UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST-MANILA

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT

“FOUNDRY MANUFACTURING PROCESS”

PLATE 4

Submitted by:
Fanugao, Angelo Jon G.
20140116945

Submitted to:
ENGR. Diosdado Doctor
Instructor

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TABLE OF CONTENTS:

I. TERMINOLOGIES…………………………….………………………………3 - 6

II. INTRODUCTION………………………………….………………………………..7

III. PRODUCT AND RAW MATERIAL………….….………….…………………….8

IV. MANUFACTURING PROCESS …….………….…….………………………9-18

V. SAND RECLAMATION…………….……….……………………………….18-19

VI. EQUIPMENTS USED………….…….……………………………………….19-21

VII. DEFECTS……………….……………………………………………………..21-22

VIII. TESTING…………………….…………………………………………………22-23

IX. REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………24

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 I. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Alloy - A substance containing two or more chemical elements, at least one of which is
metal.

Binder - The bonding agent used as an additive to mold or core sand to impart strength
or plasticity in a "green" or dry state

Charge - A given weight of metal introduced into the furnace.

Chill - A metal insert in the sand mold used to produce local chilling and equalize
rate of solidification throughout the casting.

Cleaning - Removal of runners, risers, flash, surplus metal and sand from a casting.

Cold Shut - A surface imperfection due to unsatisfactory fusion of metal.

Cope - The top half of a horizontally parted mold.

Core - A sand or metal insert in a mold to shape the interior of the casting or that
part of the casting that cannot be shaped by the pattern.

Core Assembly - An assembly made from a number of cores.

Corebox - The wooden, metal or plastic tool used to produce cores.

Crush - The displacement of sand at mold joints.

Cupola - A cylindrical, straight shaft furnace (usually lined with refractories) for
melting metal in direct contact with coke by forcing air under pressure through
openings near its base.

Die - A metal form used as a permanent mold for die casting or for a wax pattern in
investment casting.

Dowel - A pin of various types used in the parting surface of parted patterns or dies
to assure correct registry.

Draft - Taper on the vertical sides of a pattern or corebox that permits the core or
sand mold to be removed without distorting or tearing of the sand.

Drag - The bottom half of a horizontally parted mold.

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Feeder - Sometimes referred to as a "riser," it is part of the gating system that forms
the reservoir of molten metal necessary to compensate for losses due to shrinkage
as the metal solidifies.

Flask - A rigid metal or wood frame used to hold the sand of which a mold is formed
and usually consisting of two parts, cope and drag.

Foundry Returns - Metal (of known composition) in the form of gates, sprues,
runners, risers and scrapped castings returned to the furnace for remelting.

Gate - (ingate) The portion of the runner where the molten metal enters the mold
cavity.

Green Sand  - Moist sand that is bonded by a mixture that contains silica, bentonite
clay, carbonaceous material, and water.

Heat - A single furnace charge of metal.

Heat Treatment - A combination of heating and cooling operations timed and

applied to a metal or alloy in the solid state in a manner that will produce desired
mechanical properties.

Hotbox Process - A resin-based process that uses heated metal coreboxes to

produce cores.

Hot Tear - Irregularly shaped fracture in a casting resulting from stresses set up by
steep thermal gradients within the casting during solidification.

Indirect-Arc Furnace - An alternating current electric-arc furnace. The metal being

melted is not one of the poles.

Induction Furnace - An alternating current melting furnace that uses the heat of
electrical induction.

Mold - Normally consists of a top and bottom form, made of sand, metal or any other
investment material.

Mold Cavity - The impression in a mold produced by removal of the pattern. It is

filled with molten metal to form the casting.

Non-ferrous Metal - An alloy that doesn’t have iron as the predominant metal.

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Parting Line - The line showing the separation of the two halves of the mold.

Pattern - The wood, metal, foam or plastic shape used to form the cavity in the
sand. A pattern may consist of one or many impressions and would normally be
mounted on a board or plate complete with a runner system.

Pattern Draft - The taper allowed on the vertical faces of a pattern to permit easy
withdrawal of the pattern from the mold or die.

Pattern Layout - Full-sized drawing of a pattern showing its arrangement and

structural features.

Patternmaker’s Shrinkage - The shrinkage allowance made on all patterns to

compensate for the change in dimensions as the solidified casting cools in the mold
from freezing temperature of the metal to room temperature.

Permeability - The property of a mold material to allow passage of mold/core gases

during the pouring of molten metal.

Physical Properties - Properties of matter such as density, electrical and thermal

conductivity, expansion and specific heat. This term should not be used
interchangeably with "mechanical properties."

Riser - Is a reservoir in the mold that serves as a source of liquid metal for the casting
to compensate for shrinkage during solidification.

Sand Casting - Producing metal castings out of sand molds.

Sand Reclamation - Processing used sand grains into usable forms so that they can
be used in the casting process as a replacement for new sand.

Shot blasting - A process for cleaning castings that involves using a metal abrasive
that is propelled by centrifugal or air force.

Scrap - (a) Any scrap metal melted (usually with suitable additions of pig iron or
ingots) to produce castings; (b) reject castings.

Shakeout - The process of separating the solidified casting from the mold material.

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Shrinkage - Contraction of metal in the mold during solidification. The term also is
used to describe the casting defect, such as shrinkage cavity, which results from
poor design, insufficient metal feed or inadequate feeding.

Sprue - (downsprue-downgate) The channel, usually vertical, that the molten metal
enters.

Vent - An opening or passage in a mold or core to facilitate escape of gases when

the mold is poured.

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 II. INTRODUCTION
A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings. Metals are cast into
shapes by melting them into a liquid, pouring the metal in a mold, and removing the
mold material or casting after the metal has solidified as it cools. The most common
metals processed are aluminum and cast iron.

Most metal casting sand (FS) is high quality silica sand with uniform physical
characteristics. It is a byproduct of the ferrous and nonferrous metal casting industry,
where sand has been used for centuries as a molding material because of its unique
engineering properties. In modern foundry practice, sand is typically recycled and
reused through many production cycles. Industry estimates are that approximately 100
million tons of sand is used in production annually. Of that, four to seven million tons are
discarded annually and are available to be recycled into other products and industries. 

Sand used at foundries is of a high quality, much of it supplied by members

of the Industrial Minerals Association of North America (IMA-NA). Stringent physical and
chemical properties must be met as poor quality sand can result in casting defects. 
Foundries and sand producers invest significant resources in quality control of their
sand systems, with extensive testing done to maintain consistency. As a result, FS from
an individual facility will generally be very consistent in composition, which is an
advantage for most end user applications. 

A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings. Metals are cast into
shapes by melting them into a liquid, pouring the metal in a mold, and removing the
mold material or casting after the metal has solidified as it cools. The most common
metals processed are aluminum and cast iron.

Sand casting, the most widely used casting process, utilizes expendable sand
molds to form complex metal parts that can be made of nearly any alloy. Because the
sand mold must be destroyed in order to remove the part, called the casting, sand
casting typically has a low production rate. The sand casting process involves the use of
a furnace, metal, pattern, and sand mold. The metal is melted in the furnace and then
ladled and poured into the cavity of the sand mold, which is formed by the pattern. The
sand mold separates along a parting line and the solidified casting can be removed.
Sand casting is used to produce a wide variety of metal components with complex
geometries.

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 III. PRODUCT & RAW MATERIAL
 These are products produce using foundry process.

Source: https://precisionfoundry.org/products
FIGURE 1: FIREARMS

 Raw Material

 Steel scrap - The raw materials recovered from obsolete aluminum

scrap metal is used to manufacture drinks cans, as well as being used in
aviation, automobiles, heavy goods vehicles, furniture or electrical
appliances.

Source: ringpower.com/post/The-wheels-of-progress-are-aluminum-%E2%80%A6-and-pneumatic.aspx
FIGURE 2: STEEL SCRAP

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 IV. MANUFACTURING PROCESS

 It shows here the step by step process of creating a product using

foundry.

A. FLOWCHART
Figure 3. PROCESS CYCLE FOR SAND CASTING.
 
MOLD-MAKING POURING

COOLING CLAMPING

REMOVAL TRIMMING

FINAL PRODUCT

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B. Brief Discussion of Process

a) Mold-making - The first thing to do is to create the mold for casting. In an

expendable mold process, will decide what will be the appearance of your finish
product. . A sand mold is formed by packing sand into each half of the mold. The
sand is packed around the pattern, which is a replica of the external shape of the
casting. When the pattern is removed, the cavity that will form the casting
remains. Separate cores are being made for any internal features of the casting
that cannot form by the pattern. Lubrication is often applied to the surfaces of the
mold cavity in order to facilitate removal of the casting. The use of a lubricant
also improves the flow the metal and can improve the surface finish of the
casting. The lubricant that is used is chosen based upon the sand and molten
metal temperature

Source: flamingfurnace.com/2013/02/casting-aluminum-pistol-and-suppressor
Figure 3a: FIREARM MOLD

b) Clamping - Once the mold has been made, it must be prepared for the molten
metal to be poured. The surface of the mold cavity is first lubricated to facilitate
the removal of the casting. Then, the cores are positioned and the mold halves
are closed and securely clamped together. It is important that the mold halves
remain securely closed to prevent the loss of any material.

c) Pouring - The molten metal is maintained at a set temperature in a furnace. After

the mold has been clamped, the molten metal can be ladled from its holding
container in the furnace and poured into the mold. The pouring can be performed
manually or by an automated machine. Enough molten metal must be poured to
fill the entire cavity and all channels in the mold. The filling time is very short in
order to prevent early solidification of any one part of the metal.

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 Source: https://www.pinterest.com/explore/metal-casting/
Figure 3c: Pouring of hot metal in the mold

d) Cooling - The molten metal that is poured into the mold will begin to cool and
solidify once it enters the cavity. When the entire cavity is filled and the molten
metal solidifies, the final shape of the casting is formed. The mold cannot be
opened until the cooling time has elapsed. The desired cooling time can be
estimated based upon the wall thickness of the casting and the temperature of
the metal. Most of the possible defects that can occur are a result of the
solidification process. If some of the molten metal cools too quickly, the part may
exhibit shrinkage, cracks, or incomplete sections.

e) Removal – After the cooling process, the sand mold can simply be broken, and
the casting removed. The process also calls shakeout it is typically performed by
a vibrating machine that shakes the sand and casting out of the flask. Once
removed, the casting will likely have some sand and oxide layers adhered to the
surface. Shot blasting is sometimes used to remove any remaining sand,
especially from internal surfaces, and reduce the surface roughness.

Source: flamingfurnace.com/2013/02/casting-aluminum-pistol-and-suppressor
Figure 3e: Removing of sand

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 f) Trimming - During cooling, the material from the channels in the mold solidifies
attached to the part. This excess material must be trimmed from the casting
either manually via cutting or sawing, or using a trimming press. The time
required to trim the excess material can be estimated from the size of the
casting's envelope. A larger casting will require a longer trimming time.

Source: flamingfurnace.com/2013/02/casting-aluminum-pistol-and-suppressor
Figure 3f: Trimming

g) Final Product- This where you can see the result of your casting and how it
looks.

Source: flamingfurnace.com/2013/02/casting-aluminum-pistol-and-suppressor
Figure 3g: Final Product

C. Two General types of sand.

1. Naturally Bonded- Naturally bonded sand is less expensive but it includes organic

impurities that reduce the fusion temperature of the sand mixture for the casting, lower
the binding strength, and require higher moisture content. 

2. Synthetic Sand- Synthetic sand is mixed in a manufacturing lab starting with a pure

(SiO2) sand base. In this case, the composition can be controlled more accurately,
which imparts the casting sand mixture with higher green strength, more permeability,
and greater refractory strength. For these reasons, synthetic sand is mostly preferred in
sand casting manufacture. 

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D. Types of Molds Used In Sand Casting

 It discussed here the different types of sand molds and the advantage and
disadvantage of each type of molds.

1) Green Sand Molds:

- A green sand mold is very typical in sand casting manufacture, it is simple and
easy to make, a mixture of sand, clay and water. The term green refers to the
fact that the mold will contain moisture during the pouring of the casting.

Manufacturing Considerations and Properties Of Green Sand Molds:

 Has sufficient strength for most sand casting applications

 Good collapsibility
 Good permeability
 Good reusability
 Least expensive of the molds used in sand casting manufacturing processes
 Moisture in sand can cause defects in some castings, dependent upon the type
of metal used in the sand casting and the geometry of the part to be cast.

2) Dry Sand Molds

- Dry sand molds are baked in an oven, (at 300F - 650F for 8-48 hours), prior to
the sand casting operation, in order to dry the mold. This drying strengthens the
mold, and hardens its internal surfaces. Dry sand molds are manufactured using
organic binders rather than clay.

Manufacturing Considerations And Properties Of Dry Sand Molds:

 Better dimensional accuracy of sand cast part than green sand molds
 Better surface finish of sand cast part than green sand molds
 More expensive manufacturing process than green sand production
 Manufacturing production rate of castings are reduced due to drying time
 Distortion of the mold is greater, (during mold manufacture)
 The metal casting is more susceptible to hot tearing because of the lower
collapsibility of the mold
 Dry sand casting is generally limited to the manufacture of medium and large
castings

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 3) Skin Dried Molds
- When sand casting a part by the skin dried mold process a green sand mold is
employed, and its mold cavity surface is dried to a depth of .5 - 1 inch. Drying is a
part of the manufacturing process and is accomplished by use of torches, heating
lamps or some other means, such as drying it in air.

Manufacturing Considerations And Properties Of Skin Dried Molds:

 The cast part dimensional and surface finish advantages of dry sand molds are
partially achieved
 No large oven is needed
 Special bonding materials must be added to the sand mixture to strengthen the
mold cavity surface

4) Floor Molding
- Materials are readily available. 
- Suitable for huge castings. 
- The application of floor molding is very limited. 
-
5) Pit Molding
- Extremely large casting is frequently molded in a pit instead of a flask. The pit
acts as the drag part of the flask and the separate cope is used above it. The
sides of the pit are brick kind, and on the bottom there.

6) Loam Molding
- Not suitable for large quantity production. 
- This process is almost died out. These days it is used merely in the bell
foundries. This process also needs great technical skills
- A great method for casting a single piece or a small number of heavy and
large castings. 
- . Most of the times motor casings, bells and fly wheels are cast by this
process which means that this process is very much suitable for casting
cylindrical, conical and domed shape materials. 
-

7) Cement-bonded-sand Molds
- This sand develops a great hardness and strength by the same setting action
of Portland cement.
- The sand must be allowed to set or harden before the patter can be
withdrawn. The mold is allowed to cure or continue setting for about 72 hours
before the mold can be closed or assembled for pouring.

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 - Has considerable accuracy.

8) Core-sand
- This method is chosen where design is such that standard patterns could not
be drawn from regular molds.
- Core sands usually consist of mixture of sand grains and organic binders
which develop great strength after the baking at 300 to 450°F
- The baking operation and the core-sand binders plus difficulties in reusing the
sand make the process more costly.

9) Synthetic-resin
- The phenol formaldehydes, urea formaldehydes, alkyds and polyesters.
- The resin must be a thermosetting plastic since the strength develops by the
mold depends entirely on the strength of the plastic binder after the mold has
been heated.

 PROPERTIES OF MOULDING SAND

1) Refractoriness is defined as the ability of molding sand to withstand high

temperatures without breaking down or fusing thus facilitating to get sound casting. It is
a highly important characteristic of molding sands. Refractoriness can only be increased
to a limited extent. Molding sand with poor refractoriness may burn on to the casting
surface and no smooth casting surface can be obtained. The degree of refractoriness
depends on the SiO2 i.e. quartz content, and the shape and grain size of the particle.
The higher the SiO2 content and the rougher the grain volumetric composition the
higher is the refractoriness of the molding sand and core sand. Refractoriness is
measured by the sinter point of the sand rather than its melting point.

2) Permeability It is also termed as porosity of the molding sand in order to allow the
escape of any air, gases or moisture present or generated in the mold when the molten
metal is poured into it. All these gaseous generated during pouring and solidification
process must escape otherwise the casting becomes defective. Permeability is a
function of grain size, grain shape, and moisture and clay contents in the molding sand.
The extent of ramming of the sand directly affects the permeability of the mold.
Permeability of mold can be further increased by venting using vent rods

3) Cohesiveness It is property of molding sand by virtue which the sand grain particles
interact and attract each other within the molding sand. Thus, the binding capability of
the molding sand gets enhanced to increase the green, dry and hot strength property of
molding and core sand.
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 4) Green strength The green sand after water has been mixed into it, must have
sufficient strength and toughness to permit the making and handling of the mold. For
this, the sand grains must be adhesive, i.e. they must be capable of attaching
themselves to another body and. therefore, and sand grains having high adhesiveness
will cling to the sides of the molding box. Also, the sand grains must have the property
known as cohesiveness i.e. ability of the sand grains to stick to one another. By virtue of
this property, the pattern can be taken out from the mold without breaking the mold and
also the erosion of mold wall surfaces does not occur during the flow of molten metal.
The green strength also depends upon the grain shape and size, amount and type of
clay and the moisture content.

5) Dry strength As soon as the molten metal is poured into the mold, the moisture in
the sand layer adjacent to the hot metal gets evaporated and this dry sand layer must
have sufficient strength to its shape in order to avoid erosion of mold wall during the
flow of molten metal.

6) Flowability or plasticity It is the ability of the sand to get compacted and behave
like a fluid. It will flow uniformly to all portions of pattern when rammed and distribute the
ramming pressure evenly all around in all directions. Generally sand particles resist
moving around corners or projections. In general, flow ability increases with decrease in
green strength, an, decrease in grain size. The flow ability also varies with moisture and
clay content.

7) Adhesiveness It is property of molding sand to get stick or adhere with foreign

material such sticking of molding sand with inner wall of molding box.

8) Collapsibility After the molten metal in the mold gets solidified, the sand mold must
be collapsible so that free contraction of the metal occurs and this would naturally avoid
the tearing or cracking of the contracting metal. In absence of this property the
contraction of the metal is hindered by the mold and thus results in tears and cracks in
the casting. This property is highly desired in cores. 9) Miscellaneous properties In
addition to above requirements, the molding sand should not stick to the casting and
should not chemically react with the metal. Molding sand should be cheap and easily
available. It should be reusable for economic reasons. Its coefficients of expansion
should be sufficiently low.

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E. Parts OF Mold

Source: https://www.slideshare.net/BKLR/foundrybasics
Figure 3E: Parts of Sand Mold

1. Cavity – A small metal insert or spacer used in molds to provide core support
during the casting process.
2. Cope – the upper part of the mold.
3. Core – is a full-scale model of the interior surfaces of the part.
4. Drag – the lower part of the mold.
5. Flask – serve as the frame of the sand molds.
6. Gating system – The channel that allows the molten metal to enter the mold
cavity.
7. Mold cavity – this is where the shape of the cast material came from.
8. Runner – this is the part where the metal is poured in (entrance of the mold).
– the molten metal leads to the cavity.
9. Riser – serve as ventilation of air inside the molds while it is being filled with
molten metals.
10. Sprue – The channel, usually vertical, that the molten metal enters.

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F. Tools For Moulding

1.) Shovel- It is just like rectangular pan fitted with a handle. It is used for mixing the
moulding sand and for moving it from one place to the other.

2.) Riddle- It is used for removing foreign materials like nails, shot metal splinters of
wood etc from the moulding sand.

3.) Rammer- It is a wooden tool used for ramming or packing the sand in the mould.
Rammers are made in different shapes.

4.) Strike-off Bar- It is a cast iron or wrought iron bar with a true straight edge. It is
used to remove the surplus sand from the mould after the ramming has been
completed.

5.) Vent Wire- It is a mild steel wire used for making vents or openings in the mould.

6.) Lifter- It is a metal piece used for patching deep section of the mould and
removing loose sand from pockets of the mould.

7.) Slick- Different types of slicks are used for repairing and finishing moulds.

8.) Trowel- It contains of a flat and thick metal sheet with upwards projected handle
at one end. It is used for making joints and finishing flat surface of a mould.

9.) Swab- It is made of flax or hemp. It is used for applying water to the mould
around the edge of the pattern.
10)Draw Spike- It is a metal rod with a pointed or screwed end. It is used for
removing the pattern from the mould.

V. SAND RECLAMATION

The reclamation of used moulding sands regarded as a mean of recycling own

foundry waste originating from the process of making castings is a problem of
primary importance for every foundry plant and equally for the protection of
natural environment. Numerous publications stress the fact that dumping of the
waste moulding sands or using them in unprocessed condition in road building or
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 as a filler for dormant mines, etc. may have very serious implications for
ecological safety of the environment. This is related, first of all, with possible
penetration of toxic compounds included in the sand composition to the soil and
underground water. Very strict laws applied in the United States and in other
countries of the western world in the matter of foundry waste disposal to the
dumping grounds clearly show us that this problem has been finally noticed and
is now treated very seriously. Within the research described in this paper some
tests have been made to improve the effectiveness of a mechanical reclamation
process as applied to the two types of the waste moulding sands typically
produced during castings manufacture, namely:
− the sand with bentonite,
− the sand with water glass hardened with an
addition of ethylene glycol (flodur) .

VI. Equipments

a) Cupola Furnace- It is the constructed in the form of a hollow cylindrical vertical

steel shell.It is lined from inside with a refractory material .It is generally
supported on four cast iron lags mounted on a concrete base .The bottom of the
furnace is closed by two cast iron doors hinged to the bed plate of the furnace .A
wind box cast iron encircles to the outside of the furnace bottom .This box is
connected to the furnace blower by pipe known as the blast pipe.

Source: herculesengines.com/foundry/Ebay%20Cupola/index
Figure 5a: Cupola Furnace

b) Muller Mixer- Designed to utilize larger batch sizes and longer cycle times to
provide better consistency and control. Larger batch sizes provide for better
averaging of multiple molds and other variations in return sand. Longer cycle times
provide for better control. Adaptive tooling provides for flexibility to adjust to
variations in batch composition and property development.

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 Source: youtube.com/watch?v=RqvrvuZW77c
Figure 5b: Muller Mixer

c) Induction Furnace- The principle of induction melting is that a high voltage

electrical source from a primary coil induces a low voltage, high current in the
metal or secondary coil. Induction heating is simply a method of transferring heat
energy. Induction furnaces are ideal for melting and alloying a wide variety of
metals with minimum melt losses, however, little refining of the metal is possible.
There are two main types of induction furnace, the coreless and channel

Source: herculesengines.com/foundry/Ebay%20Cupola/index.htm
Figure 5c: Induction Furnace

d) REVERBRATORY FURNACE- A furnace in which the material under treatment

is heated indirectly by means flame deflected downward from the roof. Such
furnaces are used in copper, tin, and nickel production, in the production of
certain concretes and cements, and in aluminium recycling.

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 Source: clickbattery.com/lead-recycling/lead-scrap-melting-furnace
Figure 5d: Reverbratory Furnace

VII. Defects

1.) Casting

 SWELL-enlargement of mold cavity by metal pressure results to overall

enlargement of castings

 FIN- a thin projection of metal not a part of cast usually occur at the parting of the
mold or core sections

 GAS HOLES- clean smooth walled rounded holes of varying size from pin heads
to full section thickness, often exposed during machining

 SHRINKAGE CAVITY- it is a void or depression in the the casting caused mainly

by uncontrolled solidification

 HOT TEAR- Hot tear presents as a jagged crack line through the casting. This
defect indicates that the metal filled the mold, but cracked at solidification

 MIS RUN- casting not fully form having lines or seams of discontinuity or holes
with rounded edges through casting walls

2.) Surface Defects:

 Blow-Blow is relatively large cavity produced by gases which displace molten

metal form.

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  Scar-Due to improper permeability or venting.A scare is a shallow blow. It
generally occurs on flat surf; whereas a blow occurs on a convex casting surface.
A blister is a shallow blow like a scar with thin layer of metal covering it.

3.) Internal defects:

 Pin holes-Pin holes are small gas holes either at the surface or just below the
surface. When these are present, they occur in large numbers and are fairly
uniformly dispersed over the surface. 

 Blow holes-Blow holes, gas holes or gas cavities are well rounded cavities
having a clean and smooth surface. They appear either on the casting surface or
in the body of a casting.

4.) Visible defect

 Wash-A cut or wash is a low; projection on the drag face of a casting that
extends along the surface, decreasing in height as it extends from one side of
the casting to the other end. It usually occurs with bottom gating castings in
which the molding sand has insufficient hot strength, and when too much metal
is made to flow through one gate into the mold cavity

 Rat tail- A rat tail is a long, shallow, angular depression in the surface of a flat
rating and resembles a buckle, except that, it is not shaped like a broad vee. The
reasons for this defect are the same for buckle.

VIII. TESTING

 Optical Emission Spectrometry - Optical Emission Spectrometry (OES)

using arc and spark excitation is the preferred method to determine the
chemical composition of metallic samples.

 Visual Inspection - Visual inspection is the one NDT method used

extensively to evaluate the condition or the quality of a weld or component. It
is easily carried out, inexpensive and usually doesn't require special
equipment.

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 Magnetic Particle Inspection - Magnetic particle inspection is a method that
can be used to find surface and near surface flaws in ferromagnetic materials
such as steel and iron.

 Ultrasonic Inspection - Ultrasonic inspection uses sound waves of short

wavelength anhigh frequency to detect flaws or measure material thickness.

 Radiographic Inspection - X-ray or gamma rays are placed close to the

material to be inspected and they pass through the material and are then
captured on film This film is then processed and the image is obtained as a
series of gray shades between black and white

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 IX. Bibliography

 http://www.simpsongroup.com/equipment/chemical-process/mixers/simpson-mix-
muller-batch-mixer

 http://www.mechanicalengineeringblog.com/2923-moulding-tools/

 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240639864_Mechanical_Reclamation_
Treatment_of_Used_Silica_Foundry_Sand_at_Extra-
low_and_Ambient_Temperatures

 http://www.flamingfurnace.com/2013/02/casting-aluminum-pistol-and-
suppressor.html

 https://www.crazyengineers.com/threads/types-of-molding-sands.41527/

 http://www.nbc.com.tw/en/technology.php?i=7

 https://precisionfoundry.org/products

 http://mechanicalinventions.blogspot.com/2014/11/different-sand-casting-
process-pros-and-cons.html

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