Single Phase Transformer

Objective:
To determine the efficiency and regulation of a single-phase transformer by
conducting:
(a) Open Circuit test;
(b) Short Circuit test;

Brief Theory:
Open and short circuit tests are performed on a transformer to determine the:

1. Equivalent circuit of the transformer

2. Voltage regulation of the transformer
3. Efficiency of the transformer

The power required for open circuit tests and short circuit tests on a transformer is
equal to the power loss occurring in the transformer.

i). Open Circuit test:

Consider a practical transformer on no load, i.e., secondary on open circuit. The

primary will draw a small current I0 to supply the iron losses and a very small
amount of copper loss in primary, hence the primary no load current I0 lags V1 by
an angle Ø0 less than 900 and no load input power W0 = V1I0Cos Ø0. The no
load primary current I0 can be resolved into two components IW & Iμ. IW is in
phase with V1 and known as working/active/Iron loss component. IW = I0Cos Ø0
Iμ lags V1 by 900 and known as magnetizing component or lossless component.
Iμ = I0Sin Ø0 Note: The no load primary copper loss I0 2R1 is very small and
may be neglected. Therefore the no load input power W0 = Iron Loss.

K. YOGESHWARA KRISHNA (19EC10032SEC14X10 -5) Page 1

 ii). Short Circuit test:
This test is conducted to determine R01 (or R02), X01 (or X02) and full load
copper losses of the Transformer. In this test, the secondary (usually the LV
winding) is short circuited by a thick wire and a variable voltage is applied to the
primary and gradually raised till full load current I1 flows through the primary.
Under this condition the copper loss in the winding is equal to that of full load
copper losses (since the current in the secondary is equal to its rated value). Since
there is no output in the transformer under the short circuit conditions, the input
power is all equal the losses of the Transformer. The voltage VSC is very small in
this condition, the core loss is negligibly small, and hence the total loss can be
considered as full load copper losses of the Transformer winding

A.Open Circuit
Test
Circuit Diagram:

K. YOGESHWARA KRISHNA (19EC10032SEC14X10 -5) Page 2

Apparatus :

Component Rating
AC Supply 230 V , 50Hz

Fuse ( 2 Nos.) 3A

Auto-transformer 0-230 V ,8 A

DPST ( 1 No.)

Ammeter MI , 3A

Wattmeter LPF,2.5 A ,110V

Voltmeter ( 2 Nos.) MI, 0-150V;

MI,0-300V

Transformer 1.5 KVA

V1 = 220V
V2,= 110V
I1 fl = 6.8 A
I2 fl = 13.6 A

Observation Table:

K. YOGESHWARA KRISHNA (19EC10032SEC14X10 -5) Page 3

Calculations:
Using these relations :

We can get the values of Ro and Xm:

Hence Ro=623.71 Ohms and Xm=96.69 Ohms

B. Short Circuit
Test

K. YOGESHWARA KRISHNA (19EC10032SEC14X10 -5) Page 4

Circuit Diagram:

Apparatus:
Component Rating

AC Supply 230 V , 50Hz

Fuse ( 2 Nos.) 10 A

Auto-transformer 0-230 V , 8 A

DPST ( 1 No.)

Ammeter ( 2 Nos.) MI, 10A

MI, 15A

Wattmeter UPF,10 A ,75V

Voltmeter ( 1 No.) MI, 0-30V;

Transformer 1.5 KVA

V1 = 220V
V2,= 110V
I1 fl = 6.8 A
I2 fl = 13.6 A

K. YOGESHWARA KRISHNA (19EC10032SEC14X10 -5) Page 5

Observation Table:

Calculations:
Using the relations:

K. YOGESHWARA KRISHNA (19EC10032SEC14X10 -5) Page 6

We can get the equivalent series circuit parameters:

Hence Re = 0.562 Ohms And Xe = 1.035521 Ohms

Result:

i) a

K. YOGESHWARA KRISHNA (19EC10032SEC14X10 -5) Page 7

i) b

K. YOGESHWARA KRISHNA (19EC10032SEC14X10 -5) Page 8

 ii) Ro= 623.71 Ohms
Xm=96.69 Ohms
iii) Re = 0.562 Ohms
Xe = 1.035521 Ohms
Also ‘a’ (transformer ratio) = 220/110 = 2
To Determine:
i) Complete equivalent circuits of the transformer referred to
both H.V. & L.V. side.
Ans:-
Equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to H.V side

Re = 0.562 Ohms and Ro=623.71 Ohms

Xe = 1.035521 Ohms Xm=96.69 Ohms
And a = 2

So Ro’ = Ro x a2 = 2494.84 Ohms

Xm’ = Xm x a2 = 386.76 Ohms

K. YOGESHWARA KRISHNA (19EC10032SEC14X10 -5) Page 9

Equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to L.V side

Ro=623.71 Ohms and Re = 0.562 Ohms

Xm=96.69 Ohms and Xe = 1.035521 Ohms
And a = 2

So Re’ = Re / a2 = 0.1405 Ohms

Xe’ = Xe / a2 = 0.25888025 Ohms

ii) Efficiency of the Transformer at 25%, 50%, 75%, & 100%

of the full load current at unity p.f.
Ans:-
Transformer Rating = 1.5 KVA
Core Loss = 19.4 W
Full Load Cu Loss = 51.82155 W

K. YOGESHWARA KRISHNA (19EC10032SEC14X10 -5) Page 10

For any percent ‘ p ’
Power output = p x 1500 W
Core Loss =19.4 W
Cu Loss = p x (51.82155) W
And
Efficiency η = Power Output/(Power Output + Core Loss + Cu Loss) x 100%

Using this we get Efficiency for all the four percentages of load current:

iii) Full load regulation at power factor of (a) 1.0 (b) 0.8
lagging and (c) 0.8 leading.
Ans:-
I1 = 13.6 A
V1 = 220 V
Re = 0.562 Ohms
Xe = 1.035521 Ohms

K. YOGESHWARA KRISHNA (19EC10032SEC14X10 -5) Page 11

a) Pf = 1
VG = ( 13.6/220 )( 0.562 ) = 0.034741 = 3.4741%
b) Pf = 0.8 Lag
VG = ( 13.6/220 )( (0.562 x 0.8 ) + ( 1.035521 x 0.6 ) ) = 0.066201 = 6.6201%
c) Pf= 0.8 Lead
VG = ( 13.6/220 )( (0.562 x 0.8 ) - ( 1.035521 x 0.6 ) ) = -0.010614 = -1.0614%

iv) A graph showing efficiency at unity p.f. against load

current at rated voltage.

Scale:
X-Axis: 1 unit=0.4 Amps
Y-Axis: 1 unit=0.04 ( no units )

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v) The maximum efficiency at the load (at unity p.f.) at which
the maximum efficiency has occurred from the graph.
Ans:-
From Graph:
Maximum Efficiency = 95.96%
At 8 Amps = 58.82% Of the Full Load Current
Theoretically:
Maximum efficiency occurs when Core loss = Cu loss
so p2(51.82155) = 19.4
-> p = 61.18% Of the Full Load Current
Power Output = 0.6118(1500) = 917.776 W
ηmax theoretical = 917.776/(917.776 + 19.4 + 19.4 ) * 100 = 95.94%
Hence the Observed Values are within experimental errors

K. YOGESHWARA KRISHNA (19EC10032SEC14X10 -5) Page 13

 Discussion:
1. Why is OC test carried out by energizing LV side?
Ans:- for LV side, rated voltage required will be less compare to High voltage side. so low range
voltmeter and wattmeter sufficient to conduct the test.The ammeter reading gives the no-load
current I0. As I0 itself is very small, the voltage drops due to this current can be neglected.

The input power is indicated by the wattmeter (W). And as the other side of the transformer is
open circuited, there is no output power. Hence, this input power only consists of core losses and
copper losses. As described above, no-load current is so small that these copper losses can be
neglected. Hence, now the input power is almost equal to the core losses. Thus, the wattmeter
reading gives the core losses of the transformer.

2. Why is SC test carried by energizing HV side?

Ans:-Generally short circuit test is done to find out the copper losses in a transformer.
In fact, in short circuit, large amount of current is needed but this will require a very
huge ammeter which isn't economical to produce. But if the test is carried out on the side
of the transformer with HV(low current), the results obtained is virtually the same as that
carried out on LV.

Short circuit test of T/F is conducted at its rated current and can be easily obtained by
applying 5-6% of normal voltage. We normally short lv windings and test is performed
from hv side.

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The rated current on hv side is much less than lv side(VI = constant), so the rated hv
side current is easily achieved(compared to lv side).

3. When is the efficiency maximum for a transformer?

The value of transformer efficiency will be maximum when the copper losses will

be equal to iron losses in the transformer.

The value of the terminal voltage V2 is approximately constant. Thus, for a given power
factor the Transformer efficiency depends upon the load current I2. In equation (1), the
numerator is constant and the transformer efficiency will be maximum if the
denominator with respect to the variable I2 is equated to zero.

K. YOGESHWARA KRISHNA (19EC10032SEC14X10 -5) Page 15

i.e Copper losses = Iron losses

4. Why do no-load losses arise in a transformer?

No-load losses are caused by the magnetizing current needed to energize the core of the
transformer and do not vary according to the loading on the transformer. They are
constant and occur 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, regardless of the load, hence the
term no-load losses.

They can be categorized into five components:

● hysteresis losses in the core laminations,

● eddy current losses in the core laminations,
● I 2R losses due to no-load current,
● stray eddy current losses in core clamps,
● bolts and other core components,

● dielectric losses.

Hysteresis losses and eddy current losses contribute over 99% of the no-load losses,
while stray eddy current, dielectric losses, and I 2R losses due to no-load current are
small and consequently often neglected. Thinner lamination of the core steel reduces
eddy current losses.

The biggest contributor to no-load losses is hysteresis losses. Hysteresis losses come
from the molecules in the core laminations resisting being magnetized and demagnetized
by the alternating magnetic field. This resistance by the molecules causes friction that
results in heat. The Greek word, hysteresis, means "to lag" and refers to the fact that the
magnetic flux lags behind the magnetic force. The choice of size and type of core
material reduces hysteresis losses.

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