Autoimmune disease
 Infection  Bone marrow failure
 Leukemic neoplasia  Bone marrow infiltration (e.g., myelofibrosis)
 Stress  Congenital marrow aplasia
 Tissue necrosis  Drug toxicity (e.g., chloramphenicol)
 Trauma  Nutritional deficiency
 Severe infection

Nursing consideration for WBC count: 

 A high total WBC count with a left shift means that the bone marrow will release an
increased amount of neutrophils in response to inflammation or infection.
 A “shift to the right” which is usually seen in liver disease, megaloblastic and pernicious
anemia, and Down syndrome, indicates that cells have more than the usual number of
nuclear segments.
 A “shift to the left” indicates an increased number of immature neutrophils is found in
the blood.
 A low total WBC count with a left shift means a recovery from bone
marrow depression or an infection of such intensity that the demand for neutrophils in
the tissue is greater than the capacity of the bone marrow to release them into the
circulation.
Hematocrit (Hct)

Hematocrit or packed cell volume (Hct, PCV, or crit) represents the percentage of the total blood

volume that is made up of the red blood cell (RBC).

Normal values for hematocrit count:

 Male adult: 42 – 52%

Increased Hematocrit Levels Decreased Hematocrit Levels

 Burns  Anemia
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease  Bone marrow failure
 Congenital heart disease  Hemoglobinopathy
 Dehydration  Hemolytic reaction
 Eclampsia  Hemorrhage
 Erythrocytosis  Hyperthyroidism
 Polycythemia Vera  Leukemia
 Severe dehydration  Liver cirrhosis
 Malnutrition
 Multiple myelomas
 Normal pregnancy
 Nutritional deficiency
 Rheumatoid arthritis

 Female adult: 35 – 47%

What causes high neutrophil levels?

Having a high percentage of neutrophils in your blood is called neutrophilia. This is a sign that your
body has an infection. Neutrophilia can point to a number of underlying conditions and factors,
including:

 infection, most likely bacterial

 noninfectious inflammation
 injury
 surgery
 smoking cigarettes or sniffing tobacco
 high stress level
 excessive exercise
  steroid use
 heart attacks
 chronic myeloid leukemia

What causes low neutrophil levels?

Neutropenia is the term for low neutrophil levels. Low neutrophil counts are most often associated
with medications but they also can be a sign of other factors or illness, including:

 some drugs, including those used in chemotherapy

 suppressed immune system
 bone marrow failure
 aplastic anemia
 febrile neutropenia, which is a medical emergency
 congenital disorders, such as Kostmann syndrome and cyclic neutropenia
 hepatitis A, B, or C
 HIV/AIDS
 sepsis
 autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis
 leukemia
 myelodysplastic syndromes

You’re at greatest risk of infection if your neutrophil count drops below 1,500 neutrophils per
microliter. Very low neutrophil counts can lead to life-threatening infections.

If your neutrophil counts are high, it can mean you have an infection or are under a lot of stress. It can
also be a symptom of more serious conditions. Neutropenia, or a low neutrophil count, can last for a
few weeks or it can be chronic. It also can be a symptom of other conditions and diseases, and it
places you at greater risk for acquiring more serious infections. If abnormal neutrophil counts are due
to an underlying condition, your outlook and treatment will be determined by that condition.

What does it mean if levels are high?

A high level of lymphocytes may be an indication of lymphocytosis, which is associated with

inflammatory bowel disease. Lymphocyte counts above the normal range can be a harmless and
temporary situation due to the body’s normal response to an infection or inflammatory condition.
But a high level of lymphocytes can also be a sign of lymphocytosis, which is a more serious condition.
Lymphocytosis is frequently associated with chronic infections, some blood cancers, and with
autoimmune diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease.

In adults, lymphocytosis usually corresponds to a lymphocyte count higher than 3,000 lymphocytes in

1 µL of blood. In children, the lymphocyte count would be around 9,000 lymphocytes in 1 µL of blood,
although this value can change with age.

What does it mean if levels are low?

Lymphocyte counts below the normal range can also be temporary. They can occur after a cold or
another infection, or be caused by intense physical exercise, severe stress, or malnutrition. A low level
can also be a sign of a condition known as lymphocytopenia or lymphopenia. Lymphocytopenia can be
inherited, or it can be acquired alongside certain diseases, including:

 rare inherited diseases, such as ataxia-telangiectasia

 nerve diseases, such as multiple sclerosis
 autoimmune diseases
 AIDS, or other infectious diseases

Lymphocytopenia can also be a side effect of medications or some other medical treatments.
Lymphocyte counts that signal lymphocytopenia vary for adults and children. They are usually less
than 1,000 lymphocytes in 1 µL of blood for adults and less than 3,000 lymphocytes in 1 µL of blood
for children.

Normal results

In adults, a normal blood sample reading will show fewer than 500 eosinophil cells per microliter of
blood. In children, eosinophil levels vary with age.

Abnormal results

If you have over 500 eosinophil cells per microliter of blood, then it indicates you have a disorder
known as eosinophilia. Eosinophilia is classified as either mild (500–1,500 eosinophil cells per
microliter), moderate (1,500 to 5,000 eosinophil cells per microliter), or severe (greater than 5,000
eosinophil cells per microliter). This can be due to any of the following:

 an infection by parasitic worms

 an autoimmune disease
 severe allergic reactions
  eczema
 asthma
 seasonal allergies
 leukemia and certain other cancers
 ulcerative colitis
 scarlet fever
 lupus
 Crohn’s disease
 a significant drug reaction
 an organ transplant rejection

An abnormally low eosinophil count can be the result of intoxication from alcohol or excessive
production of cortisol, like in Cushing’s disease. Cortisol is a hormone naturally produced by the body.
Low eosinophil counts may also be due to the time of day. Under normal conditions, eosinophil
counts are lowest in the morning and highest in the evening.

Unless alcohol abuse or Cushing’s disease is suspected, low levels of eosinophils are not usually of
concern unless other white cell counts are also abnormally low. If all white cells counts are low, this
can signal a problem with the bone marrow.

What are the complications associated with an eosinophil count?

An eosinophil count uses a standard blood draw, which you have likely had many times in your life. As
with any blood test, there are minimal risks of experiencing minor bruising at the needle site. In rare
cases, the vein may become swollen after blood is drawn. This is called phlebitis. You can treat this
condition by applying a warm compress several times each day. If this isn’t effective, you should
consult your doctor. Excessive bleeding could be a problem if you have a bleeding disorder or you
take blood-thinning medication, such as warfarin (Coumadin) or aspirin. This requires immediate
medical attention.