DESIGN OF MASONRY RETAINING WALL

Consultant: White Knight construction Mangement consultants PLc

Project: Atat Mazoria – Gunchire Spur – Kose – Geja – Lera Design and Build Road Project
Case: Statical calculation for Masonary retaining wall
Station of the Bridge:- 4+193 (Lera side)
Designed by: Eskinder A.
Checked by: Tsegazeab.D
Date: April,2020
1. INPUTS
1.1 Material Properties

Unit weight of concrete γConcrete 24 Kn/m3 stable 3.5.1-1

Unit weight of back fill γBack fill 19 Kn/m3 stable 3.5.1-1
Unit weight of masonry γMasonry 27.2 Kn/m3
Unit weight of hand laid rock fill γRock fill 27 Kn/m3
Concrete compressive strength (C20) 16 Mpa S5.4.2.1
Tensile strength of steel SC 5.4.2.1 Stable C5.4.2.1-1
for dia <20 mm grade 300 300 Mpa S5.4.3
for dia >= 20mm grade 420 420 Mpa
Ec=.043g1.5c sqrt(fc') 20222.9873164179 MPa
Es = 200000 MPa
Active earth pressure coeffiecent (Ka) 0.33 Obtained fom geotechnical investigation
Allowable bearing capacity = 1000 kpa
Type of Founding Material= ROCK

Where this Active pressure coefficient is calculated and obtained from

` (1-sin Φ'f)/(1+sin Φ'f)

Effective Angle of internal Friction = Φ'f= 30

Active Pressure =Ka= 0.33

1.2 Reinforcemrnt Steel Cover Requirement

Footing top cover 0.05 m Stable 5.12.3-1

Footing bottom cover 0.075 m Stable 5.12.3-1
2. RETAINING WALL SECTION

T1

0.6
S1 S2
1 1

SELECTED FILL

V5

V6

V1 V2

V3

b1 t2 b2
V4

D
B
TYPICAL RETAINING WALL SECTION

2.1.Section Proportioning
2.1.1.Preliminary Sections

Insert parameters S1(H/V) S2(H/V) H (m) T1 (m) Footing depth (D)(m)

0.375 0.125 10.200 0.600 0.600

b1 b2 t2 B D
Do not change values here 0.300 0.300 5.100 5.700 0.600
except for b1,T& b2 h1 h2
9.000 9.000 0

3.0 SUMMARY OF LOAD

3.1 Unfactored Loads
3.1.1 Unfactored vertical Loads and Moments

Vertical Loads Items Vn (KN) Moment arm My (KN-M)

V1 413.10 2.03 836.53
V2 154.22 1.73 266.04
V3 137.70 1.05 144.59
V4 82.08 2.85 233.93
V5 288.56 4.28 1233.60
V6 51.30 5.55 284.72
3.1.2. Earth Loads

Item Vertical Earth Load Horizontal Earth Load

Earth Presure PEV = γs*h PEH = Ka*γs*h
Dead Load Surcharge PESV = γc*hs PESH = Ka* γc*hs
Live Load Surcharge PLSV = γbf*heq PLSH = γbf*heq
Equivalent height (heq)
RETAINING WALL
heq 0.60 S 3.11.6.4-2

Vertical Earth Presure Horizontal Earth Presure

Items RETAINING WALL Items RETAINING WALL
PEV1 171.00 PEH1 57.00
PLSV 11.40 PLSH 3.80

3.1.2. Un Factored Horizontal Loads and Moments

3.1.2.1 Unfactored Bridge Transverse axis Horizontal Loads and Moments

Horizontal Loads Items Hn (KN) Moment arm My (KN-M)

PEH1 256.50 3.00 769.50
PLSH 34.20 4.50 153.90

3.2 Design Loads

The load factor and combinations are summarized as follows

LOAD STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I EXTREME EVENT I
DC 1.25 0.9 1.25 0.9 1.00
EV 1.35 1 1.35 1 1.00
EH 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.00
LL 1.75 1.75 0 0 1.00
BR 1.75 1.75 0 0 1.00
LS 1.75 1.75 0 0 1.00
WS 0 0 1.4 1.4 0.30
WL 0 0 0 0 1.00
CR+SH+TU 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.00

3.2.1 Factored vertical Loads

Factored Vertical Loads

Vertical Loads Items STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
V1 516.38 371.79 516.38 371.79 413.10
V2 192.78 138.80 192.78 138.80 154.22
V3 172.13 123.93 172.13 123.93 137.70
V4 102.60 73.87 102.60 73.87 82.08
V5 389.56 288.56 389.56 288.56 288.56
V6 69.26 51.30 69.26 51.30 51.30
PLSV 179.55 179.55 0.00 0.00 102.60
ΣVu 1622.24 1227.81 1442.69 1048.26 1229.57
 3.2.1 Factored Horizontal Loads

Factored Horizontal Loads

Horizontal Loads Items STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
PEH1 384.75 384.75 384.75 384.75 256.50
PLSH 59.85 59.85 0.00 0.00 34.20
ΣHuL 444.60 444.60 384.75 384.75 290.70

3.2.3 Factored Moment due to Vertical Loads

Factored Moment (My)

Moment due to STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
V1 1045.66 752.87 1045.66 752.87 836.53
V2 332.55 239.43 332.55 239.43 266.04
V3 180.73 130.13 180.73 130.13 144.59
V4 292.41 210.54 292.41 210.54 233.93
V5 1665.37 1233.60 1665.37 1233.60 1233.60
V6 384.37 284.72 384.37 284.72 284.72
PLSV 807.98 807.98 0.00 0.00 461.70
ΣMy 4709.05 3659.26 3901.08 2851.29 3461.10

3.2.4 Factored Moment due to Horizontal Loads

Factored Moment (My)

Moment due to STRENGTH I STRENGTH Ia STRENGTH III STRENGTH IIIa SERVICE I
PEH1 1154.25 1154.25 1154.25 1154.25 769.50
PLSH 269.33 269.33 0.00 0.00 153.90
ΣMy 1423.58 1423.58 1154.25 1154.25 923.40

5.0 STBILITY AND SAFETY CRITERIA

Three design criteria should be satisfied:Eccentricity,Sliding and Bearing Capacity.The last column of each table represents
the design margin which is expressed as
Design margin (%)= provided - applied *100
provided

5.1 Eccentricity

In the LRFD method, the eccentricity design criterion is ensured by keeping the resultant force within the
middle half of the base width. In other words,eccentricity shouldn't excced the maximum eccentricity
emax (=B/4) in soil foundation.The results are summarized as follows: B= 5.70
exmax=3*B/8 2.14
ex =B/2- ΣMy(total)/V
Design margin (%)=(emax-e)/emax*100

ex Design margin (%)-ex condition

STRENGTH I 0.82 61.42 OK !!
STRENGTH Ia 1.03 51.85 OK !!
STRENGTH III 0.95 55.74 OK !!
STRENGTH IIIa 1.23 42.41 OK !!
SERVICE I 0.79 63.22 OK !!
 5.2 Sliding

The results of sliding criterion are summarized as follows Fs= 0.80

Design margin (%)= (FsFr-HL)/(Fs*Fr)*100 db= 30.00
Fr=Vu*tandb Fs*Fr HL Design margin (%) Condition
STRENGTH I 936.60 749.28 444.60 40.66 OK !!
STRENGTH Ia 708.87 567.10 444.60 21.60 OK !!
STRENGTH III 832.94 666.35 384.75 42.26 OK !!
STRENGTH IIIa 605.21 484.17 384.75 20.53 OK !!
SERVICE I 709.89 567.91 290.70 48.81 OK !!

5.3 Bearing Capacity

Bearing resistance shall be investigated at the strength limit state using factored loads and resistances,assuming the following soil pressure distributions
i) Where the wall is supported by a soil foundation:the vertical stress shall be calculated assuming a uniformly distributed pressure over an effective base area
qmax=V/(B-2e)
ii) Where the wall is supported by a rock foundation:the vertical stress shall be calculated assuming a linearly distributed pressure over an effective base area.
If the resultant is within the middle one-third of the base,
qmax=V/B*(1+6ex/B)
qmin=V/B*(1-6ex/B)
iii) If the resultant is outside the middle one-third of the base,

qmax=2*V/(3*(B/2-e))
qmin=0

*since our founding material is ROCK

Fb= 0.50 qmax= V/(L*B)*(1+6ex/B+6ey/L) and 2*V/(3*(B/2-e)*L)

RI= (1-Hn/Vn)3 B= 5.70
qult= 4000.00

Design Margin (%)= (Fb*RI*qult-qmax)/(Fb*RI*qult)*100 890.40

ΣVu ex qmax Hn Vn RI Design margin (%) Condition
STRENGTH I 1622.24 0.82 531.68 290.70 1229.57 0.45 40.29 OK!!
STRENGTH Ia 1227.81 1.03 449.53 290.70 1229.57 0.45 49.51 OK!!
STRENGTH III 1442.69 0.95 505.15 256.50 1126.97 0.46 45.19 OK!!
STRENGTH IIIa 1048.26 1.23 431.67 256.50 1126.97 0.46 53.16 OK!!
SERVICE I 1229.57 0.79 394.21 290.70 1229.57 0.45 55.73 OK!!

6.0 ANALYISIS AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL FOOTING

6.1 Analysis and Structural Design of abutment footing (Flexural Reinforcement)
6.1.1. Calculation of Stress at for edges

σ= V/B*(1+-6ex/B)
B= 5.70
Limit state V ex Stress at four edges
σ1 σ2 σmax σmin
STRENGTH I 1622.244 0.825 531.681 37.528 531.68 37.53
STRENGTH Ia 1227.806 1.029 449.528 0.000 449.53 0.00
STRENGTH III 1442.694 0.946 505.154 1.054 505.15 1.05
STRENGTH IIIa 1048.256 1.231 431.670 0.000 431.67 0.00
SERVICE I 1229.567 0.786 394.212 37.215 394.21 37.22
6.1.2 Design moment calculation

Critical Section,C= B/4 1.43

Stress at critical section= (σmax-smin)/B*C+smin

Mc=
Limit state
Stress at critical section σavg Moment
Toe Toe Toe
STRENGTH I 408.14 469.91 479.74
STRENGTH Ia 337.15 393.34 405.22
STRENGTH III 379.13 442.14 451.96
STRENGTH IIIa 323.75 377.71 388.60
SERVICE I 304.96 349.59 355.42
DESIGN MOMENT = 479.74

6.1.3 Check minimum reinforcement requirements (Toe)

*** The tensile reinforcemet provided must be enough to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the lesser of 1.2 times S5.7.3.3.2
the cracking strength or 1.33 times the factored moment from the applicable strength load combinations.
The cracking strength is calculated by Mcr=fr*Ig/yt b= 1000 mm
fr=0.63*sqrt(fc') fc' = 16 N/mm2
Ig=1*b*h^3/12 D= 600 mm
fr= 2.52 Mpa
Ig= 0.018000 m4
yt= 0.3 m
Mcr= 151.20 Knm
1.2*Mcr= 181.44 Knm
1.33 times the factored controlling Footing moment is:
Mufmax= 479.74 Knm
1.33*Mufmax= 638.05 Knm
The cracking moment governs
the minimum reinforcement requirments.
Use design moment of: 479.74 Knm/m
Mu [ KNm/m ] Ø b [ mm ] fy [ N/mm2 ] fc' [ N/mm2 ] D [ mm ] cover [ mm ] d [ mm ]
479.74 0.90 1000 420 16 600 75 513
diameter of bar 24 mm
Required d= sqrt(Mu*10^6/(0.2244*fc'*b)
365.54 mm OK !!

Assume a = 83.14 mm
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 ) ) 2,692 mm2
a = As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) = 83.14 mm
OK !!

ρprov.=As/bd= 0.00524779
ρmin=0.03fc' /fy= 0.00114286
Ok!
Asmin=ρminbd= 586.285714285714

Required As = 2692 mm2/m

Spacing, s = 168 mm
Use diameter 24 mm bars c/c 130 mm
As provided = 3,480 0
6.1.4 Check for maximum reinforcement (Toe)

rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.75*0.85*b1*(fc'/fy)*600/(600+fy) b1= 0.85 S.5.7.3.3.1

rprovided = As/bd fc' = 16 N/mm2 S5.7.2.2
rmax = 0.012142857142857 fy = 420 N/mm2 S5.7.3.3.1
rprovided = 0.0068 << rmax
OK !!

6.1.5 Check crack control (Toe)

*** The control of cracking by distribution of reinforcement must be checked.

Thickness of clear cover used to compute dc should not be greater than 50mm
Concrete area with centroid the same as transverse bar and bounded by the cross section and line parallel to neutral axis.
Ac=2*dc*bar spacing
fsa=Z/(dc*Ac)^(1/3)<=0.6fy
n=Es/Ec
Z [ Kn/mm ] dc [mm] Ac [mm2] fsa [Kn/mm2] fsa [Mpa] n Use n=
30 87 22620 0.239396228221791 239.40 9.89 8.00
service backwall total load moment:
MubwservI= 355.42 Knm/m
** To solve for the actural stress in the reinforcement, the transformed moment of inertia and the distance from the neuteral
axis to the centroid of the reinforcement must be computed:
k=sqrt((r*n)^2+2*r*n))-r*n
It=1/3*(1mm/mm)*(k*d)^3+n*As*(d-k*d)^2
y=d-k*d
fs=n**(MubwservI*1mm/mm*y)/It
d [mm] As [mm2/mm] r k k*d [mm] As [mm2/mm] y [mm]
513 3.48 0.006783465918682 0.279619141111392 143.444619390144 3.47991801628408 370
Once k*d is known, the transformed moment of inertia can be computed:
d= 513 mm
It= 4,785,908.05 mm4/mm
Now the actual stress in the reinforcement can be computed:
fs= 219.56 Mpa
Ok
6.2 DESIGN FOR SHEAR
6.2.1 Design Shear calculation

Critical Section= Toe 0.00

Stress at critical section= (σmax-smin)/B*C+smin

Mc=
Limit state Stress at critical section σavg SHEAR
Toe Toe Toe
STRENGTH I 531.68 531.68 0.00
STRENGTH I 449.53 449.53 0.00
STRENGTH III 505.15 505.15 0.00
STRENGTH IIIa 431.67 431.67 0.00
SERVICE I 394.21 394.21 0.00
DESIGN SHEAR = 0.00

6.2.2 Checking of Shear Resistance (Toe)

The nominal shear resistance is the lesser of: Vn1=Vc+Vs or Vn2=0.25*fc'*bv*dv

where: Vc=0.083*b*sqrt(fc')*bv*dv Vs=Av*fy*dv*(cos(t)+cot(a))*sin(a)/s
dv=max(d-a/2,0.9*d,0.72*h)
The factored longitudinal shear force at the critical section of the footing is:
Vufwmax= 0.00 Kn/m
Before the nominal shear resistance can be calculated all the variables used in the above equations need to be calculated.
b= bv [mm] h [mm] dv [mm]
2 81000 600 501 S5.8.3.4.1 S5.8.2.9
Now, Vn1 and Vn2 can be calculated:
For fc' [Mpa] Vn1 [Kn/m] Vn2 [Kn/m] Use Vn [Kn/m]
16 26945784.00 162324000 26945784.00
The factored shear resistance is then:
fv= 0.9
Vr= 24251205.60 Kn/m
Ok

6.3 Shirinkage and shear reinforcement (Toe)

For members less than 1.2m millimeters thick, the area of reinforcement in each direction shall not be spaced greater than
300mm and satisfy the lesser of As>=0.75b*h/2*(b+h)*fy or 0.223<As<1.27
Ag=mm2/mm fy=Mpa 0.75Ag/fy [mm2/mm] As [mm2/mm]
48600000 420 0.53 0.53
The above steel must be distributed equally on both faces of the backwall
using dia= 21 mm
at a spacing s= 210 mm
As=bararea/S 1.64933614313464 mm2/mm
Ok
 Reinforcement detail
Geometric Detail F1 F2 F3
Retaining
wall
Location H[m] H1[m] H2[m] S1 S2 T1[m] t2[m] b1[m] b2[m] B[m] D[m] Size Spacing Size Spacing Size Spacing
Lera Side 10.2 9 9 0.375 0.125 0.6 5.1 0.3 0.3 5.7 0.6 24 130 21 210 21 210
detail
F4 Assumed Allowable Bearing
Capacity(kpa)

Size Spacing
21 210 1000
 Geometric Detail
H[m] H1[m] H2[m] S1 T1[m] t2[m] b1[m] b2[m] B[m]
3 2.7 2.7 0.400 0.6 1.95 0.2 0.3 2.45
5 4.5 4.5 0.400 0.6 2.85 0.6 0.6 4.05
7 6.1 6.1 0.400 0.6 3.65 1.1 1.5 6.25
3 3 3 0.400 0.6 2.1 0 0 2.1
5 4.7 4.7 0.400 0.6 2.95 0.2 0.2 3.35
7 6.6 6.6 0.400 0.6 3.9 0.6 0.7 5.2
9 8.3 8.3 0.400 0.6 4.75 1 1.3 7.05
3 3 3 0.400 0.6 2.1 0 0 2.1
5 4.7 4.7 0.400 0.6 2.95 0.2 0.2 3.35
7 6.6 6.6 0.400 0.6 3.9 0.3 0.3 4.5
9 8.3 8.3 0.400 0.6 4.75 0.6 0.7 6.05
3 3 3 0.400 0.6 2.1 0 0 2.1
5 5 5 0.400 0.7 3.2 0 0 3.2
7 6.6 6.6 0.400 0.6 3.9 0.2 0.2 4.3
9 8.5 8.5 0.400 0.6 4.85 0.3 0.4 5.55
 Reinforcement detail
F1 F2 F3 F4
D[m] Size Spacing Size Spacing Size Spacing Size Spacing
0.3 12 220 12 300 - - - -
0.5 16 200 12 300 - - - -
0.9 20 260 12 300 - - - -
0 - - - - - - - -
0.3 20 210 12 300 - - - -
0.4 20 140 12 300 - - - -
0.7 20 140 12 300 12 300 12 300
0 - - - - - - - -
0.3 20 170 12 300 - - - -
0.4 20 125 12 300 - - - -
0.7 20 130 12 300 12 300 12 300
0 - - - - - - - -
0 - - - - - - - -
0.4 20 125 12 300 - - - -
0.5 24 120 12 300 12 300 12 300
 Assumed Allowable
Bearing Capacity(kpa)

200
200
200
400
400
400
400
600
600
600
600
800
800
800
800
 Geometric Detail

H[m] H1[m] H2[m] S1 T1[m] t2[m]

3 2.7 2.7 0.400 0.6 1.95
5 4.7 4.7 0.400 0.6 2.95
7 6.6 6.6 0.400 0.6 3.9
3 2.7 2.7 0.400 0.6 1.95
5 4.7 4.7 0.400 0.6 2.95
7 6.6 6.6 0.400 0.6 3.9
9 8.3 8.3 0.400 0.6 4.75
3 2.7 2.7 0.400 0.6 1.95
5 4.7 4.7 0.400 0.6 2.95
7 6.6 6.6 0.400 0.6 3.9
9 8.3 8.3 0.400 0.6 4.75
3 2.7 2.7 0.400 0.6 1.95
5 4.7 4.7 0.400 0.6 2.95
7 6.6 6.6 0.400 0.6 3.9
9 8.5 8.5 0.400 0.6 4.85
 Reinforcement detail
c Detail F1 F2

b1[m] b2[m] B[m] D[m] Size Spacing Size Spacing

0.3 0.3 2.55 0.3 12 200 12 290
0.3 0.3 3.55 0.3 16 180 16 260
0.5 0.6 5 0.4 20 160 20 230
0.3 0.3 2.55 0.3 12 200 12 290
0.3 0.3 3.55 0.3 20 210 20 300
0.6 0.7 5.2 0.4 20 120 20 170
1 1.3 7.05 0.7 20 140 20 200
0.3 0.3 2.55 0.3 12 170 12 250
0.3 0.3 3.55 0.3 20 160 20 230
0.3 0.4 4.6 0.4 24 150 20 155
0.7 0.7 6.15 0.7 20 130 20 190
0.3 0.3 2.55 0.3 12 170 12 250
0.3 0.3 3.55 0.3 20 160 20 230
0.3 0.3 4.5 0.4 24 160 24 230
0.4 0.4 5.65 0.5 24 110 16 300
Reinforcement detail
F3 F4 Assumed Allowable Bearing
Capacity(kpa)

Size Spacing Size Spacing

- - - - 200
- - - - 200
- - - - 200
- - - - 400
- - - - 400
- - - - 400
16 300 16 300 400
- - - - 600
- - - - 600
- - - - 600
16 220 16 220 600
- - - - 800
- - - - 800
- - - - 800
12 250 12 250 800