Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
net/publication/209270454
CITATIONS READS
6 46,029
4 authors:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Healthy lifestyle or pro-health obsession during the pandemic – a multinational study View project
Daffodil - Dynamic Assessment of Functioning for Development towards Inclusive Learning View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Nicole Rebelo on 17 May 2014.
Manuela Oliveira 3
(Centre of Research in Applied Math, University of Évora)
Patrícia Mendes 4
(Centre of Research in Education and Psychology, University of Évora)
1
Professor, University of Évora, aac@uevora.pt
2
Master Degree Student, University of Évora
3
Professor, University of Évora; mmo@uevora.pt
4
Master Degree Student, University of Évora
2
Introduction
Nowadays, it is increasingly common to find, in our schools, unmotivated
pupils who experience repeated academic failure, what leads, in many cases, to
dropping out of school. What is required from teachers, psychologists and
schools principals are new ways to combat these phenomena and increase
student interest in school, and in addition improve their academic performance.
In this work, we try a new way of looking at the academic performance
and motivational levels of pupils, starting from the proposals of the ecological
model (Bronfenbrenner, 1989) and multidisciplinary approaches (Machado,
Matias, & Leal, 2005). Taking a look at the relationships between pupils’
academic performance and their motivation levels, we used a model of pupils’
interaction, as proposed by Ren and Arnold (2003). Here, cultural, economic,
social and family systems and attitudes, pupils’ perceptions of competence and
pupils’ motivation interact in different levels, modelling the way pupils
perceive themselves and the environment that surrounds them.
With this model, we may analyse the characteristics of the contexts and
sub-contexts and their interaction with the characteristics of pupils and their
different levels of responsiveness. According to this model, it is "a system of
nested, interdependent, dynamic structures ranging from the proximal,
consisting of immediate face-to-face settings, to the most distal, comprising
broader social contexts such as classes and cultures" (Bronfenbrenner, 1993 , p.
4). How pupils behave in school, how they relate to peers and teachers, the
investment they make in academic and extracurricular activities are aspects
largely influenced by the attitudes they have toward school. Moreover,
student’s attitudes toward school are deeply influenced by their cultural
background, the kind and quality of family relationships, family and pears
support, previous school performance, that means, pupils’ positive attitudes
and behaviours play an important role in their academic success (Akey, 2006).
The construct attitude toward school was first defined by Lewy (1986) as
being the subject's behaviours, their feelings expression regarding to affection
and judgments, favourable or unfavourable, for the school and school
experiences. The affective characteristics of it may be an important explanatory
element of quality-education and investment of individual actors in the
different dimensions that make up the school (Santiago, 1994). This construct
is intrinsically related to other constructs, such as pupils’ perceptions and
interest in learning, their competence (perceived and as a result of an academic
achievement) and motivation.
As it appends with other constructs and also with attitudes, there are
differences regarding to gender. Girls seem to have more positive attitudes,
while boys are less motivated and have more negative attitudes toward school
(Van Houtte, 2004). In general, results show that girls do not require more time
to study, engage less in cases of misconduct and behaviour, have less
absenteeism, and also have more expectations about future and are more
enthusiastic about further studies (Van Houtte, 2004). On the other hand, boys
3
are less committed to studies and give up more easily (Barber, 1996,
Warrington et al., 2000, cit. Van Houtte, 2004), once their representation of
popular teen does not require to have good grades and being committed to
school (Francis, 2000, Warrington et al., 2000, cit. Van Houtte, 2004). There is
also evidence that cognitive variables such as ability-related and expectancy
beliefs, general attitudes toward school, and attitudes toward specific academic
subjects are related to academic performance and these can differ across gender
and racial groups (e.g., Ekstrom, 1994; House, 1997; Wigfield & Eccles, 1999,
cit. in Linnehan, 2001).
When we talk about the relation between attitude toward school and socio-
economic level, the results of previous studies had shown that boys with higher
levels appear to be more satisfied with school. Pupils from lower
socioeconomic status who have less access to school resources and computers
express more negative attitudes toward school.
The socio-economic level also regards to the way in which families take
part in their children academic life. In this aspect, previous studies show that
family contexts which are less exciting and involved in their children's
education are manifested in less positive attitudes toward school, less resilience
levels (Abreu, Veiga, Ferreira & Antunes, 2006) and have higher probability of
dropping out of school, as soon as they feel less support from their family and
community (Rumberger, 2001), and tend to believe that having studies and
completing school are not important to have a job or having a career
Research question
There exists different models about the effects of factors as school
experience, socio-cultural context, developmental characteristics that may
interfere with different kinds of attitudes, namely, Attitude Toward School in
general, Attitude Toward School Learning, Self-perception of Competence and
Self-perceived Motivation. May then pupils’ attitude and perception toward
different subjects (school, learning, competence, motivation) be influenced by
different kind of factors?
METHOD
Participants
From the whole group of participants, 778 youngsters, 593 are from the
northern region and 185 from the southern region of Portugal. 594 are from
rural contexts and 184 from urban contexts. Participants are from regular
school (75 from 7th grade, 56 from 8th grade and 647 from 9th grade), and 282
experienced, at least once, a failed year (36%) and 496 (64%) have academic
success (never experienced a fail); 429 (55%) are girls and 349 (45%) are boys,
with the average age of 14,57 years (SD = 1,16).
Procedure
The test application took place in a single fifty-minute session on teaching
time and in the presence of the researcher. Answers to the questionnaires were
provided on a total voluntary basis, under permission from parents, teachers
and school principal.
Instrument
– Questionnaire of Attitudes toward School (QATS, Candeias, 2009):
Attitudes toward School were measured through QATS. The participants
are expected to analyse one item (a single and objective sentence in verbal
5
learning. Another important suggestion that merge from data is that attitudes
toward school and attitudes toward learning seem to depend from the same
kind of factors, suggesting the idea that school is represented essentially by its
function of learning.
Other important finding is that attitudes toward competence are explained
by school, experience of failure, age and gender and school level, at 97%. This
data seem to indicate that both, the type of school as the type of school
experience (success/failure) and the level of familiarity or experience at school,
seem to have a strong effect at self-perception of competence. It is curious to
note that psychological and developmental factors as age and gender contribute
for 10% of the explanation, which should be understood in future studies.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this investigation come to reveal the importance to
understand attitudes toward school, toward learning, toward competence and
toward motivation as affected of different combinations of factors. School
effect seems to be the most important factor present in all the models, as the
level of experience at school. Another important and emergent factor is
contextual factors. This emerges at the models of attitude toward school,
attitude toward learning and self-perception of motivation and at the level of
parents’ instruction. Thus, it suggests that contextual and cultural experience
dictates different kind of attitudes toward school, learning and motivation.
Scholar, social and familiar experiences influence pupils’ construction of
meaning about school and learning and state the orientation of its motivation
and interest toward school. So, equal opportunities to all pupils access to
economic, social and cultural resources are crucial, because family and
community shall provide tools that improve the value of school and learning to
prepare future project of life, as suggested in previous studies, for example,
Abreu et al., (2006) and Kuperminc et al., (2008).
Academic failure determines pupils attitudes about themselves and their
competence, developing the feeling of being less competent than others
participants and also more negative expectancies toward future projects and
relationships with others, as other studies had already shown (Candeias, 1997).
The experience of development seems to represent a crucial factor present in
attitudes toward school and learning, as self-perceived motivation and
competence, as a consequence of its failure experience. Pupils’ growing up,
8
became then more critics about school and academic contents, as demonstrated
by previous studies (for example, as shown by Urdan & Schoenfelder, 2006).
In short, if we keep in mind that for the large majority of pupils success in
school depends on their attitudes, the support they perceive (from family,
school, community), their motivation to study and keep on going, even when
they find barriers or difficulties. So we must be alert to all the questions
analysed in the present study and the influence they have, not only in attitudes
toward school, but also the influence they exercise one to each other,
suggesting that improvement of attitudes and motivation toward school should
involve pupils, teachers, parents and community, as ecological and
multidimensional models have suggested (for example, Bronfenbrenner, 1989;
Candeias et al., 2010; Machado, Matias, & Leal, 2005).
We assume and propose that pupils’ attitudes should be understood as
based on the natures of the subject of attitude, because, as we could see in this
study, different models of factors explain different attitudes toward
school/learning, toward competence and toward motivation.
Finally, this study supports the compulsory need to focus on pupils'
attitudes. This should be imperative to consider, before taking decisions on the
school project, in order to improve the integrative construction and
development of curricular and extra-curricular activities that promote ways of
teaching and learning closer to student's interests and preferences. Thus
attitudes toward school and toward learning, attitudes toward learning and
motivational levels are important factors to understand the relationship
between student competences and academic environment, and between those
and student academic performance.
REFERENCES
Abreu, M., Veiga, F. H., Antunes, J., & Ferreira, A. (2006). Atitudes em
relação à escola e a si próprio em alunos de contextos familiares
diferenciados. In Tavares et al. Orgs. Activação do Desenvolvimento
Psicológico: Actas do Simpósio Internacional (pp. 194-200). Aveiro:
Universidade de Aveiro.
Akey, T. M. (2006). School Context, Student Attitudes and Behavior, and
Academic Achievement: An Exploratory Analysis. New York: MDRC.
Retrieved December 23, 2009,
from http://www.mdrc.org/publications/419/full.pdf
Antunes, J. & Veiga, F. H. (2004). Aspectos motivacionais dos alunos e do
ambiente da aula: Variáveis do contexto escolar. Comunicação
apresentada nas II Jornadas de Psicologia do Instituto Piaget. Almada:
Campus Universitário, Instituto Superior de Estudos Interculturais e
Transdisciplinares, 6 & 7 May 2004.
Breiman, L., Friedman, J. H., Olshen, R. A., and Stone, C. J. 1984.
Classification and Regression Trees. New York: Chapman & Hall.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. In, R. Vasta (Ed.), Six
9