The Philippine Revolution

A Requirement Presented to the

Faculty of College of Arts and Sciences
San Beda University, Mendiola, Manila

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For Readings in Philippine History

Submitted by:
DIZON, Catherine M.
2 AIA/AIS

Submitted to:
Dr. James Loreto Cabilin Piscos

May 2020
 I. A Timeline of the Major Events that happened in the Country from 1565 to
1946.

 1500s

 1560s (1565-1569)

 On February 13, 1565, Spanish colonization began with the arrival of Miguel López
de Legazpi in the Philippines, with four ships and 380 men. Landing in Cebu on April
27, 1565, the settlement established. He established the first permanent Spanish
settlement in the country. On June 4 of the same year, Legazpi, representing King
Philip II of Spain, and Rajah Tupas of Cebu signed the Treaty of Cebu, effectively
establishing Spanish suzerainty over Cebu. The Philippines was governed as a
territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.

 On the other hand, the Portuguese, under the command of General Gonzalo de
Pereira, attack Cebu and blockade its port. The present-day Capiz Province becomes a
Spanish settlement and Legazpi moves the seat of government from Cebu to Iloilo.
On August 6, 1569, King Philip II of Spain, through a royal decree,creates Cebu as
the country's first Spanish province he also appoints Miguel Lopez de Legazpi as
governor and captain general of the territory.

 1570s (1570-1579)

 On the beginning of 1570, Legazpi sends an expedition under the leadership of

Martin de Goiti to Manila. He also establishes municipality of Cebu and names it
"Villa del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus” the Spanish Colonial Government in Manila
and proclaims it the capital of the colony. On the 19th of May of 1571, the ruler of
Manila, Rajah Suliman, wages war against the Spaniards. While the province hood of
Pampanga is the first province in Luzon to be inaugurated by the Spaniards.
  On the 19th of May of 1571, the ruler of Manila, Rajah Suliman, wages war against
the Spaniards. While the province hood of Pampanga is the first province in Luzon to
be inaugurated by the Spaniards.

 In 1572, Legazpi dies and Guido de Lavezaris succeeds him as Governor-General

from 1572 to 1575. The enslavement of Filipinos is prohibited by a royal cedula from
the Spanish king, as a response to a protest it a day earlier. Later part of the same
year, Chinese pirate Limahong, with his men, invades Luzon and proceeds later to
Manila.

 In 1573, the Japanexpanded its trade in Northern Luzon and in 1575, Ciudad de
Nueva Cáceres, which later renamed as Naga City, established by Captain Pedro de
Sanchez. Francisco de Sande was appointed as Governor-General from 1575 to 1580.

 In 1577, the Franciscans arrived in the country and the diocese of Manila was
established on1579.

 1580s (1580-1582)

 The Japanese lord Tay Fusa established the independent Wokou Tay Fusa state in
non-colonial Cagayan. When the Spanish arrived in the area, they subjugated the new
kingdom, resulting in the 1582 Cagayan Batttles.

 1590s

 Some Japanese ships visited the Philippines in the 1570s in order to export
Japanese silver and import Philippine gold, later, increasing imports of silver from
New World sources resulted in Japanese exports to the Philippines shifting from
silver to consumer goods. In the 1570s, the Spanish traders were troubled to some
extent by Japanese pirates, but peaceful trading relations were established between
the Philippines and Japan by 1590.
 1600s

 1600s (1601-1620)

 In 1600, the Bandala System is formed by the Spanish Colonial Government and Tthe
Galleon trade between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico begins. On August 1, 1601, the
Colegio de San Jose is established.

 In 1605, Archbishop Miguel de Benavides bequeaths his library and a July 24 total
amount of ₱1,500 for the establishment of a seminary college, the present-day
University of Santo Tomas in Manila. On the following year, the recollects arrived in
the country.

 In 1609, the Dominicans granted permission to open a seminary- college, the present-
day University of Santo Tomas in Manila, by Philip III of Spain. By 1620, University
of Santo Tomas, then known as Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santissimo Rosario,
recognized by the Holy See. Colegio de San Juan de Letran established as the Colegio
de Huerfanos de San Pedro y San Pablo and the Colegio de Manila raised to the status
of a University and renamed as the Universidad. In between the years of 1621 until
1650, there were many developments in the education sector and the schools were
established.

 1630s (1631-1650)

 In 1637, Sucesos Felices is published by Tomas Pinpin, it is the first newsletter in the
country. The Colegio de Santo Tomas raised to the status of a university in 1645 and
renamed as the University of Santo Tomas by Pope Innocent X, upon the request of
King Philip IV of Spain.
  In, 1646, Spanish and Filipino forces defeat the Dutch invaders in an encounter, their
fifth and final battle, at the ManilaBay near Corregidor in Cavite. Dutch besieged the
Spanish in the Battle of Puerto de Cavite.

 1700s

 1700s (1701-1750)

 In 1704, North Borneo is ceded by the sultan of Brunei to the sultan of Sulu. By 1722,
Colegio de San Jose conferred with the title Royal.

 In 1744, Dagohoy Rebellion from 1744 to 1829, the longest in country's history,
wherein Bohol is proclaimed independent from the Spanish. Mt Taal emits magma
and destroys the towns of Lipa, Sala, Tanauan on 15th of May 1754.

 1760s (1761-1769)

 In 1762, the British forces looted and plundered many of Manila establishments
through the so-called Rape of Manila. British fleet entered seizes Manila Bay as part
of the Seven Years' War and Manila fell under the British rule. It was the start of the
British occupation.

 In 1763, Treaty of Paris implicitly returns Manila to Spain. On May 28, Diego Silang
died. It was the same year when Gabriela Silang was exdecuted, the only Filipina to
have led a revolt.

 In 1764, the last of the British ships that sailed to Manila leaves the Philippines for
India, ending the British occupation.

 In 1765, Royal Fiscal of Manila Don Francisco Léandro de Viana writes the famous
letter to King Charles III of Spain, later called as "Viana Memorial of 1765". The
 document advised the king to abandon the colony due to the economic and social
devastation created by the Seven Years' War. The suggestion was not heeded.

 In 1768 and 1769, Royal decree banishing the Society of Jesus from Spain and the
Spanish dominions reaches Manila. The Society of Jesus in the Philippines is
expelled by Raón after receiving a dated later from Charles III's chief minister Don
Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea on March 1, 1767. The Jesuit's Properties are
confiscated by the Spanish Colonial. The closure of the Jesuit Universidad de San
Ignacio leaves the University of Santo Tomas as the only institution of higher
learning in the colony.

 1780s (1781-1785)

 In 1780, Real Sociedad Economica de los Amigos del Pais de Filipinas introduced in
the Philippines to offer local and foreign scholarships and professorships to Filipinos,
and financed trips of scientists from Spain to the Philippines.

 In 1783, an island group, which would be named Batanes, is annexed to the

Philippines by the Spanish and is founded as a province called Provincia de la
Concepcion.

 1800s

 1800s (1801-1829)

 In 1809, King Joseph Bonaparte gives Filipinos Spanish Citizenship and grants the
colony representation in the Spanish Cortes.

 In 1811, Del Superior Govierno is established in Manila by Gov. Gen. Fernandez de

Folgueras. It was the country's first newspaper lasted six months.
  On March 19, 1812, the Spanish Cortes promulgates the Cadiz Constitution. It was
implemented in Manila the following year.

 In 1814, Mt. Mayon erupts on February 1, affecting Albay and leaving 1,200 dead.

 In 1816, Cadiz Constitution is rejected by the conservative government and Filipino

representation in the Spanish Cortes is abolished.

 In 1818, q royal decree divides old Ilocos province into Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur.

 In 1821, Cebu's importance fell as power shifted north to Luzon. The archipelago was
Spain's outpost in the orient and Manila became the capital of the entire Spanish East
Indies. The colony was administered through the Viceroyalty of New Spain until
1821 when Mexico achieved independence from Spain. After 1821, the colony was
governed directly from Spain.

 In 1828, the earthquake strikes Manila destroying many of its buildings.

 1830s (1830-1859)

 In 1830s, the Manila is opened to the world market and Chamber of Commerce is
also formed. Manila is made an open port and Florante at Laura is published.
 In 1841, Samar province, later Western Samar, is declared independent, separating
from the provinces of Leyte and Cebu, through a decree issued by Queen Isabela III
of Spain. On the same year, Apolinario Dela Cruz better known as Hermano Pule was
executed.

 In 1846, La Esperanza is established by Miguel Sanchez. It was the country's first

daily newspaper lasted three years.

 In 1848, Diario de Manila, best edited newspaper, is published (1848–1899).

  In 1859, the Jesuits return to the Philippines and they took over the Escuela
Municipal and establishes the Ateneo Municpal.

 1860s (1861-1870)

 In 1861, Escuela de Artes Y Oficios de Bacolor established as Asia's oldest

vocational school. El Pasig is published, a bilingual fortnightly paper, one of the first
native newspapers. On June 19, 1861, was the birth of the Philippines National Hero,
Jose P. Rizal

 On November 30, 1863, was the birth of Andres Bonifacio or the father of the
Philippine Revolution.

 On July 23,1864, Apolinario Mabini, the Brains of the Revolution, was born.

 In 1865, Observatorio Meteorológico del Ateneo Municipal de Manila (Manila

Observatory) established by the Jesuits.

 In 1871, The Gabinete de Fisica of the University of Santo Tomas established as the
first Museum in the Philippines. The Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of the
University ofSanto Tomas is established as the first school of Medicine and Pharmacy
in the Philippines.

 In 1875, Spanish colonial government conducts the first official national census in the
country.

 1880s (1881-1889)
  In 1882, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, the 2nd editor of the Sol, founded the Diariong
Tagalog parody of a prayer book Dasalan at Toksohan. Jose Rizal begins writing the
Noli Me Tangere.

 In 1884, Spanish Governor-General Narciso Claveria issued the decree in 1844 on the
Spanish family names of the natives.
 In 1885, Audiencia Territorial de Cebu was established.

 On May 10, 1886, Felix Manalo, founder of Iglesia ni Cristo was born.

 In 1887, Noli Me Tangere was published and he started writing El Filibusterismo.

 In 1888, La Solidaridad was established. La Solidaridad is first published in Spain as

the Propaganda Movement's organ.

 In 1889, Graciano Lopez Jaena, writer of the Fray Botod, founded the propaganda
newspaper La Solidaridad and became its first Editor-In-Chief and one of its
prominent member is Miguel Morayta. Filipinos and Spaniards favors the reforms in
the colony. It urged for the compulsory teaching of Spanish.

 1890s (1890-1899)

 On July 3, 1892, La Liga Filipina was founded by Dr. Jose Rizal to unite Filipinos
into a compact, vigorous and homogenous body but later Rizal was deported in
Dapitan on July 6 and on the next day Andres Bonifacio founded the Kataas - taasa
Kagalang - galang na Katipunan na mga Anak ng Bayan or famously known as the
KKK on Azcarruga Street now Claro M. Recto. Also, a chapter of the KKK was form
knows as the Magdiwang Faction also led by Bonifacio.

 On August 23, 1896, the Cry of Pugadlawin in the yard of Juan Ramos son of
Melchora Aquino was held with the Katipuneros declaring their independence with
 the famous tearing of the cedulas and shouting, "Long Live the Philippines". On
September 12, the Spanish executed 13 men on Cavite known as the Los Trece
Martires de Cavite because of joining the katipunan revolution. On December 30,
Jose P. Rizal was executed by firing squad at Bagumbayan, Manila or today, Luneta
or Rizal Park.

 In 1897, the Tejeros Convention was held on March 22 and the meeting was between
the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions of the Katipunan at San Francisco de Malabon,
now General Trias, but the site is now at Rosario, Cavite. On May 5, there was a trial
for the execution of Bonifacio and on May 10 was the death of Andres Bonifacio and
on July 2, the declaration of the republican government constitution prepared by Felix
Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho transpired, providing the creation of the Supreme Council
with Emilio Aguinaldo as the president.

 In 1898, the start of the second phase of the revolution. President William McKinley
was disrespected by Spaniards that told he was a weak US president. An American
warship Maine was blown up in Havana, Cuba on February 15. The start of the
Spanish-American War. June 12 Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed Independence from
Spain after 333 years at his house in Cavite. On December 10, the Treaty of Paris was
signed where the Americans bought the Philippines for $20 Million Dollars. On June
23, The Philippines changes the form of leadership from dictatorship to president and
later the creation of congress. On September 23, the Malolos Congress was formed.

 In 1899, there was the promulgation of the constitution of the Philippine Republic.
On February 4 was the start of the Philippine-American war.

 1900s

 1900s (1900-1919)
  In 1900, Manila Bulletin publishes its first issue by Carson Taylor, then a shipping
journal; country's oldest continuously existing newspaper. On the same year, the
American forces capture Bohol. On July 31, Filipino revolutionaries defeat American
troops ina battle in Boac, Marinduque, said to be the first recorded armed encounter
between two forces. On December 23, Partido Liberal was established.

 In 1901, Establishment of Rizal Province by the second Philippine Commission, upon

unification of then provinces of Manila and Morong. (Act No. 137) On June 17, El
Colegio de San Beda was established. On August 28, Silliman Institute, later known
as Silliman University, is established as the first American university in the
Philippines.

 In 1907, the First Congressional Elections held. Macario Sakay is executed by

hanging, ending his Tagalog Republic. The University of the Philippines is
established in Manila.

 In 1911, Mt. Taal erupts, and kills 1,334 people. On June 16, De La Salle University-
Manila is founded as De La Salle College by 16 the Brothers of Christian Schools.

 In 1914, Iglesia ni Cristo, the largest independent church in Asia, is registered to the
government.

 In 1917, the first cabinet of Filipinos under the US regime is organized. An Act
Amending the Administrative Code (Act No. 2711) reorganizes the territories in the
Philippines, consisting of 42 organizedprovinces.

 1920s (1920-1922)

 In 1920, Mountain Province is established by American colonial government.

Philippines Herald is established by Manuel L.Quezon and former Manila Times
journalists, the first pro-Filipino nationalist newspaper.
  In 1922, Henry Hermann, owner of an electrical supplycompany, begins operating
three radio stations in Manila and Pasay, also for their test broadcasts.

 1930s (1932-1937)

 In 1930, Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP, Communist Party of the Philippines)

is formally established by Crisanto Evangelista at Tondo, Manila.

 In 1932, Davao Prison and Penal Farm in present-day Davaodel Norte is established
(Act No. 3732), the country's first penal settlement. Adamson School of Industrial
Chemistry (ASIC) later known as Adamson University was founded by George Lucas
Adamson.

 In 1934, The Tydings-McDuffie Law, known as thePhilippine Independence Law, is

approved by U.S. President Roosevelt. On May 7, a pearl, which would be one of the
world’s largest, is found in Palawan. On July 30, the Philippine Constitutional
Convention is inaugurated.
 In 1935, the Constitutional Convention creates a new constitution and the Philippine
Constitution is signed. On September 17, Manuel Quezon elected President in the
first Philippine Presidential elections.

 In 1937, The Institute of NationalLanguage recommends Tagalog as the basis of the

country's national language.

 1940s (1940-1945)

 In 1940, the Girl Scouts of the Philippines was established. On March 15, Philippine
Airlines starts operations with itsmaiden flight between Makati and Baguio cities. On
November 11, Manuel Quezon re-elected as President.
  In 1942, General Masaharu Homma declares the end of American Rule in the
Philippines. All forms of opposition against the Japanese forces declared subject to
death penalty. The Japanese Military Government issues an order adopting the
Japanese educational system in the country. On June 14, the Commonwealth of the
Philippines becomes a member of the United Nations.

 In 1945, the Battle of Manila ends. The Japanese surrender to the combined US and
Filipino troops. MacArthur hands over Malacanang Palace to Osmena. On March 3,
Battle of Manila (1945): The US and Filipino troops recaptured Manila. Filipino and
American forces defeat theJapanese in a battle occurred in Bacsil Ridge in San
Fernando, La Union. On October 24, the United Nations is founded by ratification of
its Charter, by 29 nations.

The Philippines has a rich history but I believe that there was an attempt to change our
country’s history on the part of our colonizer particularly the Spaniards who tried to obscure the
real history of our country. They probably did that to conceal their real motive in colonizing our
country. History said that Magellan discovered the Philippines by accident they were sailing to
Moluccas.

I believe that they were really set to colonize our land because of our gold and other
mineral deposits that our land was very rich in, hence they never stopped sending expeditions to
our land. They desired our gold. The advantage of learning the true history of our country good
or bad reveals out identity a people. The disadvantage is that parts of history can be changed to
serve the interest of people who have influence over it.

History can either glorify or destroy a country, a person, or purpose. As a whole, our
country has a beautiful story. It is a treasure that we can pass on to coming generations.
 II. A Digest and Analysis of Gripalgo's articles, Philippine Revolution, A
Philosophical Analysis and Reflections on Bonifacio's Philosophy of Revolution.

Rolando M. Gripaldo, PhD (University of the Philippines) is Retired Full Professor of

Philosophy from De La Salle University (2007) and the Mindanao State University (1992). He
obtained his AB Philosophy and Master’s in Public Administration from the Mindanao State
University. He finished his MA Philosophy and PhD Philippine Studies (Filipino Philosophy)
from the University of the Philippines.

He believes that it is not only important for a Filipino teacher or scholar of philosophy to
transform oneself into a Filipino philosopher by innovating within one's favorite philosopher, by
rejecting a philosophical position and formulating one's own, or by examining old philosophical
questions and offering one's own novel perspectival solutions. It is more important to transform
oneself into a world-class philosopher. In tracing historically, the development of Filipino
philosophy as traditionally conceived, the author discovered that the early Filipino philosophers
were Enlightenment thinkers. This was the direct consequence of the Filipino colonial
experience and the explanation why the trajectory of Filipino philosophy is basically Western in
orientation.

Filipino independence struggle that, after more than 300 years of Spanish colonial rule,
exposed the weakness of Spanish administration but failed to evict Spaniards from the islands.
Three key leaders inspired or led the Filipino Independence movement. The first two - Jose Rizal
and Andres Bonifacio - would give their young lives for the cause. The third, Emilio Aguinaldo,
not only survived to become the first president of the Philippines but also lived on into his mid-
90s. The revolution against Spain was sparked in 1896 after Spanish authorities discovered the
“Katipunan,” a Filipino revolutionary society plotting against their colonizers. It ended in 1902,
where Spain lost and ceded sovereignty of the Philippines to the United States.
 Andres Bonifacio founded the “Katipunan” (KKK) on July 7, 1892. It a revolutionary
faction that aims to liberate the country from Spanish oppression. Bonifacio's real belief was that
in order to be free there need to be a war, a revolution against the Spaniards. But when he joined
La Liga Filipina his view changed and nurtured faith in the peaceful revolutionary progress that
La Liga aims. Dr. Jose Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina in Manila on July 3, 1892 to unite
Filipinos into a compact, vigorous and homogenous body. Branded a subversive by Spanish
authorities, Rizal was arrested and deported to Dapitan. La Liga later disbanded due to
differences in principles among its members.

All the revolutions conceived against the Spaniards failed due to lack of unity among the
members and the differences in their interests. They all desired freedom from the Spaniards but
there were other things that held them back from pursuing for what they desired.
 III. The Rise and Fall of Aguinaldo.

Emilio Aguinaldo, March 23, 1869, in Cavite. He died on February 6, 1964 in Quezon
City. Filipino leader and politician who fought first against Spain and later against the United
States for the independence of the Philippines.

Due to his leadership skills, Emilio Aguinaldo earned the title of the “General” who led
his Filipino revolutionaries to victory. He won many battles against the Spanish Government and
became the popular figure amongst the Filipino revolutionaries because of his many success in
battles. In 1897, the newly formed Revolutionary Government during the Tejeros Convention
elected Aguinaldo as its president. After the events in the Truce of Biak-na-Bato in December
1897, he resumed his pursuit of independence in Spanish colonialism.

After the war, Aguinaldo installed a provisional dictatorship; and after the meeting in
Malolos Congress and drafting the constitution of the new Republic of the Philippines, on June
12, 1898, Aguinaldo became the first president of the Republic of the Philippines. As the
president, he ordered the creation of the Philippine flag, and the composition of the national
anthem, and declared the nation’s independence from Spain on June 12, 1898.

After that, he spent 2 years running away from pursuing Americans until his capture in
1901 with the help of some traitors. After swearing an oath of allegiance to the United States, on
April 19, 1901, Aguinaldo officially declared peace with the United. Emilio Aguinaldo died of a
heart attack at Veterans Memorial Hospital in Quezon City, Philippines, on February 6, 1964, at
the age of 94.
 I believe that Emilio Aguinaldo was a great leader but he was a traitor himself for
ordering the arrest and murder of Bonifacio and his brother. Whatever the reason why he killed
the two was totally invalid in my opinion.

Reference:

Gripaldo, R. M. (2017). PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION: A PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS1.

https://www.academia.edu/33471139/PHILIPPINE_REVOLUTION_A_PHILOSOPHICAL_ANA
LYSIS_2017a_

Gripaldo, R. M. (2015). REFLECTIONS ON BONIFACIO’S PHILOSOPHY OF

REVOLUTION1.
https://www.academia.edu/10098644/Reflections_on_Bonifacios_Philosophy_of_Revolution_19
94_2015_

PHILIPPINE HISTORY. (2020, January 11). https://www.philippine-history.org/

Rafael, V. L. (2018). Colonial Contractions: The Making of the Modern Philippines, 1565–1946.

doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.268