GENERAL DEFINITION OF

TECHNICAL TERMS

1)- Mass : is both a property of a physical body and a measure

of its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion)
when a net force is applied. An object's mass also determines the
strength of its gravitational attraction to other bodies.
-The basic SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg).
2)- Weight : In science and engineering, the weight of an object
is related to the force acting on the object, either due to gravity
or to a reaction force that holds it in place.
Some standard textbooks define weight as a vector quantity, the
gravitational force acting on the object.
-Others define weight as a scalar quantity, the magnitude of the
gravitational force.
-Others define it as the magnitude of the reaction force exerted
on a body by mechanisms that keep it in place: the weight is the
quantity that is measured by, for example, a spring scale.
- Common symbols W
-SI unit newton (N)
-Other units
-pound-force (lbf)
-In SI base units kg⋅m⋅s−2
3)- DENSITY :The density (more precisely, the volumetric
mass density; also known as specific mass), of a substance is its
mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is
ρ (the lower case Greek letter rho), although the Latin letter D
can also be used. Mathematically, density is defined as mass
divided by volume
p= m /v
where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. In
some cases (for instance, in the United States oil and gas
industry), density is loosely defined as its weight per unit
volume, although this is scientifically inaccurate – this quantity
is more specifically called specific weight.
4)-ENERGY : in physics, the capacity for doing work. It may
exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear,
or other various forms. There are, moreover, heat and work—
i.e., energy in the process of transfer from one body to another.
After it has been transferred, energy is always designated
according to its nature. Hence, heat transferred may become
thermal energy, while work done may manifest itself in the form
of mechanical energy.
Nuclear fusion deep within the Sun releases a tremendous
amount of energy that is slowly transferred to the solar surface,
from which it…
All forms of energy are associated with motion. For example,
any given body has kinetic energy if it is in motion. A tensioned
device such as a bow or spring, though at rest, has the potential
for creating motion; it contains potential energy because of its
configuration. Similarly, nuclear energy is potential energy
because it results from the configuration of subatomic particles
in the nucleus of an atom.

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed but only changed

from one form to another. This principle is known as the
conservation of energy or the first law of thermodynamics. For
example, when a box slides down a hill, the potential energy
that the box has from being located high up on the slope is
converted to kinetic energy, energy of motion. As the box slows
to a stop through friction, the kinetic energy from the box’s
motion is converted to thermal energy that heats the box and the
slope.
Explanation of the principle of the conservation of energy.
Energy can be converted from one form to another in various
other ways. Usable mechanical or electrical energy is, for
instance, produced by many kinds of devices, including fuel-
burning heat engines, generators, batteries, fuel cells, and
magnetohydrodynamic systems.
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In the International System of Units (SI), energy is measured in
joules. One joule is equal to the work done by a one-newton
force acting over a one-metre distance.
Energy is treated in a number of articles. For the development of
the concept of energy and the principle of energy conservation,
see principles of physical science; mechanics; thermodynamics;
and conservation of energy. For the major sources of energy and
the mechanisms by which the transition of energy from one
form to another occurs, see coal; solar energy; wind power;
nuclear fission; oil shale; petroleum; electromagnetism; and
energy conversion.

Some forms of energy (that an object or system can have as a

measurable property)

Type of energy Description

the sum of macroscopic translational and rotational

Mechanical
kinetic and potential energies
 Electric potential energy due to or stored in electric fields

Magnetic potential energy due to or stored in magnetic fields

potential energy due to or stored in gravitational

Gravitational
fields

Chemical potential energy due to chemical bonds

potential energy that binds an electron to its atom or

Ionization
molecule

potential energy that binds nucleons to form

Nuclear
the atomic nucleus (and nuclear reactions)

Chromodynamic potential energy that binds quarks to form hadrons

potential energy due to the deformation of a material

Elastic
(or its container) exhibiting a restorative force

Mechanical kinetic and potential energy in an elastic material due

wave to a propagated deformational wave

kinetic and potential energy in a fluid due to a sound

Sound wave propagated wave (a particular form of mechanical
wave)

potential energy stored in the fields of propagated

Radiant
by electromagnetic radiation, including light

Rest potential energy due to an object's rest mass

 kinetic energy of the microscopic motion of particles,
Thermal
a form of disordered equivalent of mechanical energy

5)- POWER :
A)- Horsepower (hp) is a unit of measurement of power, or the
rate at which work is done. There are many different standards
and types of horsepower. Two common definitions being used
today are the mechanical horsepower (or imperial horsepower),
which is about 745.7 watts, and the metric horsepower, which is
approximately 735.5 watts;
1- Mechanical horsepower[edit]
Assuming the third CGPM (1901, CR 70) definition of standard
gravity, gn = 9.80665 m/s2, is used to define the pound-force as
well as the kilogram force, and the international avoirdupois
pound (1959), one mechanical horsepower is:
1 h ≡ 33,000 ft-
by definition
p lbf/min
sin
= 550 ft⋅lbf/s 1 min= 60 s
ce
= 550 × 0.3048 × and
sin 1 ft ≡ 0.30
0.45359237 m⋅k 1 lb ≡ 0.45359237 k
ce 48 m
gf/s  g
=
76.0402249068 k
gf⋅m/s
= sin g = 9.80665 m/s2
76.0402249068 ce
×
 9.80665 kg⋅m2/s3
sin 1 W ≡ =1 N⋅m/s=1 (kg⋅m/s2
ce 1 J/s  )⋅(m/s) 
Or given that 1 hp = 550 ft⋅lbf/s, 1 ft = 0.3048 m, 1 lbf ≈
4.448 N, 1 J = 1 N⋅m, 1 W = 1 J/s: 1 hp ≈ 746 W
2-Metric horsepower (PS, cv, hk, pk, ks, ch):-

One metric horsepower is needed to lift 75 kilograms by

1 metre in 1 second.
The various units used to indicate this definition
(PS, cv, hk, pk, ks and ch) all translate to horse power in
English. British manufacturers often intermix metric
horsepower and mechanical horsepower depending on the
origin of the engine in question. Sometimes the metric
horsepower rating of an engine is conservative enough so that
the same figure can be used for both 80/1269/EEC with
metric hp and SAE J1349 with imperial hp.
DIN 66036 defines one metric horsepower as the power to
raise a mass of 75 kilograms against the Earth's gravitational
force over a distance of one metre in one second: 75 kg ×
9.80665 m/s2 × 1 m / 1 s = 75 kgf⋅m/s = 1 PS. This is
equivalent to 735.499 W, or 98.6% of an imperial mechanical
horsepower.
B)- The kilowatt (kW) is equal to one thousand (103) watts.
This unit is typically used to express the output power of
engines and the power of electric motors, tools, machines, and
heaters. It is also a common unit used to express the
electromagnetic power output of broadcast radio and television
transmitters.
One kilowatt is approximately equal to 1.34 horsepower.
6)- HUMIDITIY : is the concentration of water vapour present
in air. Water vapour, the gaseous state of water, is generally
invisible to the human eye.[1] Humidity indicates the likelihood
for precipitation, dew, or fog to be present. The amount of water
vapour needed to achieve saturation increases as the temperature
increases. As the temperature of a parcel of air decreases it will
eventually reach the saturation point without adding or losing
water mass.
7)- Relative humidity (RH) : is the ratio of the partial pressure of
water vapor to the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at a
given temperature. Relative humidity depends on temperature
and the pressure of the system of interest. The same amount of
water vapor results in higher relative humidity in cool air than
warm air.
8)- The dry-bulb temperature (DBT) : is the temperature of air
measured by a thermometer freely exposed to the air, but
shielded from radiation and moisture. DBT is the temperature
that is usually thought of as air temperature, and it is the true
thermodynamic temperature. It indicates the amount of heat in
the air and is directly proportional to the mean kinetic energy of
the air molecules.
9)- The wet-bulb temperature (WBT) : is the temperature read
by a thermometer covered in water-soaked cloth (wet-bulb
thermometer) over which air is passed.[1] At 100% relative
humidity, the wet-bulb temperature is equal to the air
temperature (dry-bulb temperature) and it is lower at lower
humidity. It is defined as the temperature of a parcel of air
cooled to saturation (100% relative humidity) by the evaporation
of water into it, with the latent heat supplied by the parcel.[2] A
wet-bulb thermometer indicates a temperature close to the true
(thermodynamic) wet-bulb temperature. The wet-bulb
temperature is the lowest temperature that can be reached under
current ambient conditions by the evaporation of water only.