Flow Q HI HF ∆P Flow Q Hi Hf ∆P

(L/min) (mm) (mm) (Pa) (L/min) (mm) (mm) (Pa)

1 1 230 230 762.9839 6 13 236 256 3384.5185
2 4 230 230 1711.8229 7 9 234 238 3198.6634
3 7 230 232 2650.8801 8 6 233 234 2288.9518
4 11 231 245 3286.7000 9 3 233 233 1271.6399
5 15 233 270 3423.6459 10 1 233 233 723.8566
Raw Data

For Air

For Water

Flow Q HI HF ∆P Flow Q Hi Hf ∆P
(L/min) (mm) (mm) (Pa) (L/min) (mm) (mm) (Pa)
1 0.07 76 79 586.9107 6 0.4 77 110 665.1655
2 0.1 77 81 626.0381 7 0.35 77 105 665.1655
3 0.2 76 92 645.6018 8 0.25 77 97 645.6018
4 0.3 77 101 645.6018 9 0.15 77 84 625.0381
5 0.45 76 115 674.9473 10 0.07 77 80 586.9107

Results

For Air

Flow U (105)
ᵋ ∆PCalculated ∆PActual Flow U (105)
ᵋ ∆PCalculated ∆PActual

1 1.67 0.4 295.345 762.9839 6 21.67 0.4781 2056.633 3384.5185

2 6.67 0.4 1191.639 1711.8229 7 15 0.4168 2136.603 3198.6634
6
3 11.67 0.4086 2112.023 2650.8801 8 10 0.4043 1822.047 2288.9518
6
4 11.8 0.4571 2047.459 3286.7000 9 5 0.4 901.7146 1271.6399
8
5 25 0.537 1924.306 3423.6459 10 1.67 0.4 299.1906 723.8566
3
For water

Flow U (106)
ᵋ ∆PCalculated ∆PActual Flow U (106)
ᵋ ∆PCalculated ∆PActual

1 1.167 0.338 1376.293 586.9107 6 6.67 0.6 51.3457 665.1655

2
2 1.67 0.3494 1990.943 626.0381 7 5.83 0.5667 53.0921 665.1655
2
 3 3.33 0.4739 56.4817 645.6018 8 4.17 0.5062 55.8952 645.6018
4 5 0.5376 54.4993 645.6018 9 2.5 0.3833 2782.459 625.0381
4
5 7.5 0.6391 48.4324 674.9473 10 1.167 0.3375 1429.166 586.9107
9

Sample Calculation:

Assumed Values:

Gravity=9.81m/s2

Temperature of Air and Water = 250C

Data from Perry’s:

ρwater =997.13 kg /m 3

ρair =1.164 kg/m 3

μwater =1.872 ×10−5 kg /m× s

μair =8.91×10−4 kg /m× s

 Solving for Cross-sectional Area

π π
A= D 2 = (0.05 m)2=1.9635 ×10−3 m2
4 4
 Solving for Initial Porosity

Volume of Glass Beads 20 mL

ε o= = =3.3333
Volume of water 6 mL
 Solving for Final Porosity

Lo 230
ε =1− + ε o =1− +0.4=0.4
L 230
 Conversion of Units

Pressure:

997.13 kg 9.81 m 78
P= ρgh= × × m=762.9839 Pa
m 3
s2
1000
Flowrate:

L 1 m3 1 min −5 3
Q=4 × × =6.67 ×10 m /s
min 1000 L 60 s
 Solving for Superficial Velocity(U)

Q 6.67 ×10−5 m 3 /s −2
U= = −3 2
=3.397 ×10 m/s
A 1.9635 ×10 m
 Solving Pressure Drop Using Ergun Equation

∆ P=H ¿ ]

230
¿ m¿ ]
1000
¿ 762.9389 Pa
 Solving Pressure Drop Using Fluidized Equation

∆ P=H F × g ( 1−ε ) ( ρ Particle−ρ Fluid )

245 9.81m 1570.32 kg 1.1845 kg

¿
1000
m×
s2
( 1−0.4571 )
m3 (−
m3 )
¿ 2047.4598 Pa
Results

3500

3000

2500
∆P (Pa)

2000

1500

1000

500
-1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13

U×10^2 (m/s)

Figure 2. Pressure Drop vs Superficial Velocity for air

 700

680

660

640
∆P (Pa)

620

600

580

560

540
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

U×10^3 (m/s)

Figure 4. Pressure Drop vs Superficial Velocity for Water