MAJOR FOUNDATION OF CURRICULUM Focus in the curriculum – based on the Socratic

(1) Philosophical Method of oral recitation (explicit or deliberate teaching

(2) Historical of traditional values)
(3) Psychological
(4) Social Curriculum trends – Use great books and return to
liberal arts.
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF
CURRICULUM B. Educational Philosophy – ESSENTIALISM

PHIILOSOPHY Aim of education – To promote intellectual growth of

- Provides educators teachers and curriculum individual and educate competent person.
makers with framework for planning,
implementing and evaluating curriculum in Role of education – The teacher is the sole authority in
schools his or her subject area or field of specialization

PHILOSOPHY Focus in the curriculum – essential skill of the 3 R’s

- It helps answering what schools are for, what
subjects are for, what subjects are important,
how students should learn and what materials
and methods should be used
- It provides the starting point and will be used
succeeding decision making\
The philosophy of a curriculum planner, implement or
evaluator reflects his or her life experiences, common
beliefs social and economic background and education.
Examples:
John Dewey looks at “EDUCATION AS A WAY OF
LIFE” a laboratory in which philosophy becomes
concrete and tested.
And essential subjects of English science history math
and FL.
Curriculum trends – Excellence in education back to
basic and cultural literacy
C. Educational Philosophy – PROGRESIVISM
Aim of education – To promote democratic and social
living
Role of education – Knowledge leads to growth and
development of lifelong learners who actively learn by
doing

Example: Focus in the curriculum – Subjects are

Ralf Tyle’s framework shows that philosophy is one of interdisciplinary integrative and interactive curriculum is
the five criteria in selecting educational purposes focus on students interest human problems and affairs

Curriculum trends – School reforms relevant and

Suggestion from contextual curriculum humanistic education
Studies of learners subject specialist
D. Educational Philosophy –
RECONSTRUCTIONISM
School Studies of
purposes Contemporary life Aim of education – to improve and reconstruct society
education for change

Use of philosophy Use of psychology of

learning
PHILOSOPHY = RELATE TO CURRICULUM
A. Educational Philosophy -PERENIALISM
Aim of education – to educate rational person to
cultivate the intellect
Role of education – Teachers help students think with
reason
Role of education – Teachers act as agents of change
and reform in various educational projects including
research
Focus in the curriculum – Focus on and present and
future trends and issues of national and international
interest
Curriculum trends – equality of educational
opportunities education access to global education

HISTORICAL FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION
Why is it important to know the historical foundation of
curriculum?
1918 – Beginning with the publication of Franklin
Bobbit’s book the curriculum
AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
- Greatest influence on our education system
1. Franklin Bobbit (1876-1956)
- Presented curriculum as science that emphasizes
on students need
- Curriculum prepares students for adult life.
- Objectives with corresponding activities should
be grouped and sequenced.
- Can only be done if instructional activities and
task are classified
2. Werret Charters (1875-1952)
- Curriculum is a Science
- It gives an emphasis on students’ needs
- The listing of subjects and matching these with
corresponding activities ensures that content or
subject matter is related to objectives.
- The subject matter and the activities are planned
by the teacher.
3. William Killpatrick (1871-1965)
- Curricula are purposeful activities which are
child-centered.
- The purpose of the curriculum is child
development and growth
- Introduced projects method where teacher and
student plan activities
- The curriculum develops social relationships
and small ground instruction.
4. Harold Rugg (1886-1960)
- Curriculum should develop the whole child
(Child-centered)
- Curriculum should produce outcomes (OBJ-
Learning activities)
- Emphasized social studies and teacher plans
curriculum advance.
5. Hollis Caswell (1901-1989)
- Curriculum as organized around social functions
of themes, organized knowledge and learners’
interest
- Believed that curriculum is a set of experience
6. Ralf Tyler (1902-1994)
- Believes curriculum as a science and an
extension of school’s philosophy
- It is based on students’ needs and interest.
- Curriculum is always related to instruction.
- S.M. is organized in terms of knowledge, skills
and values
- Curriculum aims to educate generalist and not
specialist.
(3) Psychological foundation of education
Psychology
- It provides a basis for the teaching and learning
process
- UNIFIES ELEMENTS OF THE LEARNING
process and some of the questions which can be
addressed by psychological foundations of
education.
1. BEHAVIORISMPSYCHOLOGY
- 20th century – behaviorism dominated well
known Curricularists
- Edward thorndike
- Ralf Tyler
- Hilda Taba
Ivan Pablov – Classical Conditioning
B.F. Skinner – Operant Conditioning
Robert Gagne – Hierarchical Learning or sets of
behavior and five learning outcomes
TO THE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGIST,
= Learning constitutes a logical method for organizing
and interpreting learning.
= Learning is rooted in the tradition of subject matter
and is similar to the cognitive development theory
= Teachers use a lot of problem and thinking skills in
teaching and learning
=Practices reflective thinking, creative thinking,
discovery learning
LEARNING OUTCOMES
(1) Intellectual skills or “knowing how” to organize
and use symbols, forming and use symbols,
forming concepts and problem solving;
(2) Information or “knowing what knowledge about
facts, dates and names;
(3) Cognitive strategies or learning skills;
(4) Motor skills;
(5) Attitudes feelings and emotions learned through
experience
LEARNING OUTCOMES overlap with the domains in
the taxonomy of educational objectives which are
cognitive, affective, and psychomotor
TO THE BEHAVIORIST
=Learning should be organized in order that students can
experience success in the process of mastering the
subject matter
= The method is introduced in a step by step manner
with proper sequencing of task which is viewed by
another educational psychologist as simplistic and
mechanical.
2. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
= How do learners store information
= How do they retrieve data and generate conclusions?
=Psychologists focus their attention on how individuals
process information and how they monitor and manage
thinking.
1. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
=ADVACATES
1. Jean Piaget – Cognitive developmental stages
2. Lev Vygotsky – Social constructivism
3. Howard Gardner – Multiple intelligences
4. Felder and Silverman – learning styles
5. Daniel Goleman – Emotional intelligences
(4) SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
= The home, the family, community educate the people
in the society.
Schools are formal institution that address more complex
and interrelated societies and the world.
= Society as ever dynamic is a source of very fast
changes which are difficult to cope with and to adjust to.
= Some observations point out to the fact that schools
are conservative institutions that lag behind when they
are supposed to be agents of change
(4) SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION
= In order for schools to be relevant school curricula
should address diversity, explosion of knowledge school
reforms and education for all.
= The relationship of curriculum and society is mutual
and encompassing.
= To be relevant the curricula should reflect and
preserve the culture of society and its aspiration.
= The society should also imbibe the changes brought
about by the formal institutions called schools.

2. HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
= Concerned with how learners can develop their
potential
=Built on
(1) GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY where learning
can be explained in terms of the wholeness of
the problem and where the environment is
changing and the learner is contentiously
reorganizing his or her perceptions.
(2) ABRAHAM MASLOW’S theory of human
needs for self-actualizing persons
(3) CARL ROGER’S Non-directive lives

Among the humanistic psychologists.

=Curriculum is concerned with the process not the
products; personal needs not subject matter;
environmental situations.

= The psychological foundations will help curriculum

makers in nurturing a more advanced, more
comprehensive and complete human learning

(4) SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

= Social exist within the social context
-Societal culture affects and shapes schools and their
curricula
= The way school buildings are structured; the way
classrooms and students are organized reflect and
cultural views and values of the society.
= Schools are the only one of the many institutions that
educate society.