CHAPTER - VI

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

OF KOLHAPUR MUNICIPAL
CORPORATION

V J
 CHAPTER-VI
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF
KOLHAPUR MUNICIPAL CORPORATION

INTRODUCTION

6.1 DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE

6.2 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
6.3 FORMAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF
KMC
6.4 STAGES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
6.5 STORAGE OF WASTE AT SOURCE
6.6 STORAGE OF SOLID WASTE GENERATED IN
KOLHAPUR
6.7 SEGREGATION AT SOURCE
6.8 COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE
6.9 METHODS OF COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE
6.10 TRANSPORTATION OF SOLID WASTE
6.11 DISPOSAL OF WASTE
6.12 DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE IN THE AREA OF KMC
6.13 DISPOSAL SITES
6.14 OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS
6.15 DEFICIENCIES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN
KOLHAPUR
6.16 BIO-MEDICAL WASTE
6.17 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT MADE BY KMC
6.18 EXPENDITURE INCURRED BY KMC ON
CONSERVANCY (1996-2001)
6.19 PER TON COST OF SOLID WASTE-MANAGEMENT
6.20 PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE
6.21 COST COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF
VEHICLES USED FOR TRANSPORTATION
CONCLUSION
 243
CHAPTER - VI
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF
KOLHAPUR MUNICIPAL CORPORATION

INTRODUCTION
In the previous chapter, we studied the generation of solid ^

waste in the area of Kolhapur Municipal Corporation (KMC). In

this chapter we would study the existing formal solid waste
management system in the area of KMC. The objective of the
present study is to study the efficacy of existing solid waste
management system as well the economic analysis of it. The
economic analysis implies the analysis of expenditure incurred on
existing solid waste management system, income generation, cost
analysis, price system, market, producer’s and consumer’s
behaviour etc. The efficacy of the existing solid waste management
will be examined on the basis of standard norms in solid waste
management system given by Supreme Court Committee and
NEERI etc.

6.1 DEFINITION OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The term ‘solid waste management’ implies. storage,

collection, transportation, processing and final disposal of solid
waste in a manner that is accordance with the principles of
economics, public health, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and
other environmental considerations and that is also responsive to
public attitude.1
 244

The present study mainly focuses on collection,

transportation and disposal of solid waste. An attempt is made to

study whether existing solid waste management is efficient or not.

Further study attempts the economics of collection, transportation

and disposal of solid waste in the area of KMC.

6.2 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Solid waste management system is divided into two parts.

First is solid waste management in formal sector and second is

solid waste management in informal sector. The formal solid waste

management is made by the Kolhapur Municipal Corporation and

the informal solid waste management is made by rag pickers, waste

pickers, intinert buyers, retail and wholesale waste buyers and

waste recycling industries. Some households and individuals are

also involving into it.

6.3 FORMAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

OF KMC

The formal solid waste management system of KMC is as

follows :

6.3.1 Administrative Set-up :

‘l* 4

The municipal solid waste (MSW) management system of

I
KMC is controlled by the Health Officer. He is assisted by one

Chief Sanitary Inspector (CSI) and two Divisional Sanitary

 245

Inspectors (DSI) of the Conservancy Wing. The transport wing is

separate and is headed by a Deputy Municipal Commissioner. The

Assistant Engineer (Mechanical) provides the vehicles for

transportation of the MSW. The Health Officer reports directly to

the Deputy Municipal Commissioner and the Municipal

Commissioner.

For ease of administrative management, the total 66.82

Sq.Kms. area of Kolhapur is divided into five administrative and

eleven sanitation wards. The total conservancy staff is 1023.

The administrative system of MSW management in the area

of KMC is graphically presented as follows :

 246

Chart No. 6.1

KMC Personnel Managing Solid Waste

Municipal Commissioner

i
 247

6.3.2 Functions of Conservancy Department of KMC :

The Conservancy Department of KMC works under the

Health and Sanitation Department of Kolhapur Municipal

Corporation. The functions of Conservancy Department are as

follows: i) Public road cleaning and collection of sweeping at

temporary collection places (dustbins, refuse heaps and roads);

ii) Collection, transportation and disposal of refuse generated from

road sweeping and from domestic and commercial premises all

over the city, iii) Removal night soil and sludge from unsecured
areas and maintenance of public sanitary convenience, and

iv) Removal of dead animals etc.

6.4 STAGES IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Solid waste in cities goes through a series of processes such

as waste generation, storage, collection, transportation,

intermediate processing and treatment and the final waste disposal.
 248

Flow Chart 6.2

Stages in Solid Waste Management

Source : AIILSG (2000), ‘Manual on Solid Waste Management’

published by All India Institute of Local Self
Government, Mumbai, Page No. 19.

A careful analysis of the present status of solid waste

management in Indian cities would lead to inevitable conclusion
that special efforts should be made to tackle the problem of solid
waste management in all cities. As stated by Cointreau (1982); the
first priority in the majority of cases would probably, be to improve
the management, organisational capability and to establish a
financially viable institution capable to planning ahead, adopting to
change, and handling wastes in an appropriate and environment
friendly manner.
 249

6.5 STORAGE OF WASTE AT SOURCE

Storage at the source of waste generation is the first essential

step towards appropriate solid waste management. This is

substantially lacking in the area of KMC.

6.5.1 Domestic/ Trade/ Institutional Waste :

Domestic waste consists of food waste and other discarded

waste materials such as a paper, plastic, glass, metal, rugs and

packing materials.

Most households, shops, establishments and others throw

such waste on the street at random hours. Those who live nearby

dustbins provided by the KMC often throw the waste around the

bins and not into it.

Most of the waste thus comes to the roads, streets and lanes

treating the public streets as receptacles of waste.

Institutional buildings, offices, big hotels and others keep

large bins for the storage of waste and quite often contract out the

collection of recyclable waste deposited in these bins or hand over

such waste to waste purchasers/ waste pickers. The unwanted part

of this waste also finds its way onto the streets.
 250

6.5.2 Construction and Demolition Waste :

This waste is generated mainly by house repair, maintenance

and reconstruction activities. It contains bricks, cement concrete,

stones, tiles, wood etc.

The storage of this waste at the time of its generation and its

disposal is totally neglected. By and large, people deposit

construction waste, after salvaging useful material, just outside

their houses/ shops/ establishments or on the streets or along major

roads, creating nuisance and obstruction to traffic.

Though the construction-demolition waste is not included in

the definition of solid waste, the note of it is taken here because it

is ultimately deposited by the people which is very close to the

municipal refuse bins.

6.5.3 Industrial Waste:

Industrial waste is required to be stored properly and

disposed of by the industry following the standards laid down by

the Pollution Control Boards at sites that may be designed for that

purpose. In practice this does not happen. Most industrial solid

waste is being disposed of in an unscientific manner surreptitiously

on open plots or on the road site or in water bodies in Kolhapur

city which creates environmental pollution and. sub-soil

contamination.
 251

6.6.1 Storage of the Solid Waste Generated in Kolhapur:

Kolhapur city generates 230 TPD of solid waste per day. As

per the report of KMC 70% of generated solid waste is stored/

deposited in municipal storage bins, communal storage places, and

at solid waste heaps at road sides. There are 1345 municipal

storage dust bins, 1021 found shaped RCC refuse bins, 18

containers, and 624 solid waste heaps in the Kclhapur municipal

area. The wardwise storage bins details are shown in table No. 6.1.

The placing of Communal Storage Bins (C.S.B.) is done on the

demand of the public or economy. There is no distribution ratio

for ‘Communal Storage Bins’ in Kolhapur.

Table - 6.1
Wardwise Distribution of Bins and MSW Heaps in Kolhapur

Sr. Name No.of Round Cont­ Total Garb­ Total

No. of the constru­ shaped ainers of age with
Ward cted RCC Colin. heaps heaps
Municipal bins 34?
bins
1. A 170 127 01 298 62 360
2. B 128 49 - 177 109 286
3. C 83 38 17 138 301 168
4. D 79 66 - 145 129 274
5. E 882 741 - 1626 294 1920
Total 1345 1021 18 2384 624 3008
Source : Kolhapur Municipal Corporation(2001)
 251.a

Chart 6.4.a : WARDWISE MUNICIPAL REFUSE BINS IN

KOLHAPUR CITY

298

■ A DB OC DD HE

Chart 6.4.b : WARDWISE RINGING BELLS IN

KOLHAPUR CITY
 252

6.6.2 Bin-Population Ratio :

We can calculate the ‘Bin-Population Ratio’ for Kolhapur

city on the basis of data presented in table 6.1. The population of

Kolhapur city is 4,84,101 (2001 census) and the total bins provided

by the KMC were 2384. The ‘Bin-Pollution Ratio’ for Kolhagu,

city was 1:203-6, say 1: 204. It means that there is one bjrf'that

serves 203 people in Kolhapur city. Though thejnp^population

ratio seems to be very low, the people are asking for more and

more bins because of the small size of the bins.

6.7 SEGREGATION AT SOURCE

In Kolhapur city, by and large people do salvage reusable or

saleable material from waste and sell it for a price such as news

paper, glass bottles, empty tins, old clothes etc., and to that extent

such reusable waste material is not thrown out for disposal.

However, a lot of recyclable dry waste such as waste paper, plastic,

broken glass, metal etc. is not segregated and is thrown on the

streets by people along with domestic/ trade/ institutional waste.

Such waste is picked up in Kolhapur by poor waste-pickers (rag

pickers) for their livelihood. They need to empty dustbins and

spread the contents all around for effective sorting and collection.
By throwing such recyclable material on the streets or into a

common dustbin, the quality of recyclable material deteriorates as

it gets soiled by wet waste which often contains even contaminated
 253

and hazardous-waste. Segregation of recyclable waste at source is

thus not seriously practiced by households and establishments, who

throw such waste on the streets or in the municipal bins

unsegregated. At least 15% of the total waste can be conveniently

be segregated at source for recycling, which now goes waste in the

absence of the practice of segregation of waste at source.2

6.8 COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE

6.8.1 Primary Collection of Waste :

This is the most important component of solid waste

management services and is grossly neglected. The systems

adopted are primitive and inefficient.

There is no arrangement for house to house collection of

waste, except in a few residential areas. Community bins are also

not available at convenient locations in Kolhapur city for

depositing domestic waste. Even in places where these have been

provided, it has been observed that these are often unsuitably

designed, inadequate in size and spaced too for apart. Table No.

6.1 shows the inadequacy of dustbins.

As mentioned earlier, the dustbin population ratio in

Kolhapur is 1:204. The distance between the households and bins

is also large varying from 50 to 500 metres. As a result, quite large

number of people deposit waste on the streets, which is thereafter

collected during street sweeping operations the next day.
 254

In the absence of any system of primary collection of waste,

street sweeping is the only method left for primary collection.

6.8.2 Waste Storage Depots :

Kolhapur Municipal Corporation has been placing dustbins/

street bins for the temporary storage of waste collected by the

sweeper as well as for the citizens to deposit their domestic waste.

Besides the inadequacy of such bins, the bin design is found to be

inappropriate and most unscientific. In Kolhapur, open sites are

identified as, or have become by usage, sites where waste is just

dumped by the sweepers. At some places some bins are provided,

by and large are bottomless round precast-concrete bins or masonry

bins constructed on the roadsides.

These bins necessitate double handling of waste. The sites

where the bins are provided are not properly paved, giving rise to

unhygienic outside the bin. This compels people to throw the

waste from a distance resulting in the waste gathering outside the

bin, instead of inside the bin. Besides, the size of the bin is small,

not enough to hold the waste brought to the site for temporary
storage.
 255

6.8.3 Present Status of Workers with Health and

Sanitation Department:

The present status of workers with Health and Sanitation

Department of Kolhapur Municipal Corporation is as follows :

• Total staff with H & S Department 1420 (100%)
of KMC
• Out of total staff, male staff 602 (42.4%)
• Out of total staff, female staff 818 (57.6%)
• Out of 1420, staff engaged for 1023 (72.0%)
conservancy
• The classification of 1023 % in 1023
conservancy staff
a) Safai workers 779 (76.2%)
b) (Refuse) Truck workers 136 (13.30%)
c) Mori safai (workers) 042 (4.10%)
d) Channel safai workers 027 (2.6%)
e) Pushing cart workers 039 (3.8%)

Thus, out of 1420 existing staff of Health and Sanitation

Department, only 1023 is engaged for conservancy and remaining

staff is engaged in health centres of Kolhapur Municipal

Corporation. As per the National Environmental Engineering

Institute (NEERI) norm, 1000:3 population-worker ratio should be

there. As per this norm in all 1452.3 workers are required. It

means that there is shortage of 429.3 workers in Conservancy

Department of Kolhapur Municipal Corporation. Thus, there is

deficiency of 429.3 say 430 workers which affect the street
 256

sweeping, collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste in

Kolhapur city. It indicates the inefficient solid waste management.

6.8.4 Street Sweeping :

Existing 779 safai workers are engaged with the street

sweeping work in the area of KMC. The street/ road sweeping

operation is carried out daily but not on all roads. Main roads in

the city which are thickly populated and are in commercial areas

are swept daily. The lanes, by-lanes and the scarcely or thinly

populated areas are swept twice or thrice a week. Sweeping is

carried out in the morning shift from 06 hoo to 10 hoo. The same

staff is utilized for cleaning storm, water drains from 14 hoo to 7

h3Q. It was reported by the KMC that each sweeper is given an

area of about 5000 Sq.Metres in thinly populated area. Sweepings

are deposited by the sweeper in the community bins.
6.8.5 Tools Used :

The Kolhapur Municipal Corporation provide following tools

and material to sweepers per year : i) Two short handed brooms

(once in three months), ii) one flat pot, iii) one spade, iv) one

blanket, v) one pair of chappal to both male and female workers,

vi) for women sweepers three sarees and three blouse pieces vii)
for male workers two ‘khaki dresses’ etc. For workers on MSW

vehicles one ‘Datak’ and one ‘Bamboo basket’. The short handed

brooms and cane kasakets are given for street sweeping.

 □
Mi

1 ' E
; *%%+
I

Street sweeping without gown, nose mask and shoes

23

Tools used for road sweeping and collection of Solid Waste

in Koihapur City.
 257

Therefore, they have to bend while sweeping which causes fatigue

and back ache and reduce their output.

6.8.5.1 Expenditure on Tools :

The Kolhapur Municipal Corporation is incurring the

expenditure on the purchase of tools used in solid waste

management every year. Table 6.2 shows the expenditure incurred

on purchase of tools, during the year 2001.

Table 6.2
Expenditure Incurred on the Tools by KMC
During the Year 2001
Sr. Item Units Price per Amount
No. Purchased Unit (Rs.)
ik -»«nk# flk./

1.
Dataki 300 85-50 25,650-00
2. Spade No. 5 1000 23-50 23,500-00
3. Pushing carts 25 2,950-00 73,750-00
4. Nylon rope 2000 Ft. 9.83 Per Ft. 19,660-00
5. Wheels of pushing 60 170-00 10,200-00
carts
6. Spade No. 8 1000 78-00 7,800-00
7. Tin Buckets 50 88-50 4,425-00
8. Tikav 15 120-00 1,800-00
9. Cane basket 500 268-00 1,34,000-00
10. Brooms 13,000 6-20 80,600-00
11. Fiber flat pot 79 1,000-00 79,000-00
12. Wooden Dande 600 6-30 3,780-00
13. Wile 50 20-00 1,000-00
Total - - 465365-00
Source : Kolhapur Municipal Corporation (2001)
 2

From the table No. 6.2 it is observed that KMC is spendi

Rs. 4,65,365 on purchase of tools used in solid waste managemei

. The percentage of this expenditure to the total conservan

expenditure is 0.65 only. It is inadequate. It should be increas

to atleast two per cent to get effective solid waste management.

6.8.5.2 Ringing Bell System in Solid Waste Collection :

The Kolhapur Municipal Corporation uses the ringing b

system of solid waste collection in different wards of the Kolhap

city. The wardwise ringing bell numbers are shown in tal

No. 6.3.
Table 6.3
Wardwise Ringing Bells

Ward No. of ringing bells Percentage to total

A 05 12.9
B 07 17.9
C 09 23.0
D 04 10.3
E 14 35.9
Total (5) 39 100%
Source : Kolhapur Municipal Corporation (2001)

Table 6.3 shows that ringing bell carts are more in ‘E’'W«
(35.9%) and low (10.3%) in the ‘D’ Ward. The reason of tl
unequal distribution of ringing bell carts is the population of 1

wards. The population of ‘E’ ward is 2,20,037 (1991) and 44,7

 ■

Collection of Solid Waste by ringing bell tricycle in Kolhapur

City.

Consumption of Hotel Solid Waste by Cow.

 259

(1991) of ‘D’ Ward. Addition to it ‘E’ ward is getting more

educated people and developed leadership, on the contrary ‘D’

Ward people are less educated and leadership is also not developed

that much. Thus, population, literacy, development of local

leadership determines the distribution of ringing bell carts in the

Kolhapur city. In order to make solid waste management more

efficient as much as possible use of ringing bell carts must be used.

6.9 METHODS OF COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE

The methods used for collection of solid waste are as

follows3: I) communal storage, which may sometimes require

delivery of refuse by the householder over a considerable distance,

ii) Block collection, where the householder deliver the refuse to the

vehicles at the time of collection, iii) Kerbside collection where the

householder puts out the tins and later retrieves it. iv) Door to

door collection, where the collector enters the premises and

collects the refuse, thereby the house holder is not involved in the

collection process.

Out of these four methods of collection, first method is used

in Kolhapur. Householders deliver refuse in communal storage and

KMC collects it from communal storage. In some areas the ringing

bell experiment of collection of solid waste is in force.
 260

6.10 TRANSPORTATION OF SOLID WASTE

Transportation of refuse implies conveyance from the point

of collection to the point of disposal.4 If the refuse is not removed

quickly and allowed to deteriorate, it causes nuisance. Method of

transportation therefore forms the backbone of the solid waste

management.

Approximately 70% of the MSW generated in Kolhapur is

reported to be getting collected and transported to the disposal

sites. The remaining waste is dumped or burnt in open areas.

The waste is collected and loaded manually from the storage

bins into the municipal trucks. In all 17 trucks and 2 Refuse

Collectors (RC) of mobile compactor type are used for

transportation. The trucks and the RC make minimum two and

maximum three trips each between 06hoo to 14 hoo. Almost, 50%

of the trucks are open trucks and are not covered with tarpaulin or

hassien cloth during transportation.

The construction and demolition waste and debris from

various construction sites in the city are collected and transported

by the City Engineer Department. About 10 trips of truck loads are

made daily. This material is used as cover material for the MSW

unloaded at some of the dumping grounds.

 261

6.11 DISPOSAL OF WASTE

Depending upon standard of living, living habits, culture and

activities of the population, the refuse attains a particular

characteristics and pose a problem to the city for its final disposal.

6.11.1 Quantity of Final Disposal of Solid Waste

A population of 4,84,101 of Kolhapur city generate 230

tonnes of solid waste per day giving per capita figure of 0.475 Kg.

per day.

6.11.2 Methods of Solid Waste Disposal:

The theory of solid waste disposal tells us following methods

of solid waste disposal which are as follows :

i. Open dumping,
ii. Sanitary land fill,
iii. Incineration with or without power generation,
iv. Composting
v. Compaction
vi. Pyrolisis
vii. Biogas generation

6.11.3 Open Dumping :

In this method, the solid waste collected from a city is

deposited in low lying land usually on its outskirts with little regard
to public health, pollution consequences or aesthetics. Dumps are
often referred to as “open dumps” because the waste is left

unspread and uncovered.

 262

6.11.4 Sanitary Land Filling :

Land filling if done methodically in a controlled manner is

known as sanitary landfill. In this method, the solid waste is

*

levelled in layers, compacted and covered with earth.

6.11.5 Incineration:

This is a method of burning garbage in a controlled manner.

Incinerators comprise of a lined furnace, fire, grate, air blowers for

aiding proper combustion and oil burners to provide additional heat

to burn wet-garbage. Induced draft fans are provided to allow

proper exhaust of smoke through a well designed chimney.

In large capacity incinerators, there is provision for

treatment of smoke to keep pollution hazards under control.

Reduction of volume is of the order of 90 per cent gaseous exhaust

to 10 per cent ash.

Incinerators sometimes creates environmental problems. A

very tall chimney is necessary to ensure that the effluent gases do

not descend over the surrounding area. Water consumption for gas

cooling and clinker quenching is very high. The cost of disposal is

very high due to use of auxiliary fuel and provision of air pollution

controls.
 263

6.11.6 Composting:

Composting is a process involving biochemical conversion of

organic matter in the material processed into lignoproteins (humus)

by mesophilic and thermophilic organisms under optimum

conditions. Composting of organic material can be carried out

under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The anaerobic

biochemical conversion rate is very slow and is invariably

accompanied by evolution of foul gases like H2S and mercaptans.

On the other hand, the aerobic biochemical conversion rate is very

high and is practically free from odour.

6.11.7 Vermi Composting :

Vermi composting brings about the bio-oxidation and

stabilization of the organic matter by the joint action of

earthworms and bio-organisms. In this process, the organic waste

will get broken down and fragmented by earthworms resulting in

stable non-toxic material with good humus material that can be

used as a soil conditioner. The earthworms is in fact used as the

agents of turning, fragmentation and aeration.

6.11.8 Compaction:

This is a volume reduction method of garbage disposal.

Garbage is compressed hydraulically under very high pressure. By

this method even bales could be formed using chicken wire net
 264

encasing. If compressed after shredding, boulder or bricks can be

formed for use as building or road construction material.

This process makes garbage less offensive and prevents

breeding of files and rats and greatly eliminates fire risks.

6.11.9 Pyrolysis:

Pyrolisis is chemical change of complex, organic matters

which are broken into simpler ones by the action on heat and in

absence of air. This process has been extensively used for the

manufacture of acetic, acid, methyl alcohol and turpentine oil from

wood.

6.11.10 Biogas Generation:

Anaerobic decomposition, involves the break down of

organic waste in absence of oxygen materials tc- gas (Methane and

carbon dioxide) and residual undigested matier. In anaerobic

decomposition, only a small portion of easily degradable organic

matter is converted to biogas. Methane gas so formed is insoluble

in water and escapes from the waste mixture.

 265

Fig. 6.1

Choice of Technology for Disposal

6.12 DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE IN THE AREA OF KMC

Out of above mentioned seven methods of solid waste

disposal, only open dump method of solid waste disposal is used in
 266

Kolhapur. Some solid waste is used to fill ‘Khanis’ (quarries) is

used in Kolhapur. Following quarries are filled by solid waste in

Kolhapur by the Kolhapur Municipal Corporation. I) Mohite

Quarry at Sane Guruji Vasahat, ii) Quarry near Mr. Kamble’s

house at Sane Guruji Vasahat, iii) Quarry near N.C.C. office at

Sambhaj inagar, iv) Quarry near Dutta Mandir at Kasaba Bawada,

v) Bonage Quarry at Bawada road and vi) Parit Vihir, near Sugar
Mill, Kolhapur.

6.13 DISPOSAL SITES

At present, there are five disposal sites on the outskirt of city

at a distance ranging from 3 to 9 Kms. from the heart of the city.

These disposal sites are : I) Quarry at More Colony, ii) Quarry at

Jawahar Nagar, iii) Quarry near Kasaba Bawada, iv) Bapat Colony

Dump site, v) Surve Nagar Quarry and vi) Kalamba Quarry etc.

The transported MSW is unloaded manually from the trucks

at main four dumping grounds. The Kasaba Bawada dumping

ground is the biggest as compared with the other, which are

basically small abandoned quarries. No pesticide treatment is

provided at the disposal sites. The facilities for dozing are also not
provided because of lack of funds. The KMC is facing the

financial stringency so it is not spending on pesticide treatment and

dozing facility.
 267

6.14 OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS

The operational problems crop up in all phases of the solid

waste management services namely collection, transportation,

disposal were as follows :

i. Problems in Road Sweeping :

The problems faced by the road sweepers were :

i) Unauthorised parking on public roads, ii) Round the clock heavy

traffic on some roads, iii) Encroachment, iv) Shops usually open

after the roads are swept and shop owners throw refuse on swept

road, v) Using road sides for squatting, urinating, washing cloths,

bathing etc. and vi) poor road surface conditions. Due to these

problems, road sweeping work is affected adversely in Kolhapur.

ii) Problems in Collection of Solid Waste :

The problems in the collection of solid waste were : i) People

usually prefer that refuse bins are kept for away from their house,

shops, or commercial establishments, ii) Nuisance of stray cattle,

iii) Nuisance of pickers, iv) People do not deposit refuse in the

bins, but around and away from the bins, v) Squatting around dust

bins and vi) obsolete collections of implements. Due to these

problems, collections of solid waste is adversely affected in

Kolhapur city.
 268

ill) Problems in Transportation of Solid Waste :

The problems that were faced in the process of transportation

of solid waste are: i) Vehicles are open body vehicles and hence

unhygienic in view of possible spill over, ii) Big capacity vehicles

are unsuitable for small narrow lanes and are economically

unsuitable especially where refuse generation is low, iii) With

limitation on garage and workshop facilities, municipal fleet,

utilisation is apparently low and is being gradually raised,

iv) Refuse vehicles are prone to corrosion and time consuming.

Due to these problems the efficiency of transportation of solid

waste in Kolhapur is affected adversely,

iv) Problems in Disposal of Solid Waste :

The problems faced in the process of disposal of solid waste

in Kolhapur were : i) The existing land fill method is not hygienic

from sanitation point of view and hence it is disadvantageous

regardless of operational economy, ii) Many of present land fill

sites used for disposal are not owned by KMC and therefore, the

reclaimed land does not fetch any revenue to the corporation, iii) It

is difficult to develop and fill sites without such facilities like

roads, sanitation, drinking water and lighting, iv) The lives of

existing dumping sites are fast expiring and new landfill sites are
not available nearby. The Corporation has to depend on far away

sites which affects transportation cost.

 269

Crude dumping of MSW is still the common method of

disposal and causes the following hazards : a) Generation of

pathogenic organisms and insects, b) Fly generation, c) Breeding of

rodents, d) Static water and air pollution, e} Surface water

pollution, f) River and sand water pollution and g) Fire and smoke
pollution.

v. Lack of Civic Sense and Education :

The problems of solid waste management are two types -

technical problems and socio-economic problems. With existing

technology, management of solid waste activities by trained

engineers will solve the first problem. However, to keep the

environment clean requires not solution of technical problem, but

also public acceptance, co-operation and participation. After all,

every individual contributes one’s mite to generation of solid

waste, and one should also be disciplined so as not to pollute his

environment. To do this educational techniques should be

imparted through media like press, radio, TV etc.

Education alone is not likely to be sufficient, but

enforcement should also be envisaged. As existing laws are

inadequate, it is proposed to amend them and introduce strict

legislation to achieve better solid waste management system.

 270

6.15 DEFICIENCY OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

IN KOLHAPUR

The study shows that some deficiencies in the management

of solid waste in Kolhapur made by KMC, are as follows :

6.15.1 No Community Participation :

There is no community participation in the MSW

management in the Kolhapur especially related to operations of

storage and collection. General awareness regarding MSW

management and motivation for achieving better service levels are

lacking amongst the municipal conservancy staff as well as

amongst the community as a whole. No efforts are apparently

made to educate the common man about the importance and need

for having a better MSW management systems. NGOs who

normally play a very important role in these matters seem to be

inactive in Kolhapur.

6.15.2 Inadequate Community Storage Bins :

The number of community storage bins provided by KMC are

inadequate. As a result almost equal number of unauthorised

dumps have got created on the city roads. The capacity of the bins

provided by KMC also seems to be inadequate and as a result both

at authorised and unauthorised community storage sites;
unhygienic and unsighty conditions are seen due to the scattered

waste around the bins.

 271

6.15.3 Disorganised and Uncontrolled Rag Pickers :

Rag picking is practiced in an uncontrolled and disorganised

manner. Unlike many Indian cities today, there is no involvement

of NGOs in making rag picking a more organised operations.

6.15.4 Inadequate Implements, Vehicles and Unmotivated

Staff:

About 70% of MSW generated in Kolhapur is reported to be

getting collected and transported to the disposal sites. Inadequate

and improper implements and equipments, inadequate vehicles and

unmotivated staff could be the reasons for not having higher

efficiency figure.

6.15.5 No Segregation :

Hazardous waste are not segregated and are collected,

transported and disposed with the other waste.

6.15.6 No Scientific Disposal:

Disposal is carried out by dumping only and no scientific

treatment is provided to the MSW in Kolhapur.

6.15.7 No Commercial Exploitation of Solid Waste :

No efforts are made for commercial exploitation of MSW

through public and private sector participation

 272
6.16 BIO-MEDICAL WASTE

Any solid or liquid waste which may present a threat of

infection to humans is defined as ‘Bio-medical waste’. The term

includes, but is not limited to non liquid tissue or body parts from

humans and other primates, laboratory and veterinary wastes which

contains human disease causing agents, used and discarded sharps,

blood, blood products and body fluid from humans and other
primates.5 The following are also included : Used absorbent

materials saturated with blood, body fluids or excretions/

secretions contaminated with blood and absorbent materials

saturated with blood or blood products that have dried. Absorbent

material includes items such as bandage, gauze and sharps.

Non-absorbent disposable devices which have been

contaminated excretions or secretions.

Specimen samples collected from laboratory testing or used

in medical research are not considered ‘Bio-medical waste’ until

such time as the material is designated as a waste.

6.16.1 Sources of ‘Bio-Medical Waste’ In Kolhapur City :

The sources of bio-medical waste in Kolhapur municipal area

are private hospitals, government hospitals, KMC hospitals,

pathological laboratories, and blood banks etc. There are 647

private indoor and outdoor hospitals, 2 government hospitals and

 273

25 municipal hospitals. As well as 29 pathological laboratories and

01 animal dispensary are in the Kolhapur Municipal area. Table

6.4 shows the number of private, government and municipal

hospitals with their bed capacities. There are in all 708 patient

treating units in Kolhapur. Their bed strength is 3,324. These are

the sources of bio-medical waste in Kolhapur. As per the report of

KMC each bed per day generate 0.250 Kg. bio-medical waste per

day. Table 6.4 also shows the generation of bio-medical waste in

Kolhapur municipal area.

Table 6.4
Sources of Bio-Medical Waste Generation with
their Bed Strength
Source of bio-medical Units No. of Generation of
waste generation beds bio-medical
waste per day
in Kg.
Private hospitals (Indoor 647 2273 568.25
and outdoor)
Government Hospitals 02 715 178-75
Municipal Hospitals 25 262 65.5
(Indoor and Outdoor)
Pathological Labs 29 58 14.5
Blood Banks 4 16 4.0
Animal Dispensary 01 0.250
Total 708 3324 831.0 Kg.
Source : Kolhapour Municipal Corporation (2001)
 274
6.16.2 Classification of Bio-medical Waste in the Area of
KMC:

The bio-medicai waste generated in the area of KMC is

classified in chart 6.3. It is of two types. One is of hazardous

bio-medical waste and the other is non-hazardous bio-medical

waste.

i. Hazardous Bio-medical Waste:

The hazardous bio-medical waste is that, which affects the

both the human and the animals. The hazardous bio-medical waste

is of two types i.e. infectious and non-infectious. Infectious waste

include sharps, needles, scalper, blades, scalp, veins, glass

contaminated with blood. Non-infectious waste include cytotoxic

drugs, toxic chemicals and radioactive. Infectious waste is of

plastic and non plastic type. The PVC, PE, PET, PS and

equipments are of plastics and contaminated cotton waste, gauze-

linen are non plastic type of bio-medical waste.

ii. Non-hazardous Bio-medical Waste :

Non-hazardous waste include kitchen waste and recyclables.

The patients contaminated waste are infectious in nature.

At present 647 private hospitals with its 2273 bed strength,

02 government hospital with its 715 bed strength, 25 Municipal
hospital with its 262 bed strength, 29 pathological labs with 58

beds strength, 4 blood banks with 16 bed strength, and 01 animal

\
 275

dispensary generate 831 Kg. biomedical waste per day in Kolhapur.

The bio-medical waste generated in Kolhapur is thrown in

municipal dust bins generally. Sometimes it is burnt at road sides.

Chart 6.3

Classification of Bio-medical Waste in Kolhapur City

 276

Bio-medical waste is major contributor to the pollution, the

intensity of which is increasing day-by-day. Recently Government

of India amended a new resolution as ‘Bio-medical Waste Rules,

1998’, under which it was made mandatory for medical

professionals to dispose off bio-medical waste at their own

responsibility. Thus, the treatment and disposal of such wastes was

a true challenge for all the environmentalists, doctors and medical

practitioners. The Kolhapur Municipal Corporation took the

initiative to create awareness about the present scenario among the

medical professionals. They emphasized the fact that the doctors

themselves have to take steps for such project providing common

facility for bio-medical waste disposal. The Kolhapur Medical

Association accepted the situation as a challenge and speed up the

process of thinking through a series of meetings and discussing the

different dimensions of subject matter so as to have consensus on

how to combat the situation. After a lot of home work it was

decided to establish independent organisation. The Kolhapur

Medical Association took the lead in this regard and set up an

organisation entitled “DAAS Enterprises”.

The happy thing of this project was that it was completed

within two months. This is the first project of its kind in our
country, implemented well in advance before the last scheduled

date i.e. 31st December, 2001.

 277
6.16.3 Basic Data :

An exhaustive survey was conducted before actual design of

plant. In Kolhapur city there are about 650 doctors and 708

biomedical waste generating units providing 3324 beds. In all

831.0 Kg. bio-medical waste is generated per day in Kolhapur city.

6.16.3.i) Salient Feature of the Project:

The salient features of the bio-medical waste disposal project

are : i) The method adopted for collection and segregation is

systematic (details are given below), ii) the basic treatment

procedure is in the form of destruction of biomedical waste through

a process of combustion, i.e. inceration, iii) the plant is having area

of 10,000 Sq.fts. and potential capacity of 50 Kg/hr, iv) The

method of disposal is environmental friendly, v) The plant is

located at Kasaba Bawada, behind Circuit House, Kolhapur, and

the land and water supply has been provided for Kolhapur
Municipal Corporation, vi) The cost of project per Kg. of waste

including transportation, storage and incineration treatment is Rs.

10/-. The project is to be operated on build, operate and transfer

(BOT) principle.

6.16.3.11) Project Details :

The details of bio-medical waste disposal project for a

Kolhapur are as below :

 278
a) Segregation:

To minimize the volume of waste and multiple treatment,

DAAS Enterprises emphasizes on segregation at source.

Segregation is done on the basis of type of waste. In this process

they have provided different colour bags meant for different class
of bio-medical wastes.
Table 6.5
Segregation with Colour Bags

Colour Bag Type of Bio-medical Waste

1. Yellow bags body parts, organs saturated with
body fluids
2. Red bags Spirit gauges, dressing material,
bandages, plasters, pads etc.
Saline bottles, saline sets,
3. Black bags catheters, urine bags, feeding
tubes, drains, disposable
syringes, scalp veins, gloves
4. Aluminium tin Blades, needles, broken glass,
ampoules another sharp
Source : DAAS Enterprises, Kolhapur.

b) Collection and Transportation :

Bags are collected once in a day from hospitals and clinics.

Collection starts early in the morning. A specially designed auto is

used for collecting and transporting the waste from , hospitals and

clinics to the sites (as shown in Fig. 6.2). Enclosed compartments

are made within itself to hold the segregated matter separately.

The auto runs on the scheduled route and collects the waste.
 279

c) Storage:

For temporary storage, big PVC containers are used. The

segregated waste is stored in the appropriate containers with same

colour code. The waste is stored not more than 8 hours.

d) Actual Treatment:

The incinerator unit as shown in figure is installed for further

treatment:

Fig. 6.2
Incineration : Actual Treatment Plant
\|1U'
 ®uj» y<*jMj

• *

Disposal (incineration) of Bio-medical Waste plant at

Bawada.
 280

It consists of four sub-units viz. 1) Primary combustion chamber,

2) Secondary combustion chamber, 3) Diluter and scrubber, 4) Air

cyclone separator.

e) Working of Incinerator :

1) Primary Combustion Chamber :

This is the first zone in which the waste material is burnt at

about 800 c. The purpose of this primary combustion is to kill

most of the bacterias.

2) Secondary Combustion Chamber :

The vapors resulting from primary combustion are subjected

to a higher temperature of 1050°C about 80 to 90% destruction of

biomedical wastes. Before the first charging the panel board raises

the temperature of chamber up to an ambient temperature and then

it is raised for further process. The chamber is then cooled until

350°C is reached and then second charging is done.

3) Diluter:

The vapors generated in the secondary chamber are highly

concentrated with carbon and ash. In scrubber diluter unit the

concentration of ash and carbon is lowered by missing it with air

and water. A very low quantity of ash is settle at the bottom of

tank and clean gas is pass towards air cyclone unit. For cooling
 281

purpose circulating water system is used for effective cooling part

of hot water is carried to the fountain and the recirculated after

cooling.

4) Air Cyclone Separator :

The vapour is then cooled with the help of air cyclone

arrangement they are pushed towards the chimney (100 ft. high).

f) Disposal of End Products :

The ash left behind, at the end is non-hazardous and can be

used as fertilizer. The waste water is used for gardening. Gases

released in the process which are almost clean at the end are

release in the atmosphere.

Plastic and glass material which are not subjected to

combustion afe broken into small pieces in the scrubber machine.

i

After disinfecting they are recycled. For disposal of sharps small

units are installed in every hospital.

g) Economics:
i

The economics of the present bio-medical waste disposal is

as follows : ;

i) The machine installed in incineration plant is manufactured

by Hiranya Equipment and its cost is Rs,18,00,000/-.

ii) The estimated cost of total project is Rs.30,00,000/-.

 282

iii) It is also proposed to install one more unit if the quantity of

wastes increased.

iv) It is decided to take a contribution from all medical

practitioners as per the medical facilities they provide, to

cope up with the installation charges of incineration unit.

Along with this it is proposed to collect service charge as

below:
a) Transportation Charges :

i. Clinic and dispensaries : Rs. 200 per month

ii. For hospital, nursing homes, laboratories: Rs. 3000 per

month

iii. For hospital with bed capacity more than Rs. 500 per month

b) Disposal Charges :

Rs. 10 +/- 1 per kg. of biomedical wastes. This contribution

is affordable to them and in near future the cost of running the

project may come at lower level.

The KMC, the Kolhapur Medical Association and all Medico

persons are involved in this project There is no doubt that the

results of implementation and running of this project will help
tremendously to control the pollution level of the city.

\
 283

Due to this project the KMC’s solid waste disposal work has

become easy and risk-free. Earlier all the syringes, needles were

thrown in dust bins, which were making injuries to the workers.

6.17.1 Economic Analysis of Solid Waste Management

Made by KMC :

Solid Waste. Management (SWM) nearly everywhere has

traditionally been viewed as a technical (engineering) problem

requiring a technical solution to the problem and, handed over to

the civil engineering community to resolve. The solid waste

management problem is derivative of the failure to recognise the

essential economic nature of the problem. The economics of solid

waste management means is not only the costs but to markets,

price system and essentially, the consumer and producer’s

1 i

behaviour, solid waste are consumption and production residuals

which are drivers primarily by economic variables. Solid waste are

consumption and production residuals, which are driven primarily

by economic variables, particularly by prices and incomes,

although population size and concentration are also important

factors. It follows then that SWM is an important economic

problem.6
 284

6.17.2 Analysis of Expenditure (Cost) Incurred on SWM

by KMC :

There is no separate solid waste management department

with KMC. The task of solid waste management comes under the

Health and Sanitation Department of KMC. The Conservancy

Wing looks after the solid waste management. The Transport Wing

provides vehicles only. It is supervised by Engineering Section of

KMC. The Engineering Section looks not only after conservancy

(MSW) transport vehicles but also all types of vehicles. So the

separate data of solid waste management is not maintained by

KMC. The expenditure incurred by KMC on Health and Sanitation

is available in the annual budget books. It gives the expenditure

incurred on conservancy which is shown in table 6.6. The KMC is

incurring expenditure on storage, of solid waste, wages and

allowances of employees, cleaning materials, vehicle maintenance,

fuel and insurance of vehicles, dresses and blankets, vehicle

depreciation and office expenditure etc.

6.17.3 Expenditure Incurred by KMC on Refuse Storage Bins:

The KMC is incurring expenditure on construction of new

refuse storage bins as well as on maintenance of old refuse storage

bins. During the period 1989 to 1992 the KMC had not spent on

new refuse storage bins. In the year 1992-93, the KMC had spent

Rs. 1,98,970-00 on construction and installation of new refuse

 285

storage bins. In the year 1993-94 the KMC had spent only Rs. 210

on maintenance of bins. Later on in the year 1994-95 the KMC had

spent Rs. 1,77,177-00 on installation of refuse bins. Due to the

expenditure incurred in 1994-95, the KMC had not much on refuse

storage bin in the year 1995.-96. The expenditure incurred on

refuse storage bin since 1996-97 onwards is shown in

table 6.5.

Table 6.6
Expenditure Incurred on Refuse Storage Bins by KMC During
the Period 1996-97 to 2001-2002 t '

Sr. Year Expenditure Incurred on % Increase

No. Refuse Storage Bins (Rs.) Over
- Net increase Previous
Year
1. 1996-97 25,433 •
-

2. 1997-98 3,98,681 3,73,248 + 1467-57

3. 1998-99 1,37,413 -261268 - 65.53
4. 1999-2000 1,00,406 -37007 - 26.93
5. 2000-2001* 4,26,000 3,25,594 + 324.2
6. 2001-2002* 7,00,000 2,74,000 + 64.31
Source : Annual Budget Books from 1996-97 to 2002 of KMC
* It indicates provisional figures

The following observations can be made on the basis of data

presented in table 6.6.

 286

1) The KMC has been spending increasingly on refuse storage

bins excluding the years 1998-99 and 1999-2000.

2) The percentage of increase in expenditure on refuse storage

bins in the year 1997-98 was+ 1467.67 over the year 1996-97

3) The percentage of expenditure on refuse storage bin in the

year 1998-99 and 1999-2000 was -65.53 and -26.93

respectively.

4) The percentage of increase in the year 2000-2001 and 2001

was + 324.2 and + 64.31 respectively. It means that KMC is

increasingly1 spending on refuse storage bins.

6.18 EXPENDITURE INCURRED BY KMC ON

CONSERVANCY DURING THE PERIOD 1996-2001
l
The expenditure incurred by KMC on conservancy (i.e. solid
|
waste management) is shown in the Table 6.7.
 28

Table 6.7
Expenditure incurred by KMC on Conservation (Solid Waste
Management) Department during the Period 1996-2001
(Figures are in 000’s

Sr. Year Wages Cleaning Vehicle Dress Vehicle Other Tots

No. and material mainte and depreci­ expendi­ expen
allowa­ nance, blanket ation ture tun
nces fuel,
and
insuran
ce etc.
1. 1996-97 38169:0 197.4 1778.6 1017.7 1000.00 13.764 4217<
(90.5) (0.46) (4.21) (2.41) (2.37) (0.032) (100
2. 1997-98 4386418 277.6 1278.7 780.4 2100.00 178.2 4848(
0
(90.4) (0.57) (2.63) (1.61) (4.33) (0.367)
(100
3. 1998-99 46369.6 288.3 691.7 781.7 Nil . 2.05 4813:
' (96.3) (0.60) (1.43) (1.62) (0.004) (100
4. 1999-2000 |60881.3 373.05 904.3 1107.4 ■Nil Nil 6326'
• (96.2) (0.59) (1.43) (1.75)' (100
5. *2000- 168040.0 1 : 350.0 1800.0. 1351,0, , Nil 20.00 7156
2001
(95.8) ■ (0.49) (2.51) (1.88), (0.027) (100
CGR ! 12.25 12.13 0.24 5.82 - 7.76 11.1
1996-2001

Source : Annual Budget Books of KMC from 1996 to 2001

* Provisional iFigures
■ ik

Note : 1) Figures in paranthesis are % to the total expenditure

2) Other expenditure includes office expenditure
* 1, i

The following observations are made on the basis of dat

present in table 6.7.

1) The major expenditure incurred by KMC on conservanc

(SWM) is on the wages and allowances of the employees c

 287.a

Chart 6.5 : EXPENDITURE INCURRED BY KMC ON

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

1.88—i

95.8

El Wages & Allowances

■ Cleaning Material
□ Vehicle Maint., Fuel & Ins.
■ Dress & blanket
■ Other expenditure________
 288

conservancy department (96%). The work of the conservancy is

typical in nature. The workers have to work in the dirt throughout

the duty hours. The main pillar of the solid waste management

services is the workers. The output of this department depend

them only. So high proportion of expenditure is bound to happen

on wages and salaries. The workers are facing the problem of

odour. Due to this typical smell, workers are getting

psychologically affected which have adverse affect on the health of

workers. Though the dirt and odour problem is there, they are

working for society. So the high proportion of expenditure on

wages and allowances is justifiable.

The compound growth rate in wages and allowances of the

period 1996-97 to 2000-2001 is 12.25%. It is slightly greater than

the compound growth rate of total expenditure (11.15%).

2) The second important item of the expenditure of KMC on

conservancy is the cleaning material. It is not more than 0.75%.

Cleaning material affect the efficiency of workers. So it should be

raised to at least two per cent. In the year 1996-97, 0.46 per cent

amount was spent on cleaning materials. It increased to 0.57,

0.60, 0.59 per cent during years 1997-98,1998-99 and 1999-2000

respectively. Instead of increasing percentage on cleaning material

 289

during the year 2000-2001, it decreased to 0.49 per cent.

Definitely it will affect the output.

The compound growth-rate of the cleaning materials

expenditure is 12.13% which is little bit higher than the compound

growth rate of the total expenditure incurred on conservancy

(11.15%).

3) Third item of municipal expenditure on conservancy is

vehicle maintenance and fuel and insurance. In the year 1996-97,

the percentage of expenditure incurred on the vehicle maintenance,

fuel and insurance was 4.21. It decreased to 2.63, 1.43 and 1.43 in

the years 1997-98, 1998-99 and 1999-2000 respectively. Again it

increased to 2.51 in the year 2000-2001. But it is not enough. The

municipal refuse vehicles are old, price of the fuel is also

increasing so it must be increasing one.

The compound growth rate of this expenditure is 0.24%. It

shows that there is no substantial growth in this expenditure.

4) Fourth item of municipal expenditure on conservancy is

dresses and blankets. In the year 1996-97 the percentage of the

expenditure on dresses and blankets was 2.41 per cent. It

decreased to 1.61, 1.62, 1.75 and 1.88 per cent in the years 1997-
98, 1998-99, 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 respectively.
 290

The compound growth rate of this expenditure was 5.82 per

cent during the period 1996-97, and 2000-2001. This shows

increase in this expenditure.

5) The expenditure on vehicle depreciation is seen to be

neglected by KMC. Only in the years 1996-97 and 1997-98, 2.37%

and 4.33 % amount of the total expenditure was kept as vehicle

depreciation. For remaining years vehicle depreciation was totally

neglected by KMC.

6) The other expenditure includes office expenditure. The

compound growth rate for the period 1996-97 and 2000-2001 of

this expenditure was 7.76 per cent.

6.19.1 Per Tonne Cost of Solid Waste Management Made

by Kolhapur Municipal Corporation :

In order to calculate per tonne cost of solid waste

management made by KMC, we require two things. One is, total

expenditure incurred by KMC on solid waste management (i.e.

expenditure incurred on conservancy department) in a year, and the

total MSW quantity that is collected and transported for final

disposal in a year. On the basis of following equation we can

calculate the per ton cost of SWM in Kolhapur.
 291

Equation :
S'
Total expenditure incurred on
SWM in a specific year
Per Ton Cost of S WM (PTC)
Total MSW quantity that
collected and transported in year
V J
^ Rs. 71560000 ^ ^(71560000 (Rs./Yrp
PTC
160.820 x 365 Days 58699.3 Tonnes (Yr)
V. J V J
PTC = Rs. 1219.09

Thus, the cost of solid waste management (conservancy) is

Rs. 1219.09 per tonne.

As per the report of Kolhapur Municipal Corporation, 50%

amount of total expenditure goes to collection, of MSW, 45%

amount to transportation of MSW and hardly 5% amount goes to

final disposal of MSW. It means that collection, [transportation and

I
i

disposal ratio (CTD Ratio) is 50:45:5. On the basis of this ratios

we can give the break up of 1210-09 per ton cost,

Per ton cost Rs. 1219-09
Per ton collection cost Rs. 609-54 !I
(50% of total)
Per ton transport Rs. 548-59
(45% of total)
Per ton disposal Rs. 060-95
(5% of total)
 292

This is the per ton cost inclusive of wages and allowances

expenditure which is major item of expenditure of conservancy in

Kolhapur.

6.19.2 Per Ton Cost of SWM Exclusive of Wages and

Allowances :

As we know, 95 to 96% of the total expenditure of KMC on

conservancy goes to wages, salaries and allowances. By excluding

the wages and allowances share from total expenditure of KMC in

year, we can calculate the per ton cost of solid waste management.

The equation which is used in inclusive method, is used here also.

Equation :
r Total expenditure incurred by
KMC on conservancy in year
Per Ton Cost of SWM 2000-2001 without wages and
without wages & allowances allowances
(PTC without Ws & Allowance) Total MSW collected and
^transported in a year

• The total cost expenditure incurred on ,

conservancy without wages and : 71560000 - 68040000
allowances
= Rs. 3520000.

• Total MSW collected and transported : 160.820 tonnes x 365

in year (160.820 tonnes per day
x 365 days of year) = 58699.3
 293

It is assumed that every day on and

average 160.820 tonnes MSW is
collected and transported
f ^
• PTC without wages & Rs.3520000 (Yr)
allowances =
Tonnes 58699.3 (Yr)
V ■ -J
• PTC without wages & allowances = Rs. 59.96

The ratio of collection, transport and disposal (CTD) reported by

KMC is 50:45:05. On the basis of this, break up of Rs. 59.96 can

be given as follows :
• Per ton cost (without wages & allowances) = Rs. 59.96
• Per ton cost of collection (50% of total) = Rs. 29.98
• Per ton cost of transport (45%) =, Rs*. 26.98
• Per ton cost of final disposal (5% of total) : = Rs. 2.99

Total 4= Rs.59.96

6.20 PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE WITH WAGES AND

SALARIES

With the help of population of Kolhapur city and total

expenditure incurred by KMC on conservancyi (Le. on solid waste
l . j

management), per capita expenditure can becalculated as follows :

• Total population (2001) of Kolhapur : 484i 01

• Total expenditure (2001) of KMC on
conservancy : Rs;.7;,l5,60,000-00

• Per capita expenditure with salary and : Rs. 147.8

wages
SAY : Rs. 148-00
 294

Thus, the per capita expenditure of solid waste management on

conservancy is Rs. 148. Likewise, the per capita expenditure

without wages and salaries can be worked out.

• Total population (2001) of Kolhapur : 484101

• Total expenditure incurred on
conservancy without salaries and wages: Rs.35,20,000-00
• Per capita expenditure without salary : Rs. II- only
and wages
Thus, the per capita expenditure on conservancy is without salary

and wages is Rs. 7-00 only.

Inferences :

1) The maximum portion of expenditure is incurred on

conservancy goes to wages and salary and very less for tools,

equipments, vehicles and sanitation etc.

2) KMC is collecting on and average Rs.86 per household as

conservancy tax but spending per capita Rs. 148. It means

that for better solid waste management KMC can raise the

conservancy tax.

6.21 COST COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF

VEHICLES USED FOR TRANSPORTATION OF MSW

The vehicles that are used for transportation of refuse

(MSW) are of 3 types viz. conventional vehicles like carts, bullock
carts, compactor and dumper placer. The cost comparison of
 295

different type of vehicles given by Panjwani P.U.,7 Chief Engineer,

Solid Waste Management Department of greater Bombay (Mumbai)

Municipal Corporation, Mumbai is shown in Table 6.8.

Table 6.8
Cost Comparison of Various Types of Vehicles (1998)

Sr. Cost Particulars Types of Vehicles

No. Conventional Compactor Dumper
(Rs.) (Rs.) Placer
: (Rs.)
1 2 3 4 5
Cost of Vehicles 4,00,000 6,50,000 ' 4,50,000
(Approx.)
1. Depreciation/ Shift 55 90 65
(life =10 years) :
2. Interest on capital/ 65 110 75
shift @ 12% per
day
3. Wages of drivers . 100 100 100
and cleaner per
shift
4. Fuel & lubricating 50 50 50
oil charges (for 50
Km/ shift)
5. Maintenance and 75 75 75
repair charges per
shift
i

6. Other miscellaneous
* 1 '
15 15 15
charges (like ’taxes)
per shift
7 Cost of vehicles per 360 440 380
shift
Contd..
 296
Contd. Tabic 6.8...

1 2 3 4 5
8 Cost of labourers 350 350 300
per shift (6 lab + 1 (6 Lab + 1 (6 Attendant
• Muk) Muk) only)
Supervision charges 710 790 680
Total cost of 815 900 780
transportation of
SW/ Shift
Average tonnage 3.5 Tonnes 7.0 Tonnes 12.0 Tonnes
removed by vehicles
in a shift
■
Transport cost/ 235 130 65
tonne
Average Cu.M. 6 Cum. 22 Cum. 30 Cum. '
removed
Cost per Cu.M. 135 40 26
Source : Panjwani P.U., Collection, Transportation and Disposal
of MS W in Bombay City, Environmental Directory edited
by Rashmi Mayur, Mumbai, P. 307.

On the basis of the data presented in table No. 6.8 following

observations are drawn:

1. The cost of conventional vehicles Rs. 135 per Cum. which is

greater the cost of compactor and dumper placer (i.e. Rs. 40

and Rs. 26 respectively).

2. The cost of compactor is Rs. 40 per Cum. is greater than the

cost dumper placer.

3. The cost of dumper placer is lower i.e. Rs. 26 per Cum.

 297

It means that for effective solid waste management ‘Dumber

placer’ is more useful and suitable. It is more suitable for transport

and disposal solid waste because its capital cost and other costs are

minimum. If KMC is purchasing dumper placer and using it for

solid waste management it will be cost effective and better.

CONCLUSION

In this chapter, an attempt is made to study the existing solid

waste management in the area of KMC. There is no separate solid

waste management department with KMC. It works under the

‘Health and Sanitation Department’ of KMC. There are two wings

viz. conservancy wing and transport wing. The transport wing is

providing vehicles to the lifting of the solid waste in Kolhapur city.

The vehicle wing comes under the Engineering Department of

KMC. There is no proper co-ordination between these two wings

that has affected adversely the efficacy of solid waste management

made by KMC.

There is no segregation of waste at the source in the area of

KMC. The storage at source of waste generation is the essential

step towards appropriate solid waste management which is

substantially lacking in Kolhapur city. Due to the small size of

municipal refuse bins, they are always overflooded so people throw

the solid waste by the bin side, or on the street sides. The bins are
 298

not properly paved to giving rise to unhygienic condition outside

the refuse bins.

There is gross understaffing in the KMC, due to the ban on

recruitment. In all addition 430 workers are required as per the

NEERI norms. The short handed brooms and cane baskets provided

to the workers for street sweeping while sweeping workers have to

bend which causes to the fatigue and backache and reduce the

output.

The percentage of expenditure incurred on cleaning material

is 0.65 only which is very less. The expenditure incurred on storage

bins is increasing day by day.

In all 19 trucks are used to transport solid waste in Kolhapur

city. Out of these 19 trucks 50% trucks are old and open trucks. It

affects adversely the efficiency of solid waste management.

The disposal of solid waste is not eco-friendly. The open

dump method is adopted by KMC which causes to solid waste

pollution. The burning of solid waste by bin side is also practiced

by KMC workers which is making solid waste pollution. The

disposal of bio-medical waste is now-a-days made separately by

Medical Association of Kolhapur.

The major expenditure is incurred on wages and salaries

(96%) and remaining 4% goes to purchase of cleaning material,

vehicle maintenance, fuel, insurance and office expenditure etc.
 299

The per ton costs of collection, transportation and disposal

are Rs. 609-54, Rs. 548-59, Rs. 060-95 respectively. The per ton

cost without wages and salaries of collection, transportation and

disposal are Rs. 29.08, Rs. 26.98 and Rs. 2.99 respectively.

The per capita expenditure with wages and allowances of

solid waste management is Rs. 148 and without wages and salaries

Rs. 7/- only.

The cost comparison of vehicles shows that conventional

vehicles are costlier than the compactor and dumper placer. The

dumper placer is cheap compared to both conventional vehicles and

compactor but it requires capital investment.

 30 0

REFERENCES

1. Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H., Vigil, A., (1993),

‘Integrated Solid Waste Management, Engineering principles
and Management Issues, McGraw Hill International Editions,
Civil Engineering Series, P. 7.

2. Supreme Court of India Committee, (March, 1999), Report

on Solid Waste Management in Class-I Cities in India, P. 15
of Chapter-2.

3. Panjwani, P.U., (1998), Collection, Transportation and

Disposal of Municipal Solid Waste in Bombay City, Indian
Environmental Directory, edited by Rashmi Mayur, Mumbai,
P. 303.

4. Ibid., P. 304.

5. Kasbe, Vinay, Chhaya, V.S. and Haldor, A., (2000),

‘Biomedical Solid Waste Management : An Overview’,
Proceedings of National Seminar on ‘Bio-medical and Solid
Waste Management, January 15-16, 2000 organised by Civil
& Environment Engineering Deptt. VJTI, Matunga, Mumbai,
P. 87.

6. Verma, Madhu and Pandey, Preeti, (1999), ‘Extent of Solid

Waste Generation and Its Management Practices in India’,
Course Material Indira Gandhi Institute of Development and
research, Goregaon, Mumbai, P. 8.

7. Panjwani, P.U., Collection, Transportation and Disposal of

MSW in Bombay City, Environmental Directory edited by
Rashmi Mayur, Mumbai, P. 307.