Computer Networks

A computer network is a group of two or more computer systems linked together to allow them to
communicate and share resources with each other. Computers on a network are sometimes referred to as
nodes/workstations. A computer which is not connected to a network is known as a stand-alone.

Advantages of Networks Disadvantages of Networks

• hardware (e.g. printers) can be shared
• software and data can be shared
• users can work together on a single document
• users can communicate using email, etc.
• one server breaking down may affect
a number of computers
• increased vulnerability to hackers and
viruses
• initial set up costs are high

Creating a Simple Wired Network

• Network Interface Card (NIC) – This enables the computer to send and receive messages on the
network. This card has an external outlet into which one end of the network cable is plugged.
Almost all modern computers come with a built-in network chip on its motherboard.
• Hub/Router – This is used to connect several networking devices like computers and printers
together.  Cable – This connects the NIC to the hub or router.

Creating a Simple Wireless Network

• Wireless router – The hub is the central location that all computers connect to, providing the
computers with network access.
• Wireless NIC – This is used to communicate with the wireless router. A laptop comes standard with
a wireless NIC.

Network Sizes
• Local Area Network (LAN) – This connects computers that are in a small area like a home, office, or
group of buildings.
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) – This connects computers in a town or city.
• Wide Area Network (WAN) –This connects computers spread over a very large area such as
country to country. The largest and most well-known example is the Internet. WANs are used to
connect LANs and MANs together.

Topologies of LAN (bus, ring, star)

The topology of a network indicates the way in which the computers are arranged in the network.
 Bus

Each computer is linked to a bus (cable) and there are terminators at each end of the bus. The
terminator prevents signals from bouncing back and forth. Less cabling but can be slow if there are
a large number of users.

Star

Star Network

All computers are connected to a central computer (file server). The disadvantage is that if this file
server breaks down then all the computers are affected.

Ring

Token Ring Network

All computers are connected to one another in a circle. The data passes from one computer to the
next one and then all the way around the ring layout until it reaches the destination computer.
Data travels in one direction only.

Peer-to-Peer and Client/Server Networks

Networks can not only be described by their topology but by how files and data are stored on the network
and how they are accessed or retrieved by the person using the network.
• Peer-to-peer networks - All computers are of equal importance. Software and data are stored on
each computer.
• Client/Server networks - Software and data are held on a file server and may be used by other
computers on the network. Security is controlled centrally.

Wireless Network Technology

Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is a wireless method of data transmission that is used in LANs and for Internet
access. It can be used to send data between devices and computers. Some cell phones can use Wi-Fi
technology to access the Internet.
A hotspot is a public place where you can access Wi-Fi.

Bluetooth is a radio technology that is similar to Wi-Fi but only works over short distances and is slower. It
is mainly used to send data between two devices such as a cell phone and headset or between a digital
camera and a laptop.

Role of a Network Administrator

This person is responsible for the creation, administration and security of computer networks.