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A beam with perforated web is called as a castellated beam. It is an open web beam but made up
of a single rolled web flange beam. It is made by flange cutting the beam section in a
predetermined pattern and rejoining the segments by welding to produce a regular pattern of
holes in the web.
Fig 3.1
The shear carrying capacity can be increased by stiffening the webs at the point of
concentrated loads and reaction.
Less painting.
High cost involved in cutting and fabrication
High precision is to be maintained in cutting and fabrication.
Stress concentrations occurs near the perforations and the shear capacity gets
reduced.
Also make the cuts in a zig zag way.
3.4 Applications
They are used as a structural member in multistoreyed buildings, commercial and industrial
building, ware house and portal frames.
Fig 3.2
Fig 3.3
The hole should be centrally placed in the web and eccentricity of the opening is avoided
Web opening should be far away from the support at least twice the beam depth.D or
10% of span l which ever is greater
Thick webs
< 80 Beams
Fig 3.7
A conventional beam is shown in fig. The hole is located just above the neutral axis. the
hole can be reinforced or unreinforced. It is assumed that the web is thick web and not subjected
to local buckling. The plastic hinges near the four corners of hole in the web above and below
the openings.
3.8.1 Vierendeel mechanism: A continuous formation of plastic hinges at the ends of four tee
sections above and below opening under the combinations of bending moment , local axial force
and local shear force.
Consider a beam with rectangular opening. Let T1 is the force in the bottom web plate
and T2 is the force in the top web plate. Mtl is the small moments in the top portions of the
opening. Mbl is the moment at bottom portions of the openings. Mtl & Mbl are called Vierendeel
moments.
Fig 3.9
Vt is the shear in the web plate above hole.
Equilibrium conditions
∑ V= 0; V = Vt + Vb ----------------(1)
At failure all elements are subjected to combined forces caused by axial force and shear force
from overall bending and load moments due to Virendeel action.
Plastic analysis can be used provided the effective depth dte ≤ 10tε
Fig 3.11
dte =
= Width of opening
k = Constant
The above check is not required if opening length is less than four times the depth of T section
under compression.
It is required to check the safety of the beam against lateral torsional buckling. The effect
of the opening is incorporated by multiplying the St Venants torsion constant. J is to be
multiplied by
2
[ 1–( ( ≤ 1.0
Fig 3.13 shows the beams with perforated thick webs. The size of the opening is ah × dh
Fig 3.13
The centre line of the opening is at a distance ‘ e ’ from the centre line of the beam. The strength
of the beam is represented by the following interaction diagram.
MB = Factored moment
VB is constant upto MB
When M > MB, shear capacity reduces because the compression due to moment and shear
makes the compression diagonal to buckle.
When M= MB ; V= 0
When MB < M< MA
( 2
+[ ]2 = 1.0 -------------------(1)
Mf ≤ MA – [MA-MB] -----------(3)
–
=
= [ + ]
e – Eccentricity of opening and is taken as positive whether the opening lies above or below
the centre line of the beam.
Vf Vp ( 1- ) ------------------- (1)
Mf ≤ M p -----------------------------------(2)
Vf ≤ VB -----------------------------------(3)
Mf ≤ MA-[MA-MB] -----------(4)
–
= for ≤ -----(5)
–
= for --------(6)
= -----------------------(7)
= 2√ 3 ( )[ ] [ 1- ] ---------------------(8)
The angle of cut is selected as . The design depth of stem at the minimum beam cross
section should not be less than ( 1 / 4 th ) depth of original beam.
Maximum Bending moments are computed using the design loads from the roof.
The following sectional properties are calculated viz Area, Depth of neutral axis and the
MR = A σ d
The spacing of the castellated beam should not exceed the following
S=
Stiffness are designed at the supports and below the concentrated loads.
The average shear at the supports is calculated from the following equations
= < 0.4 f y
t = Thickness of stem.
The maximum combined local bending stress and direct stress in T segments is worked
out and should be less than the permissible bending stress.
The deflection is calculated as the sum of deflection due to net load carrying capacity ( 1)
the deflection due to local effects ( 2)
1 =( )
=( 1 + 2 )≤(
Fig 3.15
Stiffness k AB =
d AA’ = = 0.91
d AB = = 0.09
Sway moments are calculated for each panel and entered in the moment distribution
Table.
It is to be noted that the carry over factor is – 1.0.
After obtaining the end moments using moment distribution, the shear in the members are
calculated.
i.e., S AA’ =
S AB =
Axial force is calculated for each member using the shear and panel loads.
Design the top chord members and horizontal members will be designed for factored
moments, shear force and axial force.
Example 3.1
Design the top chord member of a Virendeel girder for the following data.
Factored moment = 35kN-m
Factored shear force = 30kN
Factored axial force = 150kN
Yield stress of steel = 240MPa
Ultimate stress of steel = 410MPa
Solution:
Initially we have to assume a trial section based on allowable stress.
Assuming an allowable compressive stress of 80-100N/mm2, area is fixed and select hollow
section from Table 3.1
As the moment and shears are present, double this area and select a square hollow section.
Table 3.1
DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES OF SQUARE
HOLLOW SECTION IS 4923-1997
(Table Contd.)
At joint A, β1 = = = 0.376
At joint B, β2 = = = 0.546
Considering the frame as moment resistant and referring to fig 28, (P-123 of IS800) the effective
length factor is 1.40
k=
k=
k = 1.43
Effective length = k L = 1.43(2) =2.86m =2860mm
For = 40.51 and fy = 240MPa, and from Table 9(a), (P 40, IS800:2007)
fcd =204.65N/mm2
Ɛ= = = 1.02
V < 0.6( ) Av
V < 0.6( )( )
V < 154.3kN
30 < 154.3 “It is low shear”
+ ≤ 1.0
+ ≤ 1.0
Nd = = = 890.8kN
= = 24.08
= = 30.0
+ 0.6ky + kz ≤ 1.0
+ kzCmz ≤ 1.0
nZ = = = 0.18
λz =
fcr,z = = = 3404.2N/mm2
λz = = 0.266
Example 3.2
Design the vertical member of a Vireendeel girder for the data.
Design Axial force = 40kN
Design shear force = 60kN
Design moment = 50kN-m
Use steel grade Yst = 310MPa
Solution:
Consider vertical member,
The effective flexural stiffness of vertical member;
β 1 = β2 = = = 0.453
β β
k
β β
k = 1.412
fbd = = 281.8N/mm2
+ kz ≤ 1.0
λz =
fcr,z = = = 3426.95N/mm2
λz = = 0.3
nZ = = = 0.0443
+ 1.0044X1.0X ≃ 1.0 OK
Example 3.3
Design a castellated Beam for a clear span of 12m to support a uniformly distributed load
of 15 kN\m. Assume the angle of cut as 600. The beam is laterally restrained and assume
an allowable stress of 165 N\mm2.
Solution:
∴ udl / m = 16 kN / m
Table 3.3
Table 9. Safe uniform total superimposed loads (metric tons) (with adequate lateral support for
compression flange)
expansion ratio = 1.50, welded length = A/4
SPAN CLB CMB CWB CJB CLB CMB CWB CLB SPAN
(Metres) 600 600 600 600 550 550 550 500 (Metres)
4.0 53.4 60.5 59.8 43.3 4.0
4.5 62.3 71.7 70.3 74.0 51.2 57.9 57.0 42.2 4.5
5.0 59.5 68.2 66.6 70.1 49.7 56.1 55.1 41.4 5.0
5.5 57.7 65.9 64.1 67.4 48.7 54.9 53.8 40.8 5.5
6.0 56.5 64.4 62.4 65.5 48.0 54.1 52.9 40.4 6.0
6.5 55.7 63.4 61.2 64.2 47.7 54.1 53.6 40.0 6.5
7.0 55.4 63.6 62.1 65.3 47.1 53.3 52.6 39.4 7.0
7.5 54.8 62.7 61.0 64.1 46.5 52.7 52.0 38.6 7.5
8.0 54.1 62.1 60.2 63.3 45.4 52.2 51.5 36.5 8.0
8.5 53.2 61.7 59.7 62.7 43.0 51.3 51.1 34.3 8.5
9.0 50.7 61.0 59.6 62.7 40.5 49.6 50.9 32.5 9.0
9.5 48.3 59.9 59.1 62.2 38.4 47.1 50.3 30.7 9.5
10.0 45.8 57.9 58.8 61.8 36.7 44.9 49.6 29.3 10.0
11.0 41.8 52.9 57.7 61.0 33.4 40.9 47.3 26.7 11.0
12.0 38.4 48.6 56.3 59.8 30.6 37.6 43.4 24.5 12.0
13.0 35.5 44.9 52.1 56.7 28.3 34.7 40.1 22.6 13.0
14.0 32.9 41.7 48.4 52.7 26.3 32.2 37.2 21.0 14.0
15 30.8 39 45.2 49.3 24.5 30.1 34.8 19.6 15
16.0 28.9 36.5 42.5 46.3 23.1 28.3 32.7 18.4 16.0
17.0 27.2 34.5 40.0 43.6 21.7 26.6 30.8 17.3 17.0
18.0 25.7 32.6 37.8 41.2 20.5 25.2 29.1 16.4 18.0
19.0 24.3 30.9 35.8 39.0 19.4 23.8 27.5 15.5 19.0
20.0 23.2 29.4 34.1 37.1 18.5 22.7 26.2 14.7 20.0
21.0 22.1 28 32.4 35.4 17.6 21.6 24.9 21.0
22.0 21.0 26.7 31.0 33.8 16.8 20.6 23.8 22.0
23.0 20.1 25.5 29.6 32.3 23.0
24.0 19.3 24.5 28.4 31.0 24.0
(Contd.)
1. Loads above the full line can be allowed provided the webs
Note:- are strengthened suitably for shear.
2. In case of loads below the dotted line, the deflection
exceeds the limit of l/325 of the span.
SPAN CMB CWB CLB CMB CWB CLB CMB CWB SPAN
(Metres) 500 500 450 450 450 400 400 400 (Metres)
3.0 32.6 35.2 35.9 3.0
3.5 36.4 39.0 39.7 29.6 32.0 32.4 3.5
4.0 47.9 48.7 35.6 38.2 38.9 29.2 31.6 32.0 4.0
4.5 46.6 47.3 35.0 37.5 38.2 28.8 31.1 31.6 4.5
5.0 45.7 46.3 34.5 37.0 37.7 28.4 30.7 31.2 5.0
5.5 45.0 45.6 34.1 36.5 37.3 28.1 30.3 30.9 5.5
6.0 44.5 45.1 33.7 36.2 36.9 27.7 29.9 30.5 6.0
6.5 44.2 44.7 33.2 35.9 36.6 27.2 29.3 30.2 6.5
7.0 43.7 44.7 32.6 35.2 36.3 26.1 27.8 29.7 7.0
7.5 43.2 44.2 30.8 34.1 35.9 24.3 25.9 29.3 7.5
8.0 42.4 43.8 29.0 32.1 35.4 22.9 24.4 27.7 8.0
8.5 40.3 43.3 27.3 30.2 34.8 21.5 23.0 26.3 8.5
9.0 38.2 42.7 25.9 28.6 33.0 20.4 21.7 24.9 9.0
9.5 36.2 41.9 24.4 27.1 31.3 19.3 20.6 23.6 9.5
10.0 34.5 39.9 23.3 25.8 29.8 18.3 19.6 22.4 10.0
11.0 31.4 36.4 21.2 23.5 27.1 16.7 17.8 20.4 11.0
12.0 28.8 33.4 19.5 21.6 24.9 15.3 16.4 18.7 12.0
13.0 26.6 30.8 18.0 20.0 23.0 14.2 15.1 17.3 13.0
14.0 24.7 28.6 16.7 18.5 21.4 14.2 13.1 16.1 14.0
15.0 23.1 26.7 15.6 17.3 20.0 12.3 13.1 15.0 15.0
16.0 21.7 25.1 14.6 16.2 18.7 11.5 12.3 14.1 16.0
17.0 20.4 23.6 13.8 15.3 17.6 17.0
18.0 19.3 22.3 13.0 14.4 16.6 18.0
19.0 18.3 21.1 19.0
20.0 17.4 20.1 20.0
(Contd.)
Welded length = = = 75 mm
With 600 angle cut the projected length of the sloping portion of the hole (m) ;
tan 60 =
= 86.6 mm say 90 mm
= 90 + 75 + 90 + + = 355 mm
Fig 3.16
Property of T section at open throat
Fig 3.17
ӯ= =
ӯ = 80.68 mm
Fig 3.18
= 95.11 x
= 89.13 kN
Fig 3.19
Assuming that the normal force to pass through the centroid of the compound section as
above for a single panel
ӯ=
y2 = 150 + = 200 mm
y1 = ( = 88.64 mm
ӯ=
ӯ = 154.3 mm
154.3 x VH = 89.13 x -(
VH = 96.06
Location 1
Fig 3.20
Location a1
Shear at a1 = 95.11 x ( )
= 85.75 kN
= 53.36 kNm
Combined stress at a1 = +
= +
= 160.3 N / mm2
Where
Combined stress at b1
= +
= 67.82 N / mm2
Deflection check
Iavg = 106
δb = x x
δb = 49.46 mm
δshear = Vavg x p x
Vavg = = 47.56 kN
m = 90
e = 75
δshear = 47.56 x 10 x
= 1.78 x 10-5 mm
δ = 49.46 mm ≮ 36.92 mm