Topic 6: Graph of Trigonometric Functions DIM5058

Topic 6: Graph of Trigonometric Functions

Objectives:
1. Be able to sketch and apply the shifting techniques to all trigonometric
functions.
2. Understand the characteristics of a sinusoidal function and be able to find
the period and amplitude of this function

6.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions

Graph of y = sin x

x 0   2 5  7 4 3 5 11 2
6
3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
y 0 1 3 1 3 1 0 
1 3 -1 3 
1 0
 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Properties of the Sine Function

 The domain is the set of all real numbers.

 The range consists of all numbers between –1 and 1 inclusive.
 The period is 2.
 The function is an odd function: sin (-x) = - sin x.

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Topic 6: Graph of Trigonometric Functions DIM5058

Amplitudes and Periods

y = A sin Bx

2
The graph of y = A sin Bx has
B
 amplitude = A
Amplitude  A 2
Period =
B

2
 period  
B
Period : 2
Graphing Variations of y = sin x

1. Identify the amplitude and the period.

2. Find the values of x for the 5 key points – the 3 x–intercepts, the maximum
point, and the minimum point. Start with the value of x, where the cycle
period
begins and add quarter-periods – that is, - to find successive values
4
of x.
3. Find the values of y for the 5 key points by evaluate the function at each
value of x from step 2.
4. Connect the 5 key points with a smooth curve and graph one complete cycle
of the given function.
5. Extend the graph in step 4 to the left or right as desired.

Examples:
1. Determine the amplitude y = 3sinx. Then graph y = sin x and y=3sinx for
0  x  2 .
2. Determine the amplitude of y = 4sin x. Then graph y =sin x and y  4 sinx
for 0  x  2 .
3. Determine the amplitude and period of each function. Then graph one
period of function.
1
a) y  sin 4x b) y  2 sin x
2

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Topic 6: Graph of Trigonometric Functions DIM5058

The Graph of y = A sin(Bx –c)

The graph of y = A sin(Bx  c) is obtained by

 horizontally shifting the graph of
Amplitude  A y = A sinBx so that the starting point of
 C
the cycle is shifted from x =0 to x  .
C B
x
B C
The number is called the phase shift.
B
2
2 amplitude = A , Period =
 period   B
B
Period : 2
Examples: Find the amplitude, period and phase shift of each function. Use
transformation to graph the function. Show at least one period.

a) y  4 sin(2x   ) b) y  3 sin(2x  )
2

The Graph of y = cos x


x 0   2 5  7 4 3 5 11 2
6
3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
y 1 3 1 0 
1 3 -1 3 
1 0 1 3 1
 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

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Topic 6: Graph of Trigonometric Functions DIM5058

Properties of the Cosine Function

 The domain is the set of all real numbers.
 The range consists of all numbers between –1 and 1 inclusive.
 The period is 2.
 The function is an even function: cos (-x) = cos x.

The graph of sine function and cosine function are called sinusoidal graphs,
because

cos x  sin(x  )
2

Graphing Variations of y = cos x

Use same steps to graph variations of y = cos x as we did for graphing
variations of y = sin x.

The Graph of y = A cos Bx


Amplitude  A The graph of y = A cos Bx has
2

B 2
amplitude = A , Period =
B

2
 period  
B
Period : 2
Examples: Determine the amplitude and period of each function. Then graph
one period of the function.
1
a) y  5cos 2x b) y  3 cos x
3

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Topic 6: Graph of Trigonometric Functions DIM5058

The Graph of y = A cos (Bx-c)

The graph of y = A cos(Bx- c) is obtained by
horizontally shifting the graph of
 y = A cosBx so that the starting point of the
Amplitude  A C
 cycle is shifted from x =0 to x  .
C B
x C
B The number is called the phase shift.
B
2
amplitude = A , Period =
2 B
 period  
B
Period : 2
Examples: Find the amplitude, period and phase shift of each function. Graph
each function. Show at least one period.
2
a) y   cos(x  6) b) y  3cos(2x  4 )
3

Vertical shifts of Sinusoidal Graphs

y  A sin(Bx  c)  D and y  A cos(Bx  c)  D

 If D > 0, the shift is D units upward.
 If D < 0, the shifts is D units downward.
 The maximum is D + A
 The minumum is D - A

Examples: Graph one period of the function:

a) y = sinx +2 b) y = cos2x –1

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Topic 6: Graph of Trigonometric Functions DIM5058

6.2 Graph of other Trigonometric Functions

The Graph of y =tan x

x 0   3  5 3 7 2
4 2 4 4 2 4
y 0 1 Undefined -1 0 1 Undefined -1 0

Properties of the tangent function

 The period : π
 Odd function with origin symmetry : tan(x) = tanx
 
 Undefined at & odd multiples of
2 2

Characteristics of the graph of y = tan x


 Domain: all real numbers except odd multiples of
2
 Range: all real numbers.

 Vertical asymptotes: at odd multiples of
2
 An x-intercept occurs midway between each pair of consercutive
asymptotes.
 Point of the graph midways between x-intercepts and consecutive
asymptotes have y-coordinates of –1 and 1.