6.

How muc h ener gy is give n to each coulolllb

1. Wha t does an elec tric circ uit mea n?
g of of char ge pass ing thro ugh a 6 V battery?
Ans .: A cont inuo us cond ucti ng path cons istin
som e elec tric com pone nts conn ecte d betw een
Ans .: Give n: Cha rge, Q = 1 C
App lied volt age, V = 6 V
the two term inal s of a batt ery is calle d an
elec tric circu it. The n,
Bulb Wor k don e in mov ing a cha r ge of 1 C
und er the volt age of 6 V = 1 C x 6 V = 6 J
Thu s, an ener gy of 6 J shou ld b e g iven durin g
the pass age of one coul omb o f ch arge throu gh
An elec tric circu it gene rally cons istin g of a a 6 V batt ery.
bulb (1.5 V), a key, copp er wire s and a dry 7. On wha t fact ors doe s the resi stan ce of a
cell as show n in figu re. cond ucto r dep end ?
end s
2. Defi ne the unit of curr ent. Ans .: The resis tanc e (R) of a con duc to r d ep
Ans. : Unit of curr ent is a·m pere (A). upo n :
Whe n 1 coul omb of char ge flow s thro ugh (i) its leng th (/) whe re R oc / .
a cond ucto r in 1 seco nd, then the curr ent (ii) its cros s-se ctio nal ar ea (A) wh ere
flow ing thro ugh the con duc tor is calle d R oc 1/A
1 amp ere . (iii) Natu re of mate rial
(iv) Tem pera ture
3. Calculate the num ber of elect rons cons titut ing
l
one coul omb of char ge. Thu s, R = p-
A
Ans .: Cha rge, Q = 1 C
19 8. Will curr ent flow mor e easi ly thro ugh a thick
Cha rge on an elect ron, q = l.6 x 10- C
wire or a thin wire of the sam e mate rial when
No. of elec tron s cons titut ing 1 C of char ge
1 conn ecte d to the sam e sour ce? Why?
lC
= - -10--- - = -X-10-
19 C
-
- 19 Ans. : The curr ent flow s mor e easi ly thro ugh a
1.6 X 1.6
thick wire than thro ugh a thin wire . This is
= 6 .25 x 1018 elec tron s due to the reas on that the resis tanc e R of a
4. Nam e a devi ce that help s to mai ntai n a thick wire of larg e area of cros s-sec tion, A
pote ntia l diffe renc e acro ss a cond ucto r. is less than that of a thin wire of smal l A as
mor e elect ric 1
Ans .: A batt ery cons istin g of one or R OC-
cells is used to main tain a pote ntial diffe renc e A
acro ss a cond ucto r.
9. Let the resis tanc e of an elect rica l component
rema in cons tant whil e the pote ntia l difference
5. Wha t is mea nt by sayi ng that the pote ntia l acro ss the two end s of the com pone nt
diffe renc e betw een two poin ts is 1 V? decr ease s to half its form er valu e. Whal
l diffe renc e betw een two poin ts in a chan ge will occu r in the curr ent througlt
Ans .: Pote ntia
curr ent- carr ying cond ucto r is said to be 1 volt it?
if 1 joul e of wor k is done to carr y a char ge of Ans. Whe n the pote ntial diffe renc e acro ss the tw0
:
1 coul omb from one poin t to the othe r, i.e., ends of the elect rical com pone nt beco mes half0
_ 1 joule = l c-1 . f 5
its orm er valu e, the curr ent thro ugh it al
1 volt - 1 coul omb
beco mes half. Sinc e I= V/R, whe n potential
-------
 difference be co m es V/2,
. cu rre nt b
the re sis ta nc e (R) of th ec om es I/2 as
e co m po An s.: Th e co m pl et ed
constant. ne nt re m ai ns ci rc ui t di ag ra m is gi
be lo w: ve n

10. Why are th e co ils of el ec key

. • tr ic t 2V 2V 2V
electric ir on s m ad e of oa s ter
s and .;__,i1 ~ ~ -- - -
•) 1- --+
an al lo y th
a pure metal? ra er than +

Ans,: Alloys ar e us ed fo r m
ak in g th e co ils in ele ctr ic SQ 8Q 12 Q
toaster an d el ec tri c iro
n be ca us e al l
higher m el tin g po in t oy s h av e
th an pu re m et al S Fo r th e wh ol e cir cu it,
the coils m ad e fro m al s. O
lo ys do no t m el t or ge~ To tal re sis ta nc e= 5 Q
de fo rm ed an d al lo ys do + 8 Q + 12 Q = 25 Q
no t ge t ox id ise d or To tal ap pl ie d vo lta ge =
burn re ad ily at hi gh 2V +2V+2 V =6 V
te m pe ra tu re s . Th en ,
11. Use the data in Ta bl e cu rre nt flo wi ng th ro ug
1( 12 .2 in NCERT) to h th e re sis to rs,
answer the fo llo w in g I = V = 6 V = 0.24 A
:
(a) Which am on g ir on R 25 Q
an d mercury is a
better conductor? So, th e am me ter wi ll sh
ow a re ad in g of 0.24 A.
(b) Which m at er ia
Vo lta ge ac ro ss th e 12
Q re sis to r = IR
l is th e be st conductor?
Ans.: (a) Ir on is a be = 0.24 A x 12 Q = 2.88 V
tt er co nd uc to r th an So, the voltmeter wi ll sh ow
m er cu ry as re si st iv a re ad in g of 2.88 V
ity (p ) fo r iro n 14. Judge the eq ui va le nt re
(10.0 x 10 ~ Q m )is le ss th sistance w he n the
an th at for me rc ur y fo llo wi ng are connecte
(94 X 10-B Q m ). d in parallel:
(a) 1 Q and 106 Q,
(b) Silver is th e be st co nd uc (b) 1 Q and 103 Q an
to r as its resistivity d 10 6 Q
(p) is th e le as t, i.e., 1.6 Ans.: (a) Fo r a pa ra lle l co m bi na
0 x 10 ~ Q m tio n,
12. Draw a sc he m at ic di 1 1 6
ag ra m of a ci rc ui t - = - + -1- =10 -
+1
--
co ns ist in g of a ba tt er R 1 n 106 n 10 n6
y of th re e ce lls of
2 V each, a 5 Q resistor, 6
a 8 Q resistor, and a R = 10 n = lQ
12 Q resistor, an d a pl ug 10 6 +1
key, al l connected
in series. (1 is ne gl ig ib le as co m
pa re d to 10 6)
(b) Fo r th e ot he r pa ra
Ans.: The sc he m at ic ci lle l co m bi na tio n, we
rc ui t di ag ra m is $h ow n ca n wr ite
below:
1 1 1
-=- +--+ 1
2v 2v 2v R 1 n 103 n 10-6 - n
~ i---4 1 - - - - - , = 1 n-1 + 0.001 n-1 + 0.00000
1 n- 1
= 1.001 n- 1

ke y 5Q
R = -1- ,,, n = o.999 n = 1 n
SQ 12 Q 1.001
13, 15. An el ec tr ic la m p of
Redraw th e ci rc ui t of qu 10 0 Q, a to as te r of
es tio n- 12 , pu tti ng in resistance 50 Q and a wa
an am m et er to m ea su re ter filter of resistante
th e cu rr en t th ro ug h 500 Q are connected in
the re sis to rs an parallel to a 220 V
d a vo ltm et er to m ea su th source. What is the resis
re e tance of an electric
Potential di ffe re nc e ac ro iron connected to the sa
ss th e 12 Q resiS t Or, me source that takes
What w ou ld be th e re ad as much current as all th
in g in th e am m et er ree appliances and
and the vo ltm et er ? what is the current thro
ugh it?
~
 / /
SU

I h\l "+, l I'I I ' I,.,. ' ' t ,rv , .. ,,f " (l
I '
Hhl I 1l Me
,. l.,, , ,ll,•1,,nd ·t h1«\ c:ombana•ux
'Of'HH "\ t{'t:1 H P' •1 •
i... • I \\ 1th 2 !l rc•Gt!itl,11 <t , ..
I" l fl Ill I' It l l C
:; • h'. 1{, ._,• rl , ..,
:'-l\' ~,\.l
tb) fh c-nnn,~t ttn~ ._di th•· three r• ~• tffOO

p-
:.~ u ,n r,,r.1l k•l
,~r Rr -
~\l
\(' 4 . ,.
u
Cumnt lhf\lu~h lh1.• thn.,• ,1pphJt1C'l"'- r r .,
- _,.~ P I U
\· 2~\l \ "
, :s
R...
18. \ Vhat is (a ) the highes t, , b) the low est tobJ
5m"-• th~ \.•k"Ctnc iro n u,nm•d~J to the 'ram ~
resist..1ncc that Cdn b e sccu _red by combinabon:s
..,._,urcc v ,· 220 VJ . ta k~" .:1,;, mu Lh Lur rent
of four coil s of resis tan ces 4 U . 8 U, 12 !l..
.15' Jll thn."\! ~ppll.,nu· , l ',, / , 1h rc~1~t.1nct.> i-,
p c; 24 n?
equal to R,.. , e.. ; U 1 1 2.S n Ans. : (a ) ~li r; h~ ~t rt> s ic;t.:-1nl°l' R1 +- R: - R - e,
16. What u -e the .a,dvant.ige s of co nnecting u 4 n + 8 n + 12 n .. 2-1 n• 4~ n
~l«tric-tl devj ce~ in pMallcl with the battery (b) HR 1!> th1.' lo w t·~t r(·~t'- l cHl Cl" f h...-n
inst~.ad of connecting them in series? 1 1 1 1
-=- + - -
1: .:..
1- - t-
Ans..: (.1 ) \\ h\: n ..l nu m b~ r n l 1.•h.• ( trt i."..ll dL'vi ccs R R, R.., R, -l 'i
R..J
l H.' \."~mncck d 1n p ..1rJll1.•l, 1.•J ( h J1.•vi cc
~d " th t• :-,,om ~ p otct1ti.:il d .i ffrrr n ce as 6+3+ 2 + 1 12 1
=
prov ,d~d by lh t.' hu ttcry ,rnd it keeps 240 2·1 0 '.20
c\n ,, .,_H krng even ir o ther devices fa il. So, the lowes t r~-, ,., tann· nt tht· \.' ombaOJt. x-
fh ,s t:, n o t 'il.) in CllS l' thL' d~vi ce s a re =2Q
co nn1.'<."h:d in ::.i'ni'~ bcc ,1use w h en o n e
d l.•\ ,c.__
, t.irl,, th"' cu cuit 1s broken a nd 19. Why does the cord of an electric b,e.J.h~r nOi
3H dcnc~s <i l l•p WlH~ng glow while the hea tin g element d oe::> ?
(b J Pa ratl("l ~ 1rn11 1 1, he lpful wh e n e nc h Ans.: The co rd o f an elt!ctn\.'. h~.ill'r 1:- mtld"' ,): th.1..: ,
dcvtCl· hu, dt lt l.' fl.•n t rl'~b t.1n ce and coppe r ,,,irt.1' ond ht.le. mu\_h lo,\·..~r r,...... , , t.in-."\
n.,qu m.~ chrkn.-n t \-U rrt-n t lo r ,t, operation than 1h ck m 1.•n t f~or th"· , .Hth.• n.urc.• nt
a .. m t h1., 1.-iJ-..! 1hi• \·i irrt: nt d,, 1d 1:-, 1tsdf fl o wing t hn, u ~h th~-- 1.1.lrd ~u,d the.• c.•lt•ll)<';~ t
thr o ugh d1 ffo r1-•n t d\:,' lci.•, ·1hh ,, n <.1t S{) h i:',l t pro <lu1.'\.•d U 1
1't} 1n th"'· ,'lt.·mc.• nt t , nw ,. t:
1ft -,.C•l"h•.., C'H t'\Jl l \<.-IWn.' '-JltW \ "U rt,·nt n1> \',·:. l fh)f\• lhJn rnx tu1.'\>t.t lf\ the.' .._\)hi l \1•\--...., u~ ' ,,
thr o u;~h ,ill tlw dl' \ ' lt. 1•-., 1r r\'"'Pl't t 1v \ · of th ~ t.•l,•nwnt b t•1.·., nh •, \~·r, ht--i{ .uhi ~t1.'"'
thctt fr~u, t.Jn"e-., " h._,•r,·,h th \ • 1 l t
\_\_ fl.- \ '\" •-. f h.!( ~ c.' \.'\' llh' h..,, J lt-.!

How ca n thrt>e rr8is tc1rN o( rtslit.an ceiil 2 U , 11, , tll:h , lu'--' "' l\\ ► t ~ !.,_ ,\,
17.
3 Q and l, n be conn e ct.-d to gtv1.• "' total 20.
Comput~ tht' h~.at ~rtwr.itN ,-vhil-, tnn~tt>ff'ii\(
rHistance of %OOt) eoulombs M etw,Rt ln On<- huu.r th r\"'Hl~h
(a) 4 .Q (b) 1 U? .t pt>1t11nt li,I '1 lht'r'"n\'_. o.t $0 V.
 Ans,: Here' Q = 96000 C, t = 1 h = 60 x 60 = 3600 s
' R
V == 50 V or - = 25
R'
Heat produce d, W = QV = 96000 C x 50 V
5 Thus, options .(d) is the correct answer.
:= 48 X 10 J.

25. Which of the followin g terms does not

21. An electric iron of resistan ce 20 Q takes a
represen t electrica l power in a circuit?
current of 5 A. Calculat e the heat generate d 2
(a) J2R (b) IR
in 30 s. 2
(c) VI (d) V /R
Ans.: Resistance, R = 20 Q
Ans.: Electrica l power, P = VI= (IR)I
Current, I = 5 A 2
= r2R = V /R
Time, t = 30 s Obvious ly, IR 2 does not represen t electrica l
Heat generate d= r2Rt = (5 A) 2 x 20 Q x 30 s
power in a circuit.
== 25 x 20 x 30 J = 15000 J = 15 kJ
Thus, option (b) is the correct answer.
22. What determin es the rate at which energy 26. An electric bulb is rated 220 V and 100 W.
is delivere d by a current? When it is operated on 110 V, the power
Ans.: Rate at which energy is delivere d by a current consume d will be
is called electric power. (a) 100 W (b) 75W
Electric power is determin ed by (c) 50 W (d) 25 W
(a) The potentia l differen ce across the Ans.: Resistan ce of the bulb
conducto r in volts 2
= v = (220 v)2 = 484 n
(b) The current in amperes . P 100W
23. An electric motor takes 5 A from a 220 V line. Then,
Determi ne the power and energy consume d Power consume d at 110 V
in 2 h.
= v2 = (HO v)2 = 25 n
Ans.: Here, I = 5 A, V = 220 V, t = 2 h R 484Q
= 2 X 60 X 60 = 7200 S
Thus, option (d) is the correct answer
Power P = VI = 220 x 5 = 1100 W
J

Energy consume d, W 27. Two conduct ing wires of the same materia l
= VI t = 220 x 5 x 7200 = 7920000 and of equal lengths and equal diamete rs
J
are first connect ed in series and then in
24. A piece of wire of resistanc e R is cut into five parallel in an electric circuit. The ratio of
equal parts. These parts are then connecte d the heat produce d in series and parallel
in parallel. If the equivale nt resistan ce of combina tions would be
this combina tion is R, then the ratio R/R' (a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
(a) 1/25 (b) 1/5 (c) 1 : 4 (d) 4 : 1
(c) 5 (d) 25 Ans.: Since both the wires are made of the same
R material and have equal lengths and equal
Ans.: Resistance of each one of the five parts =5
diameter s, these have the same resistanc e.
Resistance of five parts connecte d in parallel
Let it be R.
.J is given by
When ·c onnected in series, their equivale nt
1 1 1 1 1 1 resistanc e is given by
-- + +--+-+--
R' - R / 5 R / 5 R / 5 R I 5 R I 5
R5 = R + R = 2R
1 5 5 5 5 5 25 When connecte d in parallel, their equivale nt
or R' = R + R + R + R + R =R resistanc e is given by
 Ans.: The V - I graph lti t18 Hhr>wn i n fig ure.
1 1
- =- + -1 = -2 or R =-R
RP R R R P 2
Further, electrical power is given by
v2 1~ --- - - - - -- - · · · - · · · - - - -- - --

P= -
R
v2 2.M
Power or heat produced in series, P11 = R ](J
f) 1.411 . ___,__ __

v2 '
Power or heat produced in paraJlel, PP = R :-1v '
''
Thus, PS = v2 I RI! = RP = R / 2 = l JJ
rr ~

(fl.OJ
..
J
_J'
1,6 2
... '-
·; )A
•
1 I,.?
T

'- .'l
.__
~ ,,
''
__.,_,_
JIJ 10.2

PP V 2 / RP R8 2R 4
For V = 4 V (i.e., 9 V - 5 V), I .,. 1.25 A
or P9 : PP = 1 = 4
Thus, option (c) is the correct answer. (i.e., 2.65 A - 1.40 A),
V 4V
28. How is voltmeter connected in the circuit to Therefore, R = - = - - = 3.2 n
measure potential difference between two I l.25 A
points? The value of R obtained from the graph
Ans.: A voltmeter is always connected in parallel
depends upon the accuracy with which the
across the points between which the potential
difference is to be determined. graph is plotted.

29. A copper wire has a diameter of 0.5 mm and 31.. When a 12 V battery is connected across
a resistivity of 1.6 x 10-6 ohm cm. How much an unknown resistor, there is a current of
of this wire would be required to make a 2.5 mA in the circuit. Find the value of the
10 ohm coil? How much does the resistance
resistance of the resistor.
change if the diameter is doubled?
Ans.: Given diameter of the wire, D = 0.5 x 10-3 m Ans.: Here, V = 12 V, I = 2.5 mA = 2.5 10- 3 A
resistivity of copper, p = 1.6 x 10-6 ohm cm Resistance of the resistor,
= 1.6 x 10- 8 ohm m
V 12 V
required resistance, R = 10 ohm R = - = - - - = 48000 = 4.8kn
2
1 2.5x10- 3 A
As R = pl , 1= RA = R( 1tD / 4) = 1tRD2
A p p 4p 32. A battery of 9 V is connected in series with
[ ·: A = nr2 = n(D/2) 2 = 1tD2/4] resistors of 0.2 Q, 0.3 Q, 0.4 Q, 0.5 Q and
3 12 Q, How much current would flow through
or l = 3.14 x 10 x (0.5 x 10- )2 m = 122_7 m
8 the 12 Q resistor?
4xl.6x10-
pl 4pl 2 Ans.: Since all the resistors are in series, equivalent
Since, R = -=---- = - - ,R oc 1 ID .
2 resistance,
1tD2 /4 nD
1 f1mes. Rs = 0.2 Q + 0.3 Q + 0.4 Q + 0.5 Q + 12 Q
When D is doubled, R becomes
4 = 13.4 Q
;Q, The values of current, I, flowing in a given
Current through the circuit,
resistor for the corresponding values of
potential difference, V, across the resistor I=~= 9V _
Rs 13.4 .Q - 0.67 A
are given here:
I (ampere) 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 In series, same current (I) flows through all l
V(volt) 1.6 3.4 6.7 10.2 13.2
the resistors. Thus, current flowing through
Plot a graph between V and I and calculate
the resistance of the resistor. 12 Q resistor = 0.67 A
33. How many 176 Q resistors (in parallel) are From the given data,
required to carry 5 A on a 220 V line? Curren t flowing through each bulb
Ans.: Let there be 11 resistors in paralle l. Then the
equivalent resistance is given by, = Wattage= 10 W =2. A
Voltage 220 V 22
176 n
R = -- Total maximum allowed current= 5 A
n
No. of bulbs which can be connected
From Ohm's law, R = V = 220 V
l 5A = SA = 22 x 5 = 110
1 I 22 A
176 Q 220 V
So, - n - = _S_A_
36. A hot plate of an electric oven connected
or n =4 to a 220 V line has two resistance coils
So, four resistors of 176 Q each are A and B, each of 24 Q resistance, which may
required. be used separately, in series, or in parallel.
34. Show how you would connect three resistors, What are the currents in the three cases?
each of resistance 6 Q, so that the combination Ans.: Here, potential difference, V = 220 V
has a resistance of (a) 9 Q, (b) 4 Q. resistance of each coil, r = 24 Q
Ans.: (a) The resistance of the combination is higher (i) When each of the coils A or Bis connected
than each of the resistances. We can obtain 9 Q separately, current through each coil,
by coupling 6 Q and 3 Q in series. A parallel i.e.,
combination of two 6 Q resistors is equivalent I = V = 220 V = 9 _2 A
to 3 Q. So, to obtain 9 Q circuit, the combination r 24 Q
(a) given alongside is possible.
(ii) When coils A and B are connected
6 .Q
in series, equivalent resistance in the
6 .Q circuit,
6 .Q R5 = r + r = 2r = 48 Q
(a) Current through the series combination,
(b) To obtain a combination of 4 Q, we have . V 220 V
z.e., I 5 = R = Q = 4.6 A
to connect two 6 Q resistors in series and then 48
connect the third 6 Q resistor in parallel of the (iii) When the coils A and B are connected
series combination as shown in the figure (b). in parallel, equivalent resistance in the
6.Q 6.Q circuit,
rl,_W/N,_'"'"'·____,~
----- ,....,....,
h r 24 Q
R =-=--=12Q
P 2 2
(b)

35. Several electric bulbs designed to be used Current through the parallel combination,
on a 220 V electric supply line, are rated . V 220 V
z.e., IP= ~ = Q = 18.3 A
10 W. How many lamps can be connected 12
in parallel with each other across the two 37. Compare the power used in the 2 Q resistor
wires of 220 V line if the maximum allowable
in each of the following circuits :
current is SA?
(i) a 6 V battery in series with 1 Q and
Ans. In a parallel combination, each bulb has the
2 Q resistors, and
voltage equal to that of the main line, and
(ii) a 4 V battery in parallel with 12 Q and
the sum of the currents drawn by each bulb
2 Q resistors.
would be equal to the allowable current.
Ans.: (i) Sinc e 6 V b a tte ry is in se ries with 1 Q and Ans.: Ene rgy con s um e d by ·r V st:: I. = 250 W x 1h
2 Q resi s to rs , curr e nt in the ci rcui t, ==25() J 8 I X 60 X 60 5 = 9()(), Q00 J
Ene rgy co n s um ed by toa s t~r
I = 6V = 6V =2 A
1n +2 n 3n = 1200 W x 'JO min
= 1200 J S- l X 10 60
S = 720, 000 J
X
Pow er u sed in 2 Q res istor , Thu s, the TV se t wi ll u s e m o re e ne rgy.
P1 = I2R = (2A) 2 x 2 Q = 8 Q
40. An elec tric hea ter of resi stan ce 8 Q draw
(ii) Sinc e 4 V batt ery is in para llel with ~
15 A from the serv ice mai ns for 2 hour
12 Q and 2 Q resis tors, pote ntia l diffe renc e s.
Cal cula te the rate at whi ch hea t is developed
acro ss 2 Q resi stor s, V = 4 V.
in the heat er.
Pow er u sed in 2 Q resi stor , Ans .: Res istan ce, R = 8 Q, Cur re nt, I =
15 A,
V2 (4V ) 2 Tim e, t = 2 h
P2 =R = 2n =8 w Rate of gen erat ion of h ea t = /2 x R
= (15A )2 x 8 Q = 15 x 15 x 8 W = 1800 W
P 8W
Clea rly, - 1 =- - =1 41. Exp lain the foll owi ng :
P2 8W
(a) Why is tung sten used alm ost exclusivel
38. Two lam ps, one rate d 100 W at 220 V, y
and for filam ent of elec tric lam ps?
the othe r 60 W at 220 V, are con nect ed (b) Wh y are the con duc tors of
in electric
par alle l to elec tric mai ns sup ply. hea ting dev ices , such as toas ters and
100W elec tric ions , mad e of an allo y rather
11 than a pur e met al?
(c) Wh y is the seri es arra nge men t not used
60W
for dom esti c circ uits ?
/2
(d) How doe s the resi stan ce of a wire vary
with its area of cros s-se ctio n.
(e) Wh y are cop per and alum
iniu m wires
220 V usu ally emp loy ed for elec tric ity
Wh at curr ent is dra wn from the line if tran smi ssio n.
the
sup ply volt age is 220 V? Ans .: (a) Tun gste n ha s a high
mel ting poin t
(338 0 ° C) and bec ome s inca nde scent
Ans .: Sinc e both the bulb s are conn ecte d in para llel
(i.e., emi ts ligh t at a high ternp eratu
and to a 220 V supp ly, the volt age acro ss each rel
at 2400 K.
bulb is 220 V. The n (b) The resi stiv ity of an allo y is gene
rally
Cur rent draw n by 100 W bulb , hjgh er than that o f pure m etals of which
it is mad e of.
Pow er ratin g 100 W
I
1
= - - - --=-- = -
Vol tage app lied - = 0 .454 A (c) ln series arra nge men t, if an y one of th"'
220V appl ican ces fails or is swi tche d off, all thc
Cur rent draw n by 60 W bulb , othe r app lica nces s top wor king bt'cilu~
th e sa m e curr e nt 1s . pa ss in
. g t l,ro ugh .ill
I _ ~ =0.27 3A the app lian ces.
2 - 220 v
(d) Th e re s is tanc e uf " wire (R)
Tot al cur rent draw n from th e s upp ly line .
vnrie~
, inve rsely as il j (Tl)S~-sc ctiun n I are:i (A),1~
/::: I i + 12 = 0.9S 4 A + 0. 273 A = 0.73 A R oc l /A.
(c) C opp ~r and nlum iniu m wire .
.,
. h es mor e ener gy, a 250 W TV set in s po:.-sl!'·
Wh. iC . . .
39. US I t1w res1s t1v1t y and as su eh are g enerall)'
1 h or a 1200 W toas ter in 10 min utes ? u i-cd for elec tr icity tran smi ssion .
. ~