FLUIDS IN MOTION 15

For a recirculating flow like this, the fluid's destination is the same as its
origin so the two locations can be chosen to be the same, for example the
point marked X. In this case equation 1.14 reduces to

- hf

showing that the pump is required simply to overcome the losses.There is

no change in the potential, pressure and kinetic energies of the liquid
because it ends with a height, pressure and speed identical to those with
which it started.
An alternativeis to choose locations I and 2 as shown. These points are
in the bulk of the liquid where the liquid's speed is negligibly small.
Applying Bernoulli's equation between points I and 2 gives the pump
head as

Ah = z2 + - s + + hf (1.18)
Pg Pg

As the liquid in the main part of the tank is virtually stationary, the
pressure difference between point I and point 2 is just the hydrostatic
pressure difference:

PI-P2 - ( z 2 - z l ) p g
Substituting this pressure difference in equation 1.18 gives the result
Ah = hy as found before.

Example 1.2
Water issues from the nozzle of a horizontal hose-pipe. The hose has an
internal diameter of 60 mm and the nozzle tapers to an exit diameter of 20
ram. If the gauge pressure at the connection between the nozzle and the
pipe is 200 kPa, what is the flow rate? The density of water is 1000 kg/m 3.

Calculations
The pressure is given at the connection of the nozzle to the pipe so this will
be taken as location 1. The flow is caused by the fact that this pressure is
greater than the pressure of the atmosphere into which the jet discharges.
The pressure in the jet at the exit from the nozzle will be very nearly the
same as the atmospheric pressure so the exit plane can be taken as location
2. (Note that when a liquid discharges into another liquid the flow is much
more complicated and there are large frictional losses.) Friction is
negligible in a short tapering nozzle. The nozzle is horizontal so z~ - z2
and for turbulent flow a - 1.0. With these simplifications and the fact
16 FLUID FLOW FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERS

that there is no pump in the section, Bernoulli's equation reduces to

I'2 u22 P, u2
+___=. +-.-
pg 2e pg 2g
Thus
u2 - u 2 = 2(P, - Pz)/P

The fluid pressure P2 at the exit plane is the atmospheric pressure, ie

zero gauge pressure. Therefore
u2 - u 2 = 2(2 x 105 Pa)/(1000 kg/m 3) = 400 m2/s2

By continuity
=

therefore
u2 = u l ~ / ~ = 9ul

Thus
80U2 = 400 m2/s2

and hence
ui = 2.236 ntis and u2 - 20.12 m/s
The volumetric discharge rate can be calculated from either velocity and
the corresponding diameter. Using the values for the pipe
Q = ullrd214 = (2.236 m/s)(3.142)(6 x 10-2 m)2/4 = 6.32 • 10 -3 m3/s

Note that in this example the pressure head falls by ( P r - Pz)/(Pg) which is
equal to 20.4 m, and the velocity head increases by the same amount. It is
clear that if the nozzle were not horizontal, the difference in elevation
between points I and 2 would be negligible compared with these changes.

1.5.1 Preuuroterminology
It is appropriate here to define some pressure terms. Consider Bemoulli's
equation for frictionless flow with no pump in the section:

z~g+--+-- = z~g+--+ (1 11)

Pz Pt ~
This is for flow along a. streamline, not through the whole crosHection.