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CHEMISTRY YEAR 09 Class activity sheet-28 (MM, % composition & diffusion)

Lesson objectives:
By the end of this lesson, about 70% of the learners should be able to:
 Define molar mass (MM) and calculate molar mass of a molecule or compound.
 Calculate the percentage by mass of an element in a compound.
 Explain why diffusion is common in liquid and gases

Recap of previous lesson:


What can you recall about the last lesson?
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Prompt for prior knowledge:

What do you know about molar mass (MM) and diffusion?


Molar mass (MM) % composition and diffusion
- Every matter irrespective of the state is made up of atoms. Atoms have masses, thus every matter has
mass. If the state of the matter is liquid or gas, then the particles in it will be in a state of random
motion.
-
(A) Molar mass (MM)
- Atoms combine to form molecules. A molecule can be that of an element or that of a compound.
- Each element or compound has a mass since they are made up of atoms which have masses.
- Definition: Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance.
- The molar mass of a molecule can be deduced (calculated) by applying the steps below.
 If a group of atoms in a compound exists in a bracket, start by opening the bracket.
 Deduce the number in each case of the same kind of atoms in the molecule.
 Multiply the mass of the atom given by the total number of that atom present in the molecule.
 Sum up the total masses of the different kind of atoms in the molecule to obtain the molar mass.
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ACTIVITY 01: Calculate the molar mass of the following substances given below.
(a) Chlorine molecule; Cl2. Cl = 35.5:
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(b) Carbon dioxide molecule; CO2. C = 12, O = 16:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(c) Aluminium sulphate; Al2(SO4)3. Al = 27, S = 32, O = 16:
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(B) Percentage (%) composition
- Definition: Percentage composition is the ratio of mass of an element or group of atoms to the
molar mass of a compound or species expressed as percentage.
- The percentage (%) composition by mass of an element or group of atoms in a compound or
species can be deduced (calculated) by applying the steps below.
 Deduce the total mass of the element in the compound.
 Deduce the molar mass of the compound.
 Use the formula below to calculate the percentage by mass.
Total mass of element or group of atoms 100
 % by mass = x
Molar mass of compound or species 1
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ACTIVITY 02: Calculate the percentage by mass of the element or group of atoms indicated in
following substances given below.
(a) Calcium (Ca) in calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Ca = 40, C = 12, O = 16:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(b) Sulphate ion (SO42-) in aluminium sulphate ; Al2(SO4)3. Al = 27, S = 32, O = 16:
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(c) water of crystallisation (H2O) in copper (II) sulphate-5-water ; CuSO4.5H2O.
Cu = 64, S = 32, H = 1, O = 16:
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(C) Diffusion and Graham’s law of diffusion
- Definition: Diffusion is the spreading from area of high concentration to area of low
concentration thereby mixing with air or liquid molecules.
- When a bottle of perfume is opened at one corner of the room, after a few seconds or minutes,
the smell of the perfume is all over the room. This is due to diffusion of the perfume molecules.
- Moving particles collide with one another and bounce off in
all directions. This causes diffusion.
- Diffusion occurs because moving particles collide with one
another randomly. Random (zigzag) motion of particles was
first observed and described by Robert Brown. Zigzag
motion of particles was then named Brownian motion.
Factors affecting rate of diffusion
- Temperature:
The higher temperature, the faster the particles move and the higher the rate of diffusion.
- Mass:
The lighter the particles, the faster the particles move and the higher the rate of diffusion.
ACTIVITY 03: Explain the following.
(a) Diffusion takes place faster in gases than liquids.
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(b) The smell from a dead dog in the neighbourhood is more intense in a hot afternoon than a cold
morning. …………………………………………………………………………………………….
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(c) Little or nothing is said about diffusion in solids. ………………………………………………….
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(d) Diffusion occurs in liquids and gases. ……………………………………………………………….
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(D) Evidence for diffusion
- The spread of purfume odour, sirup colour, ink in water all stand as an evidence for diffusion in
gases and liquids.
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(E) Graham’s law of diffusion
- The lighter a particle, the faster the particles moves.
- Law: Graham law of diffusion states that the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely
proportional to the square root of its molar mass.
- According to Graham’s law of diffusion, the smaller the molar mass of a gas, the faster the rate
of diffusion of the gas.
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ACTIVITY 04: By calculating the molar mass of each of the gases, state and explain which of
the gases in the pair given below will diffuse faster.
(a) Methane gas (CH4) and oxygen (O2). [C = 12, H = 1, O = 16]
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(b) Carbon dioxide gas (CO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). [C = 12, S = 32, O = 16]
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ASSIGNMENT
(a) Use the atomic masses in bracket (Fe = 56, N = 14, S = 32, H = 1, O = 16) to calculate the
percentage by mass of
(i) Iron (Fe) in ammonium iron (II) sulphate; (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………(8mks)
(ii) ammonium ions (NH4+) in ammonium iron (II) sulphate; (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O.
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……………………………………………………………………………………………….(2mks)
(b) The diagram was used to demonstrate Graham’s law of diffusion.

In the diagram, concentrated ammonia (NH 3) is soaked in cotton wool on side A while
concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) is soaked in cotton wool on side B.
(i) Calculate the molar mass of ammonia (NH3), [N = 14, H = 1].
…………………………………………………….…………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………… (3mks)
(ii) Calculate the molar mass of hydrochloric acid (HCl), [H = 1, Cl = 35.5].
…………………………………………………….…………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………….(3mks)
(iii) State and explain which of the gases hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas from concentrated
hydrochloric acid or ammonia (NH3) gas from concentrated ammonia will diffuse faster.
…………………………………………………….…………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….(2mks)
(iv) The white smoke is only formed when hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas and ammonia (NH 3) gas
meet. Explain why the white smoke is formed closer to the end of concentrated hydrochloric
acid (HCl) than the end of concentrated ammonia (NH3).
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………………………………………………………………………………………….(2mks)
[Grand total = 20 mks]

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