AC GENERATOR

WW(S-5,30) MMEA(8) MMMC(4)

Synchronous AC generators are usually provided on board ship, Explain in detail one type of generator to (a)
The construction (b)The performance; and(c) The maintenance required.(WW)
A. Explain construction and operation principle of synchronous generator(alternator)(A)
B. Explain with aid of simple sketches, basic function of three phase static exciation.(A)
C. Explain aid of simple sketch, basic principle of AC GE and static excitation method of phase compound
exciation

(a)(A) AC generator detail construction

 ((AC generator have two main parts- stator and rotor.
 Stator- stator will be armature, generate output voltage.
 Assemble from laminate steel, 3 sets of phase winding, located slots
 6 ends stator coils interconnected and found in stator terminal box.
 Rotor have two types - (1) salient pole type and (2) cylindrical type.) (A)
 Salient pole type for marine generators, has projecting poles bolted or keyed onto shaft hub.
 Field excitation windings are fitted around each pole.
 Used with medium and low speeds (1800 rpm and below)
 Cylindrical type rotors are large power, use high speed (1500 ~ 3600 rpm) gas or steam turbine drives. The
excitation windings are wedged into axial slots around the steel rotor.
 Excitation current fed into winding via carbon brushes on pair of shaft mounted slip rings.
 Brush- piece of carbon, press by springs to make contact with rotating slip ring.
 Slip ring- Ring for making connection through brushes between winding and external circuit.) (a)

(b)(A)(C) The performance

 AC generator convert mechanical energy into electrical energy

 Pairs of electromagnetic poles are driven by the prime mover
 Flux past fixed coils of wire on stator.
 EMF induced in each phase, is 120° out of phase with the other two phases.
 3 phase winding labeled U-V-W, terminal and bus-bar use R-Y-B
 (c) Generator maintenance
1. Shut down prime mover engine and locked off.
2. Main circuit, auto start circuit, heater are switch off, lock out and tag out.
3. Inspect and clean generator rotor and stator windings by electrical solvent.
4. Inspect wire cable damage or insulation.
5. Inspect tightness of terminal connection
6. Check for sign of oil and water contamination
7. Cooling air intake and exhaust opening are not blocked and are free of dirt and dust

(B)(C) Static excitation method

 Transient voltage response of generator improved by using static excitation method.

 Static excitation equipment located within generator casing or inside main switchboard.
 In this method, generator rotor field winding supplied with d.c. current, via shaft mounted slip rings and
brush-gear arrangement, from static excitation transformer
 Rectifier unit which fed directly from generator voltage and current output.
 This arrangement known as compounding as controlled by voltage (shunt effect) and current (series effect)
feedback.
 On no load, generator excitation is provided by PRI.1 winding of excitation transformer.
 On load, generator current injects an additional excitation current via PRI.2 of transformer to maintain a
constant output voltage.
 Response times as low as 1.5 second to correct a 15% voltage dip.
ALTERNATOR & MAIN SWITCHBOARD
(WW 21)
How will you prepare alternators and main switchboard survey?
Describe the method of testing the safety trips and relays.

Preparation for alternators and main switch board survey, Alternators

 Clean main and emergency generators, generator stator and rotor winding free of dust, oil and moisture.
 Check visually windings for any insulation damage.
 Check contact surfaces of commutator or slip-rings for uniform wear and, any signs of pitting and deep grooves.
 Maintain carbon brushes correct spring pressure, adequate length
 Remove any excess carbon dust around the brush gear and rotor coils.
 Air gap between stator and rotor checked to ensure pedestal bearings are in good condition.
 Show stable operation during parallel-running with other generators, respond correctly to controls and load
changes
 Insulation test when machine is still hot after running on load. (New equipment=1.5Ω)
 Carry out generator on-load running test to confirm the proper operation of governor and AVR.
 Check for correct voltage, frequency, current, governor-droop. response to sudden load changes
 Check and test stability of load sharing when parallel running with other generator
 Check and test automatic starting function of standby generator when blackout.
  All operational tests related to alternators safety devices, checked and tested before to surveyor’s visit.
Main switchboards
 Clean internal and external of switchboard, section board or distribution board
 Check main bus-bar and their connections for tightness, loose connection and overheating signs.
 Check bus-bar supports for surface tracking and insulation damage.
 All internal wirings securely fixed. Cable entries at switchboard bottom, sealed with a non-flammable material
 Main switchboard earth bar securely bonded to both the switchboard’s frame and ship's hull.
 Hinged panel doors bonded with an earth strap to main switchboard frame.
 All operational tests related to main switchboard safety devices, checked and tested before to the surveyor’s visit.
Testing of safety trips and relays
1. Over-current relay - tested by injecting calibrated test currents to check current trip levels and time delay
settings.
 Primary injection: current-injection test machine apply large current through normal load circuit
 Secondary injection: small currents (5 ~ 50 A) apply current directly into the overcurrent relay.
 This test does not prove the CT performance.
2. An under-voltage (UV) relay – tested by injecting calibrated voltage. variable voltage is directly applied to
under-voltage relay to check its function.
3. Reverse Power protection- test operation of RP relay tested during a generator changeover.
 Outgoing generator is gradually throttled down reverse power relay to trip its generator circuit-breaker.

AVR
W.W(S-3,7)
(a)What is the purpose of fitting Automatic Voltage Regulation on an auxiliary engine?
(b)Describe how an automatic voltage regulator monitors output voltage and controls the excitation system for ac
generator.

(a)Reason for AVR

 Starting of Large induction motor (low pf of 0.3-0.4 lagging) cause load current surge (6-8 times normal)
 Large voltage drop in generator winding, terminal voltage reduce at load.
 Effect is voltage drip, similarly stopping of large motors produce over voltage on bus bar.
 Real need for AVR, sudden connection of extra load and restore voltage quickly without voltage hunting.

(b)Automatic voltage Regulator

 At voltage sensing unit, generator output transformed, rectified and smoothed to give DC signal.
 DC signal compare with set value produce by electronic circuit of Zener diodes and resistors.
 Output error signal amplified, use to control firing angle of thyristor through triggering circuit.
 AC exciter field coil supplied with regulated DC from SCR output.
 AC exciter rotor output feeds into bridge rectifier.
 Produce DC current for alternator field winding to control output voltage.
BATTERY CHARGE DISCHARGE
WW(11)
Explain emergency battery charging system. Show a typical wiring diagram for two batteries working on a charge-
discharge

Emergency batteries charging system

 A simple arrangement for lead-acid batteries is shown in figure. Load switch(L), charging switch(C)
 At loss of main power, emergency power provided by automatic connecting of battery
 This type of secondary cell loses charge gradually over period of time.
 Rate f loss kept to minimum by maintaining cells in clean and dry state by using trickle charge
 In normal condition, batteries are on standby (L) open and (C) closed.
 This position of switches is held by the electromagnetic coil against spring pressure
 Loss of main power cause of de-energizing coil, spring pressure moving operating rod.
 Batteries disconnected from mains as switch (C) opens, and (L) close connect to emergency load
 Loses charge is recovery by trickle charge using continuous constant current. Replace for losses, no result of
external load
 When batteries discharged on load, trickle current is insufficient to recharge them.
 Full charge restore by switching in quick charge. Afterwards batteries put back on trickle charge.

Charge – Discharge cycle

 figure shown is typical wiring diagram for two batteries working on a charge discharge cycle.
 Essential power (e.g. for radio equipment, fire detection, general alarm circuit) supplied from two batteries
worked on a regular charge/discharge cycle.
 One battery is discharge to load other is charge from ship’s mains.
 In case of main failure, feedback from the battery on charge is prevented by a blocking rectifier in the circuit.
 Each change-over switch has an “Off” position and operated independently so that both batteries put in parallel to
the load during change-over operation.
 Continuous electrical supply to the load at all times. “off " positions are essential to avoid excessive overcharging.
EMERGENCY POWER
WW(S-5,13)
How will you prepare for emergency power and associated equipment and cable survey?

Preparation for emergency power and associated equipment

The following items checked and tested for survey.
1. Start emergency generator, manually or automatically
2. When powered from emergency generator electrical supplies from ESB checked rated voltage, current and
frequency.
3. Functioning correctly, emergency lighting, fire pump and other emergency electrical equipment.
4. Checked electrical interlocking arrangements between main and emergency switchboards.
5. Checked and tested auto-start initiation relays.
6. Checked ship’s emergency battery installation and its charging rectifier.
 7. Checked battery charging equipment for dirt, overheating, loose connections and correct functioning of
indicator instruments and alarms.
8. Keep battery environment dry and well ventilated, clean battery tops,
9. Correct value of specific gravity (SG) by checking with hydrometer, electrolyte at proper level.
10. Safety notices and P.P.E (such as gloves, apron and goggles) available in adjacent to the batteries.
11. Checked battery locker ventilation arrangements.
12. Kept battery maintenance records properly.

Preparation for survey of Cables and their installation

The survey of cables and their installation is largely based on
(a) close visual examination and
(b) IR (megger) test on a main cable run
(1) Inspect for any external damage of a cable’s outer sheath and wire
(2) Adequately supported cable horizontal and vertical runs by suitable cable clips or ties.
(3) Where cable runs an open deck, have expansion loops, checked for abrasion and wear.
(4) Where cables pass though fire check bulkheads, correctly glanded or pass through stopper boxes that prevent
passage of fire between compartments.
(5) Inspected for mechanical damage, flexible cables to light fittings, power tool, etc.
(6) Steel frame of all electrical motors and other equipment bonded to ship’s hull with a copper strap or flexible
earthing braid/wire.
IGBT
WW(S-4,24)/MMEA(20)
Explain with the aid of sketch, the working principle of IGBT in varying motor speed control. (16M)
 This type of converter used for induction motor drives, uses transistors as switching devices.
 Unlike thyristors, a transistor turned on and off by a control signal, at a high switching rate (e.g. at 20 kHz in a PWM
converter).
 From 440 V A.C supply is rectified and smoothed by the capacitor, voltage about 600 V.
 D.C voltage is chopped into variable-width, but constant level, voltage pulses in the computer controlled inverter
section using IGBTs (insulated gate bipolar transistors).
 This process called pulse width modulation or PWM.
 By varying pulse widths and polarity of d.c voltage, an averaged sinusoidal A.C output over a wide range of frequencies
typically 0.5 ~ 120Hz.
 Due to smoothing effect of motor inductance, motor currents appear to be nearly sinusoidal in shape.
 By sequentially directing currents into three stator windings, a reversible rotating magnetic field is produced at
frequency set by PWM converter.
 Accurate control of shaft torque, acceleration time and resistive braking programmed into VSD.
 VSD closely tuned to connected motor drive to get optimum control
 VSDs can be easily networked to other computer devices
 e.g. programmable logic controllers (PLCs) for overall control of a complex process.

(a)Sketch and describe about IGBT.

(b)Explain about IGBT brick test procedure (8M each)

(a) IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)

Figure: IGBT equivalent circuit Figure: IGBT symbol

 The Insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a 3-terminal, power semiconductor device.
 It is high efficiency and fast switching, primarily used as an electronic switch.
 IGBTs are used in various application such as variable frequency drives (VDFs), electric cars, trains, variable speed
refrigerators.

(b) IGBT brick test procedure

(1) Collector – Emitter junction test

 Short out G1 to E1 and G2 to E2
 With a Multimeter set in ‘Diode-test’ mode, check across the C1-C2E1 junction with the (+) probe on C1 and the (-)
probe on C2E1, meter should show “an open circuit”.
 Switch the probes, and then the meter should show “a diode drop” (V-drop across diode).
 (2)
 Check across the C2E1-E2 junction, with the (+) probe on C2E1 and the (-) probe on E2, meter shows “an open circuit”.
 Switch the probes, and then the meter shows “a diode drop”

(3) Gate test

 With a 9-V battery, connect the (+) terminal to G1 and the (-) terminal to E1, meter (set in Diode-test) should show “a
diode drop” across the C1-C2E1 junction in both directions now.
 Connect the (+) terminal to G2 and the (-) terminal to E2.
 Meter should also show “a diode drop” across the C2E1-E2 junction in both directions.
(4) If the IGBT passed all of the above tests, the IGBT is good.

INDUCTION MOTOR
WW(S-2,4)/MMEA(3)
(a)Explain the principle and operation of induction motor. (6
M)
(b)Describe the construction of induction motor. (6
M)
(c) Define the term synchronous speed and slip. (4
M)
(d) Define power factor correction. (MMEA.3)

(a) Principle
 Induction motors depend on interaction of a revolving
 Magnetic field created in stator by AC current, with an opposing magnetic field induced on rotor.
 Resulting interaction produces torque, coupled to desired loads
Operation
 When 3-phase A.C supply voltages connected to phase stator windings, resulting currents produce a multi-pole
magnetic flux (Φ) and rotated around stator core
 In synchronous motor, rotor locks into step with rotating magnetic field, rotates at synchronous speed.
 If synchronous motor loaded to point rotor pulled out of step with rotating magnetic field,
 No torque developed, motor will stop.
 Synchronous motor is not self-starting motor because torque is only developed
 When running at synchronous speed. Motor needs some type of device to bring rotor to synchronous speed.
(b) Construction
 The induction motor has two main components, the stator and the rotor.
 The stator have 3 phase windings in cut slots into a laminated steel magnetic core.
 Ends of the stator windings are terminated in the stator terminal box connected to the incoming 3-phase supply
cables.
 Stator windings are wound for specific numbers of pole-pairs connected in either star or delta connection.
 Synchronous motors use wound rotor.
 The rotor consists of coil of wire placed in rotor slots.
 Magnetic rotor is excited by external DC source, require slip rings and brushes to provide current to rotor
(c) Synchronous speed
 The flux rotated around the stator core by the switched sequence of the RY-B currents at a speed called synchronous
speed (ns).
 The value of synchronous speed depends on
(1) Number of magnetic pole-pairs (p) fixed in the stator winding.
(2) Frequency (f) of the supply voltage connected to the stator winding.
 Synchronous speed ( ns) = F/P revs/sec (or) Ns = f x 60
/P rev/min
Slip
 Slip speed is difference between the synchronous speed (ns) of the rotating magnetic flux and actual rotor speed. (nR).
 Slip is usually expressed as a percentage of the synchronous speed.
 Slip= synchronous speed (ns) - actual rotor speed. (nR) Slip (%) = ( ns - nR/ns ) x 100%
(d) Power factor correction
 For constant load, PF of synchronous motor varied from lagging value to leading value by adjusting DC field excitation.
 Keeping same load, when field excitation increase on synchronous motor, motor operates at leading PF.
 If reduce field excitation motor operate at lagging PF.
 In large industrial complexes, synchronous motor used to correct (improve) PF obtained by DC over excitation current
INSULATION TESTS
WW(S-3,6)/MMEA(2)
(a) State the reason for carry out insulation tests on electrical machinery? (3M)
(b) How will you test the insulation resistance on electrical motor? (5M)
(c) What is the minimum requirement for insulation result? (2M)
(d) Describe the procedure for drying out an electric motor which has been immersed in sea water. (6M)
(e) State the routine maintenance which should be carried out an A.C motor. (MMEA)

(a) State reasons for insulation test

 Measurement of the insulation test gives state of health of electrical equipment.
 Measure resistance between insulated conductors and earth, and between conductors

(b) Insulation resistance test on electric motor

 Before applying the test, approve tester, test equipment disconnected from live power supply
 Megger tester use to check circuit live or dead. If circuit is dead, insulation resistance measured.
 For phase-to-phase insulation resistance, 3 readings measure U-V, V-W, and W-U for between conductor
 For phase-to earth insulation resistance as U-E, V-E and W-E for conductor to earth
 Insulation resistance decreases when temperature increase
 Record ER temp, Equipment temp.
 Insulation tester is a high reading resistance meter, using a high-test voltage 500 V DC.
 Test voltage produced an internal hand-driven generator battery, electronic voltage charger.
 Test voltage of 500V DC use for ships’ equipment rated at 440 V AC.
 Test voltages of 1000 V and 5000 V used for high voltage (HV) systems
(c) Minimum requirement for insulation result
 Insulation resistance at least 1MΩ, maintain equipment in a clean condition to prevent tracking

(d) Procedure for drying out electric motor

 Insulation resistance of the stator windings restored to a high value. This is achieved in three stages:
1. Cleaning 2. Drying 3. Re-varnishing
 Motor dismantled and check all parts.
 Salt contamination removed by washing with clean, fresh water.
 Any grease or oil on the windings removed using electro cleaner
 Dry the stator windings with low-power electric heaters or lamps
 Windings heated by current injection from a welding set or from a special injection transformer.
 Keep current injected level below motor's full load rating.
 If windings clean and dry, restore insulation resistance to high value, apply good quality air-drying insulating varnish.
(e) Routine maintenance for AC motors
(1) Keep motor clean and free from dirt and oil.
(2) Check for dampness around the motor or inside the motor
 This can reduce insulation strength of motor winding.
 keep motor dry internally as well as externally
 If not in use for long time, run the motor for few hours to dry out moisture.
(3) Periodic inspection of motor for accurate shaft alignment
(a) For directly coupled motor – check alignment between motor shaft and load shaft
(b) For belt-type system – check belt condition and belt tension.
(4) Check bearing condition on a regular basis.
 Bearing lubricated with prescribed lubricant in proper quantity.
 Excess as well as lesser quantity can do harm.
(5) Check for any abnormal noise or excess vibration from the motor or coupling. Do vibration analysis if necessary.
(6) Check motor heating - If motor heats up quickly, check and clean air filters to get adequate air flow.

Motor Maintenance
 Maintenance required for cage rotor induction motors are.
 Keep insulation resistance high and contact resistance low
 Lubricate correctly and maintain uniform air gap
 Ensure both interior and exterior always clean and dry

LOGIC GATE
WW(S-3,20)/MMMC(16)
(a)Make symbols and truth table of the output of the following two input logic gate.
(i) AND (ii) OR (iii)XOR (iv) XNOR
(b)Draw the block diagram of the major components of a common PLC.

(a)
(i) ANDGate (ii)OR Gate

 Have two or more inputs and one output. --Have two or more inputs and only one output.
 Output is high only when all inputs are high. --Output high when both inputs are high (or) any
one input high.
 In all other cases, output is low.

(iii)XOR (iv) XNOR

Output is high only when any one input is high. --Inverse of XOR
--Has two inputs and single output
--Output is low if inputs are different.

(b )PLC

LOW VOLTAGE PROTECTION

WW(15)
Explain why low voltageprotection is provided in an ACsystem?
Briefly describe how this protected is affected? (16M)

Undervoltage protection (Low voltage protection)

 Under-voltage protection is electromagnetic or electronic, provide back-up protection to short-circuit protection
 An under-voltage release mechanism (UVR) fitted, to all generator breakers and some main feeder circuit-breakers.
 Its main function is to trip the breaker, when voltage dip (around 50%) occurs.
 By releasing mechanical latch (which keeps the contacts closed), to trigger trip mechanism, that opens breaker main
contacts.
 When generator voltage is very low or absent, U/V release on generator circuit breaker prevents if closed
 Example, during generator paralleling procedures, wrong to close circuit breaker
 Dead generator equivalent of short circuit fault, on bus-bar & cause black out
 Undervoltage relay prevents dead generator circuit breaker from closed.
 Undervoltage protection require for motor starters.
 When supply voltage is lost or reduce, starter contactor normally provides this protection
 When supply voltage restores, starter circuit not allow motor to restart, except when special automatic restarting
provide
 during transient voltage dips (typically 15%) caused by large motor starting currents, generator UVR is usually off-
delayed (time delay) to prevent tripping
MARINE ELECTRICAL MACHINERY
WW(S-3,8)
Briefly describe the factors which contribute to the deterioration on marine electrical machinery and how
these factors are taking into account in the design of the equipment or in its operation.

 Factors which contribute to the deterioration on marine electrical machinery are

(1)Weather conditions (2)Vibration (3)Continuous motion of ship (4)Temperature & Conditions of usage
 Shore based industries are not suitable for installation in marine environment
 Effect of inclination
 Main propulsion and auxiliary fitted in ship designed to operate when the ship is
(1) upright
(2) inclined at any angle of list up to 15˚
(3) 22.5˚ under dynamic condition. (rolling)
(4) simultaneously inclined dynamically (pitching) 7.5˚ by bow or stern.
 The emergency generator and its prime mover and emergency accumulator battery designed and arranged, function
at full rated power when the ship is
(1) upright
(2) inclined at any angle of list up to 22.5˚ (or)
(3) inclined up to 10° fore or aft direction (or)
(4) in any combination of angle within those limits.
 One of main factors concerned with these inclinations is lubrication, another is functioning of contactors, switchgear
and relays
 Any apparatus containing oil, such as transformers or switches and solenoids affected.

Installation andmaintenance
 During rolling, to reduce end-play and prevent hammering during rolling, machines installed with their axis of
rotation, either vertical or in the fore and aft direction.
 If unavoidably placed athwart ship, care taken when ship roll to reduce the end-play & prevent hammering and to
provide suitable thrust bearings
 Special attention give lubrication of ring-lubricated sleeve bearings.
 Cause of overheating in electrical joints is loose connection
 All screws and nuts effectively locked and checked periodically
 Not only to high current circuits but also to control and shunt circuits, if to become slack result in unnormal operation
or complete failure.

Temperature requirement
 Extreme of temperature affect the performance life of any electrical apparatus.
 Coil resistance increases with temperature, with less current, field strength will be reduced, and contactors and relays
fail to operate correctly.
 When temperature rise, heating effect is always about the same for similar loads.
 The total temperature highest at the maximum ambient temperature.
 For unrestricted service, cooling air temperature is 45˚C. (IACS)
 For restricted service and vessels intended for northern and southern waters outside of tropical belt temperature is
40’C
STAR-DELTA STARTING
WW(S-2,5)
Describe the star-delta method of starting a cage-type, 3 phase induction motor with the aid of sketch and
disadvantage of this method of starting. (16M)
 Three sets of stator windings have six end connections, brought out to a starter box.
 Contactors in starter box, six ends to be Star-connected for starting, Delta-connected after rotor runs up to about 80%
of its rated speed.
 Star starting effect of reducing phase voltage to 57.7% of the line voltage.
 Starting current and torque only a third of with direct on-line starting.
 Low current start is obtained at the expense of torque and star delta motors only used with light starting loads.
 Automatic switching to delta running condition preferred to manual changeover, too soon or too slowly switch-over,
result in a current surge.
 In delta running condition, phase voltage is equal to line voltage and the motor as a straight-forward squirrel-cage
type.
 Built-in interlocks or double-throw switches prevent star and delta contacts from closed together.
 The starter is also designed, star contacts made before possible to change to the run position.

Disadvantages
 Star-delta starting reduces the current surge, more complex, requiring three contactors and timers.
 The malfunction occurs if the control timer sequence is not completed or the star contactor remains stuck, when a
mechanical interlock prevents the delta contactor from closing.
 This will cause overheat and eventual burn out the motor unless tripped by the overcurrent relay.
SYNCHRONIZING
WW(S-4,14)/MMMC(5,14,25)
(a) What are likely consequences of attempting to close incoming breaker when generators are not in
synchronism?
 (b) How could you monitor the correct instant for synchronizing with and without the aid of a synchroscope?
(WW)
(c) Make a diagram of connection for a switchboard arranged for controlling two compound generators
intended to run in parallel. Explain the sequence of operation for putting a compound generator on to bus
bar to which another generator is already connected and for making the incoming generator take a share
of the load. (MMMC25)
(d) Synchroscope and its connection to main circuit. (MMMC.14)
(e) Ammeter or voltmeter construction to main circuit.(MMMC14)
(f) Earth detecting lamp and its connection to main circuit.(MMMC14)
(g) How could you monitor the correct instant for synchronizing without the aid of a synchroscope or
synchronizing lamps? (MMMC5)

(a)
 At instant of closing the breaker, voltage phase difference causes a large circulating current between machines which
produces a large magnetic force to pull the generator voltages into synchronism.
 This means rapid acceleration of one rotor and deceleration of other.
 Large forces physically damage generators and their prime-movers
 large circulating current trip each generator breaker and have a blackout.

(b) Correct instant for synchronizing without the aid of synchroscope

1. Set of lamp use back-up to the synchro scope
2. Correct synchronized position shown by either of the following methods:
(a)Lamps dark method (b) Lamps bright method (c)Sequence method
3. In each case, lamps connected between incomer and bus-bars.
4. Sequence method, displays rotation of lamp brightness indicates incomer running fast (clockwise) or slow(anti-
clockwise).
5. Incomer is adjusted, lamp sequence rotates slowly clockwise.
6. Circuit breaker closed when top or key lamp is dark and two bottom lamps are equally bright.

(b)Correct instant for synchronizing with the aid of synchroscope (or ) (c)Procedures for generators parallel-run
1. To achieve smooth manual synchronizing, incomer’s speed adjusted to obtain approximately same frequency on bus-
bar frequency meter e.g. 60 Hz.
2. Incoming generator voltage set by its AVR or manual trimmer
3. Fine tuning of speed observed on synchro scope or synchronizing lamps.
4. Incomer adjusted synchroscope indicator rotates slowly clockwise (fast direction) at about 4 seconds per indicator
revolution.
5. Circuit-breaker closed, indicator approaches the 12 o'clock (inphase) position.
6. Pointer of incoming generator’s ammeter very little kick when correctly synchronized.
 (c),(d)
(d)Synchroscope
 Synchroscope has two windings; one connected to bus bars or running machine and other to incoming machine i.e. on
the machine side of the appropriate circuit breaker.
 Where several machines, synchroscope winding, intended to monitor incoming machine, connected to each machine
by selector.

(e )

Ammeter
 Ammeter used to measure current and connected in series with circuit to avoid large voltage drop across
ammeter
 Made very low resistance of few turns of thick wire, consume much power
Voltmeter
 Voltmeter used to measure voltage and connected in parallel with it.
 Made very high resistance of thin wire, and consume minimum power.

(f) Earth detecting lamp and its connections to the main circuit

 Earth indication lamps in a 3 phase A.C. system are arranged as shown in figure.
 When the system has no fault, the lamps glow with equal half brilliance.
 If any earth fault occurs on one line, the lamp connected to that line goes dim or extinguished.
 The other lamps will glow brighter than before due to increased voltage.

(g)Synchronizing without the aid of a synchroscope or synchronizing lamps

 Synchronized with s500V voltmeter for 440 system
 Connect pair of voltmeter proves across one phase of incoming circuit breaker
 Adjust generator speed until voltmeter slowly fluctuate from ‘0’to ‘max’
 Close circuit breaker when voltmeter indicator pass through zero
3 TERMS WATER LEVEL
MMMC(21)
(a) With reference to water level control system, with the aid of sketches, how
remote control of boiler water is achieved? (10
(b) Explain the function of transmitter and control valve? M)
(6M)

(a)

 In three elements control system, measured variables are steam flow, feed water flow and boiler water level.
 In balance situation, steam flow equal to feed water flow and these two signals are compared in differential
relay.
 Any deviation between desired and actual boiler water level, and deviation between steam flow and feed
water flow result in controller action to adjust feed water control valve.
 A sudden increase in steam demand results in deviation signal from differential relay and give an output
signal to open feed water control valve.
 For reduction in steam demand gives an output signal to close feed water control valve and thus avoiding
shrinkage effects.
  Any change in feed water pressure result in feed water control valve movement to correct change before
boiler water level affected.

(b) Function of Transmitter

1. It detects the water level in the drum and send signal to the digital controller.
2. A positive change of water level in boiler alters level transmitter coil‘s inductance value, causing an
imbalance in the system.
3. Signal converted and sent to control valve
Control valve
1. Control valve works depend on the signal given by controller and after done the job,
Sends a feedback signal to controller for confirmation.
2. Valve opening is depending on supply air with the signal given by controller.
3. Level controller ( P+I controller) transmits an electrical signal to pneumatic positioner to position and adjusts position
of control valve.

CLOSE LOOP
WW(S-2,27)/MMEA(21)
(a)What is close loop control?
(b)What are the advantage and disadvantage of close loop control?
(c) What are the Different types of Control actions?
(d)What are the fundamental problems with using simple proportional control?
(e)Desired value, Deviation, offset
(f) Cascade control
(g)Ratio control
(h)Split range control

(a) Closedloopcontrol
Setvalue

Controller Comparator Transmitter

Feedback
value
Input
Actuator Process Sensor Output

 Depend output.
 Monitor output and generate an error signal, correct input, call close loop control
 When operator replaced by a controller, sensor provide feedback of the controlled condition, comparator to get the
Deviation from measured value and the set value.
 Correcting signal to motor element to carry action on input, call automatic closed loop.

(b) Advantages of closed loop

1. Finer control, with less chances of deviation.
2. Suitable for systems having considerable load changes.
 Disadvantages of closed loop
1. More expansive (than open loop).
2. Possibility of hunting (loss of stability).
3. For example, manual closed-loop water level control, an operator observes water level and accordingly opens or shuts
feed-check valve to maintain desired level, so more care is needed.
4. In Automatic closed loop, same work can be done by a Feed-water Controller, but design complicated and more
maintenance required.

(c) There are several types of Control actions

1. ON-OFF or Two step control action
2. Simple Proportional action
3. Integral action
4. Derivative action
(d) fundamental problems
1. System have a large Offset or Sustained deviation.
2. Too slow in response to Load changes.
3. System become unstable (hunting) if Gain is changed to reduce Offset.

(e)Desired Value

 The value of controlled condition, operator desire to obtain.

Deviation
 Difference between desired value and measure value.
 Signal send to comparator, initiate correction action.

Offset
 Measure value stabilized (reaches equilibrium) at some point other than set value.
 Load condition change.
 Offset occur in simple proportional control.

(f)Cascsde Control
 Two controller, Master and slave.
 Master controller sense tank 2, level provide desired value.
 Slave controller controls and measure tank 1 level.
 Slave controller loop determine correcting unit for master controller.
 Master controller- P+I and D, if time lags present.
 Slave controller- only P or possibly P+I action.
(g) Ratio Control

 Another form of cascade control.

 Relation between controlled variable (supply B) and controlled variable (supply A), maintain at desire ratio.
 Master controller provide desire value signal to slave controller, relate to measurement of flow A.
 Slave controller control flow B, maintain desire ratio between flow A and flow B.

(h)Split range control

 Another form of multi-loop control.
 Single controller split into two or more ranges to operates corresponding correcting units.
 Range of output signal determine; correcting unit operate to bring desired action.

DRAG CUP TACHOMETER

WW(S-1,17)
Write short notes for the following; (8M each)
(a)Drag cup tachometer
(b)Pneumatic flapper nozzle

(a) Drag cup tachometer

 Uses an aluminum cup, rotated in a laminated iron electromagnet stator.

 Stator has two separate windings at right angles to one another.
 An alternating current is supplied to one winding, eddy currents are set up in the aluminum cup.
 Induced e.m.f in other stator winding which is proportional to speed of rotation
 Output voltage measured on a voltmeter calibrated to read in units of speed.

(b) Pneumatic nozzle flapper

 Used in many pneumatic devices, use as a transducer.

 Transduces from displacement to a pneumatic signal.
  The very small linear movement of flapper convert control pressure output.
 Compressed air about (1) bar supplied through orifice (about 0.25mm diameter) to nozzle (about 0.4mm)
which larger than orifice.
 Position of flapper in relation to the nozzle determine amount of air escapes.
 If flapper is close to nozzle, high control pressure exit, if distance away, low control pressure.

LEAD ACID BATTERY

WW(3)
(a) Describe changes which take place within a lead-acid battery during discharge and when charging is
taking place?
(b) Explain (1)Why the rate of charge will effect gassing?
(2) The risk associated with gassing and safeguards in battery compartments?
(3) The reason for distilled water topped up?
(4) The remedy for spillage of electrolyte on the skin?

(a)

Discharged condition Chargedcondition

2PbSO4 + 2H2O PbO2 + Pb + 2H2SO4
During discharge
 At positive plates, hydrogen ions (H+) remove oxygen from lead peroxide (PbO 2) and combine with it to form
water (H2O).
 Loss of oxygen from the lead peroxide reduces it to grey lead (Pb).
 At negative side of cell, sulphate ions (SO--) combine with pure lead of (-) plates to form a layer of white lead
sulphate (PbSO4).
When charging,
 Sulphate goes back into solution as sulphate ions (SO4-), leaving the plates as pure lead.
 In electrolytes water breaks down, returning hydrogen ions (H +) to solution, allows oxygen to recombine with
lead of (+) plate and form lead peroxide (PbO2).
( b ) (1) Gassing
 Charge progress, gassing begins when cell voltage reaches 2.30 ~ 2.35 V per cell and increases. This process
cannot be prevented entirely.
 To reduce amount of gassing, charging voltages about 2.30 V per cell minimized.
 Rate should not be too high to avoid violent gassing.
(2) Gas emission
 When almost full-charged and during overcharge-
 hydrogen and oxygen are generated from lead acid batteries through cell vent-caps into battery
compartment.
 If hydrogen is allowed to accumulate, there is an explosion risk
  Regulations require good ventilation to remove gas and safeguards against naked lights or sparks in battery
compartments.
(3) Topping up
 Gassing and normal evaporation cause water loss,
 All rechargeable batteries (Other than the sealed type) topped up distilled water periodically.
 Exposure of cell plates to air rapidly reduce battery-life.
(4) Remedy for spillage of electrolyte on the skin
1. An alkaline cell uses an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide and a lead-acid cell uses Sulphuric acid.
2. Both are diluted with distilled water and electrolyte cause skin burns.
3. When electrolyte splashed on skin, first aid treatment give immediately.
4. Rapidly wash eyes and skin with plenty of fresh water.
5. For Potassium hydroxide splash, wash out with a solution of boric acid powder.
6. For Sulphuric acid splash, wash out with saline solution
7. In battery compartment, both types of first aid equipment.
TRANSISTOR, THYRISTOR
WW(S-2,22)(S-5,25)/MMEA(17,19)/MMMC(22)
(a)Explain about BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor),Uni-junction transistor.
(b)Describe about NPN and PNP transistor with sketch.
(c) Describe about Thyristor,GTO(gate turn off thyristor)
(d) Describe about MOSFET operation, Snubber circuit.

(a) BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor)

 Three terminal device, fabricated with three separately doped regions.

 Two different types- NPN BJT, PNP BJT
 NPN device has one (p) region between two (n) regions.
 PNP device has one (n) region between two (p) regions.

Uni-junction transistor
 3 terminals semiconductor switching device, 3 terminals and 1 junction.
 Single emitter lead and two base lead.
 Consist of a bar of lightly dropped high resistivity semiconductor n type,
 opposite polarity of lightly dropped low resistivity material locate near center of bar.
 Ohmic contacts from each of bar base 1 and 2 and to emitter.

(b) NPN transistor

 Forward bias to emitter-base junction and reverse to collector-base junction.

 Forward bias causes electrons in n-type emitter to flow towards base, constitutes emitter current I E.
 Electrons flow through the p-type base, combine with holes.
 Base is lightly doped and very thin.
 only a few electrons (less than 5%) combine with holes, constitute base current I B.
 Remainder (more than 95%) cross over into collector region, constitute collector current I C.
 Entire emitter current flows in the collector circuit.
 Emitter current is the sum of collector and base current. I E = IC + IB. (b)

PNP transistor
 Forward bias causes holes in p-type emitter to flow towards the base. constitutes emitter current I E.
 Holes cross into n-type base, combine with electrons.
 Base is lightly doped and very thin.
 Only a few holes (less than 5 %) combine with electrons.
 Remainder (more than 95 %) across into collector region to constitute collector current I C.
 Entire emitter current flow in the collector circuit.

(c)Thyristor

 Solid state semiconductor device. Have 3 leads, 4 layer.

 Thyristors do not amplify fluctuating signals like transistors., Control current either on or off.
 A small current at one lead allow a much larger current to flow through other two leads.
 Two families of thyristor, silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs) and TRIACs.
 SCRs switch is for direct current and TRIACs switch is for alternating current.

GTO (Gate Turn Off Thyristor)

 Power semiconductor switching device, 4-layered PNPN.

 Similar to SCRs, gate can turn the GTO on and off.
 Turned on by a positive gate current and turned off by a negative gate current.
 Reverse gate current amplitude is dependent on anode current turned off.
 No need for an external commutation circuit to turn it off.

(d) MOSFET Operation

 Unlike junction FET, N type or P type.

 Gate of MOSFET has no electrical contact with source and drain.
 A glass like layer of silicon diode(an insulator) separator gate metal contact from rest of transistor.
Snubber Circuit

 Essential for diodes used in switching circuits.

 During reverse recovery process, diode can save from overvoltage spikes which arise.
 A very common snubber circuit, power diode consists capacitor and resistor connected in parallel with diode.
 When revere recovery current decrease, capacitor by virtue try to retain voltage across it, which is approximately
voltage across diode.
 Resistor help to dissipate some of energy storage in conductor.

UMS OPERATION
WW(S-2,9)
How will you prepare for electrical survey for UMS operation? (16M)

Preparation of electrical survey for UMS Operation

 If ship is classified for UMS operation, electrical survey extended to include all alarms, fire detection, controls and
fail-safe features of such an installation.
 Correct operation of all alarms associated with main engine, auxiliary engines and all sensors.
 (1)Main engine control
 Correctly function and tested from Bridge, Engine control room, and Emergency position
 Electrical equipment operation and indication, inspected and tested for best demonstration during the survey.
 Electrical equipment and connections inspected for wear and tear, loose connections, overheating.

(2)Standby G/E and Emergency G/E, Switchboard

 A standby main generator automatically start on loss of duty generator and supply power to dead bus-bars within
45s
 Automatic sequential re-starting of essential auxiliaries for lubrication, cooling, fuel and steering.
 Test emergency generator automatic starting function and check for correct voltage, current and frequency.
 Tested- correct operation of electrical switchboard safety devices & under voltage by pulling fuses in detection
unit.

(3)Comprehensive alarm system for UMS, main & stand-up power supply
 Alarms displayed on main console in the engine control room relayed to the bridge alarms panel .
 Duty engineer call system operating in accommodation area, allowed 2~3 minutes to respond to a machine alarm.
 If engineer not reached control room and accepted alarm within this time,
 Dead man alarm sounded in the alleyway adjacent to engineers' accommodation.
 Inspected and tested main and standby electric power supply to overall alarm system.
 If standby power arrangement has battery back-up, check battery condition and its trickle-charger

(4)Automatic fire detection and alarm system

 Inspected and tested fire detection and alarm system.
 Correctly function of all smoke sensors, heat and flame sensors
 Inspected and tested for correct operation of hand operated fire-alarm switches of the break glass type.

(5)Pumps, Bilge alarm

 Essential drives for lubrication, cooling and fuel supply provided in duplicate
 Arrange one pump selected on a duty/standby
 Loss of pressure at the duty pump automatically start up the standby unit.
 Inspected and tested of duplicate bilge level alarms, together with automatic bilge pumping
aWard-Lenoard System
W.W(1)/MMEA(7)
1. Draw a detail a Ward-Leonard system installation used onboard a ship. (16M)
State where and why they are used onboard.

Ward-Leonard System
 Consists
 A.C motor (Driving)
 D.C generator
 D.C motor (Control)
 Transformer and rectifier circuit for D.C generator and D.C motor
 Control potentiometer D.C generator
Operation
 3 phase induction motor drive DC generator.
DC generator output voltage
 Applied as power supply to DC motor armature.
 Increase or decrease by potentiometer as magnetic field strength alter by changing field current to GE field winding.
 Varies, DC motor speed varies.
 DC motor speed and direction varies magnitude and direction of applied voltage.
 Potentiometer change current flow direction, through DC GE field poles.
 It will cause change in direction of generated current supply to DC motor and running direction of DC motor.
Uses
 Use for fine control of DC motor speed from zero to full in either direction.
 Easier speed control and robust torque characteristic.
 Ship with DC power widely use steering gear motor.
 Ship with AC power, other deck machinery such as windlass, mooring winches, deck crane, etc.
PLC
WW(S-1,23),MMMC(17)
(a) What is programmable logic controller? (8M each)
(b) What do you understand the logic gate? Explain with one example how logic gate works.

(a)Programmable Logic Controller

 Programmable logic controller (PLC) is special form of microprocessor-based controller
 PLC controllers use programmable memory to store instructions and to implement functions such as logic,
sequencing, timing, counting and arithmetic in order to control machine or processes.
 Input devices, e.g. sensors, switches, and output devices in system control e.g. motors, valves, etc. are connected to
PLC.
 PLC is digitally operating system designed for use in an industrial environment.
 PLC use to control simple and repetitive tasks and constantly monitors state of system.

(b)The logic gate

 In digital system, such as computer systems are represented by two different voltage levels or two different current
levels.
 If more positive of two voltages or currents levels represents a logic '1' and less positive of two levels represent a logic
'0', logic system is referred to as positive logic system.
 If more positive of two voltages or currents levels represents a logic '0' and less positive of two levels represent a
logic '1', logic system is referred to as negative logic system.

AND Gate

Truetable

 An AND gate is a logic circuit having two or more inputs and one output.
 Output are high only when all inputs are high.
 Used fire alarm system.
 When smoke and heat or flame detector activate, pump will run.
 If one of detectors activates, pump will not run and alarm sounded only.
(c)Describe the advantages of PLC over the electrical relay circuit.

Advantages of PLC over the electrical relay circuit

PLCs have several advantages over the electrical relay circuits;

1. The same basic PLC controller can be used with a wide range of control systems.
2. To modify a control system all that is necessary is for an operator to key in a different set of instructions.no need to
rewire.
3. PLCs are flexible, reliable, compact and cost effective system which can be used to control a complex system.
4. PLCs are similar to computers but they are optimized for control tasks and designed to use in an industrial
environment.
5. PLCs are smaller physical size than hard-wire solutions.
6. Less maintenance
7. Easier and faster to make changes.
8. PLCs have integrated diagnostics and override functions.
9. Diagnostics are centrally available.
10. Applications can be immediately documented
11. Applications can be duplicated faster and less expensively.
12. Rugged and designed to withstand vibrations, temperature, humidity and noise.
13. Have interfacing for inputs and outputs already inside the controller.
14. They are easily programmable and re-programmable.

BATTERY CHARGING
WW(S-4,10)
Write short notes for the followings with the aid of simplified circuit diagram.
(a) Battery charging from d.c main. (4M each)
(b) Battery charging from a.c main
(c) Function test of relays
(d) Function test of contactors

(a)Charging from d.c main

 Circuit consist resistance connected in series, to reduce current flow from higher mains voltage.
 At main failure, feedback from battery on charge is prevented by relay (which is de-energized) and spring arranged to
automatically disconnect battery.
 Contacts are spring operated; gravity opening is not acceptable for marine installations

(b)Charging from a.c main

 Main a.c supply is transformed and rectified, supply DC for battery charging.
 Supply current change from 230 V to 30 volts for charging 24 volt battery.

(c) Function test of relays

 Relay coil tested by measuring its resistance.
 Disconnect all power sources, relay is removed from circuit and checked with analog or digital meter.
 For relay coil
 Relay coil have a measurable resistance (not open or not shorted).
 Resistance vary design and operating voltage.
 When coil is open, meter reading is infinite Ω. When coil is short, meter reading is O Ω
For contacts
 The contacts should ohm as either open or shorted because they are a switch. Never have a measurable resistance.
 When coil de-energized, normally open (NO) contacts read infinite Ω (OL), normally closed (NC) contacts read 0 Ω.
 When coil energized, readings reverse: normally open (NO) contacts read 0 Ω, normally closed (NC) contacts read
infinite Ω (OL).

(d ) Function test of contactors

 After servicing the contacts, operation checked with an ohmmeter. Ensure the circuit is de-energized.
 Disconnect at least one of leads to contact surfaces to ensure other parallel circuits are not read by ohmmeter.
 Connect one lead of ohmmeter to one side of contacts and another lead to the other side of the contact.
 Ohmmeter readings while contact physically open and close
 when contacts open, read infinite resistance, when contacts closed, Ohmmeter read zero resistance
BI-METAL THERMOMETER
WW(S-3,18)
Describe the following with the aid of sketches
(a) Bi-metal type thermometer
(b) Wax element temperature control valve
(c) Differential pressure cell
(d) Strain gauge torsion meter

(a) Bi-metal type thermometer

 Bimetallic trip make two different metals.

 Typical metals use an iron-nickel alloy, firmly bonded together.
 When temperature changes, different amounts of expansion occur in the two metals, causing bending or twisting of
strip.
 The coiling or uncoiling of helix as temperature change cause movement of pointer fitted free end of bimetallic stip.
 Temperature range is -30˚ to +550˚C.
 (b) Wax element temperature control valve

 Has a copper capsule contain, wax expansion varies with temperature.

 Movement is transmitted by diaphragm, plunger and linkage to alter position of shutter in valve body.
 Temperature rise causes shutter, open ‘To Heat Exchanger’ and close ‘by pass’.
 This valve suited to “mixing” or “bypass” conditions.
 Temperature range about 10˚C, fail-safe inherent in design.
(c ) Differential pressure cell

 Two bellows mounted back to back on plate diving pressure chamber into two halves.
 Bellows connected internally by a rod through division plate and filled with inert gas or viscous fluid.
 Each side of pressure chamber connected high pressure and low pressure.
 If one pressure becomes higher than other, a differential pressure applied across bellows assembly, move towards
lower pressure.
 The rod transmits this movement to outside of pressure chamber through gland.
 (d) Strain gauge torsion meter

 A torsion meter is designed to measure proportional twisting of shaft that transmit power.
 The more power transmits, greater twist torque.
 Four strain gauges mounted on shaft, two axially and two radially to form a Wheatstone bridge.
 Twisting of shaft results in a proportional change of resistance in each of strain gauges.
 By combining an electronic indication of shaft revolution, a direct indication of transmitted KW power produce
CARBON PILE

W.W(S-4,12)

Describe Carbon Pile Automatic Voltage Regulator with aid of sample circuit and sketches.

Carbon Pile AVR

 Carbon pile resistance, varied by pressure changes, controls current flow through exciter shunt field.
 Pressure is, applied by springs and, relieved by magnetic field strength of electromagnetic coil
 Current for electromagnetic coil supplied from Alternator output to switchboard.
 AVR is designed, change Alternator voltage, due to load, change effect electromagnetic coil’s strength and alters carbon
pile resistance.
 When Alternator voltage is low, spring exerts greater pressure and carbon pile resistance become low, more current
flow through exciter shunt field and increase output voltage.
 When Alternator voltage is high, electromagnetic coil relieves pressure and carbon pile resistance become high, less
current flow through exciter shunt field and decrease output voltage.
(Strength of electromagnetic coil relieves spring pressure on carbon pile)

EARTH FAULTS
WW(S-3,28)
(a)State with reasons, the most common locations of earth faults aboard ship. (8M)
(b)Explain how earth faults are detected on a three-phase insulated AC system. (8M)

(a) Common location of earth faults onboard ship

 The most common locations of earth fault onboard ships are
1. Lamp fitting on open decks exposed to weather.
2. Washing machine and galley equipments which works in humid condition.
3. Loose strands, all strands must be used in machine wiring.
Unconnected one or two strands can touch grounded conductor.
Care to be taken when connection point in solenoid valve, limit switch, pressure switch. etc.
4. Conductor can be touch with metal case of components
5. Insulation tape may not be wrapped properly.
6. Aging destroys its insulation properties.
7. Dripping water over electrical machines.
8. Insulation affected by condensate due to machine not use for long time.

(b) Earth fault detection

 In a 3-Phase A.C, there have no earth faults, the lamps glow with equal half brilliance.
 If an earth fault occurs on one line, the lamp connected to that line dim or extinguished.
 The other lamps will glow brighter than before (due to increased voltage).
 This method is commonly used for many years due to inexpensive installation and easy- to -understand.
 Disadvantage is not very sensitive and fail to indicate a high impedance earth fault.
 Instrument-type earth fault monitor connects a small DC voltage.
 Any resulting DC current is a measure of the insulation resistance of the system.
 The injection-type instrument limits the maximum earth fault monitoring current to only 1 Ma
 (compared with about 60 mA for earth lamps)
LUB OIL TEMP CONTROL
WW(S-5,19)
Describe the engine lubricating oil temperature control with aid of system diagram?

Lubricating oil temperature control

 Method of temperature control uses a single measuring device located at the oil inlet .

 Use single measuring device, locate at oil inlet to engine.

 Low level alarm on L.O drain tank.
 High differential pressure alarm fit across duplex filter.
 Pressure switch locate after pump, provide automatic start-up of stand by pump in low pressure.

 A 3-way valve provide oil supply line to the cooler by-passing.

 The cooler provided with a full flow of sea water which is not controlled by system.

 On the L.O inlet to engine, temperature sensing element provide signal to (P+I) controller.

 The controller provided with a desired value, any deviation between desire value and input signal, send output signal
to 3-way control valve.

 If temperature low, more oil bypass cooler, temperature will increase.

 If temperature high, less oil by-passed, temperature will fall.

MOTOR FAILURE
WW(S-1,2)
(a) What are the possible causes of the motor failure? (4
M)
(b) State the routine maintenance for a.c. motor. (6
M)
(c) Explain the meaning of “single phasing ". (2
M)
(d) State the possible causes of “single phasing ". (4
M)

(a) The possible causes of the motor failure based on field experience are
1. Failures due to mechanical problems. 3.Rotor-bar failure
2. Insulation failure 4.Over-current failure

(b) Routine maintenance for AC motors

1. Keep motor clean and free from dirt and oil.
2. Check for dampness around motor or inside motor
 Reduce insulation strength of motor winding.
 Keep motor dry internally as well as externally.
 If not in use for long time, run the motor for few hours to dry out moisture.
3. Periodic inspection of motor for accurate shaft alignment
(a) For directly coupled motor – check alignment between motor shaft and load shaft
(b) For belt-type system – check belt condition and belt tension.
4. Check bearing condition on a regular basis.
 Bearing lubricated with correct lubricant in proper quantity.
 Excess as well as lesser quantity can do harm.
5. Check for any abnormal noise or excess vibration from the motor or coupling. Do vibration analysis if necessary.
6. Check motor heating - If motor heats up quickly, check and clean air filters to get adequate air flow.

(c)Single phasing
1. In a 3-phase supply, loss of current through one phase call single phasing.
2. Effect of single phasing, current flow within two remaining lines is increased and the motor becomes very noisy due to
uneven torque developed in the rotor.

(d) Possible cause of Single phasing

Possible causes of single phasing are

1. Fuse blow 2.Wire broken 3.Contact loose 4.Contact faulty
STEAM TEMPERATURE CONTROL
WW(S-4,16)
Describe the steam temperature control system with the aid of diagram? (16M)

Steam temperature control system

 To avoid damage to the metallic structure of the steam turbine (due to thermal stresses),
 Necessary to control temperature of the high-pressure superheated steam.
 Stems from the boiler’s drum is directed to the primary super-heater lead to secondary super-heater
 Outlet temperature of secondary super-heater is measured and transmitted to a PID controller.
 Any deviation from the desired value, signal, send to summing relay where another input signal (steam flow signal) is
received.
 Steam temperature falls due to increased steam flow or increase load condition control of valves by a split-control
mode
 Attemperator’s inlet valve will shut and the by-pass valve will open.
 Steam is directed to the secondary super-heater.
 Opposite case steam temperature rises due to reduced steam flow or load condition.
 Steam temperature always maintained at a constant value by adjusting both valves in opposite.

TRANSFORMER
WW(S-4,29)
(a) Explain the construction and operation principle of single phase transformer.
(b) Explain the transformer losses.
 (a)Construction
 Consists essentially two coils, wound on a closed magnetic circuit.
 Having low reluctance and high silicon content laminated steel core.
 Primary and secondary coils placed side by side.
 Two coils are insulated from each other and steel core.
 Core and windings assembled in suitable container.
 There are two main types of windings (1) concentric cylindrical and (2) sandwich.
(1) Concentric cylindrical windings
 Coils are circular in shape.
 Low voltage windings placed nearest to core
 In small transformers, each layer separated by small paper.
 In large transformers, each winding placed on a separate former.
(2) Sandwich windings
 Two windings are placed in the alternate layers.
Operation principle
 Coil connected to AC supply called primary, another coil called secondary.
 If AC current passed through, primary coil produces change of flux, some of flux link secondary coil.
 Change of current in primary cause change in the flux linking secondary.
 Produced self-induced emf in primary, mutually induced emf on secondary.
 If the circuit is completed a current will flow to load.

(b)Transformer Losses
Total power loss is a combination of different losses.
Transformer is static machines, no friction and windage losses.
(1) The iron losses; (hysteresis and eddy current losses)
(2) The copper losses;
(1) Iron losses (hysteresis and eddy current losses)
 When core subjected to alternating flux, material becomes magnetized.
 Hysteresis loss takes place molecular fraction of core material.
 Hysteresis loss minize by high silicon content laminated steel core.
 Eddy currents induced in cores due to flow of eddy current.
 Eddy current minimized by using steel laminations insulated by light coat of varnish or by an oxide layer on the
surface.
 Core flux independent of load, iron losses constant.
(2) Copper loss
 Variable loss, varies as the square of the load current.
 Directly proportional to (current)2 and also proportional (KVA output) 2 .
 This loss called copper loss or I2 R loss, occurs in primary and secondary windings.