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Application Notes
B&CT/EN AP/D11
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION TO CURRENT TRANSFORMERS 12
1.1 Current transformer magnetization 12
1.2 Limiting secondary voltage (Vk) 12
1.3 Rated accuracy limit factor 12
1.4 Primary winding current rating 12
1.5 Secondary winding current rating 13
3.4 P124 25
3.4.1 Burdens 25
3.4.2 Current Transformer requirements 25
3.5 P130C, P132, P138, P139 25
3.5.1 Burdens 26
3.5.2 Current Transformer requirements 26
3.5.3 Protection 27
3.6 P141 - P145 28
3.6.1 Burdens 28
3.6.2 Current Transformer requirements 29
3.6.3 Protection 29
3.6.3.1 REF protection 30
3.6.3.2 High impedance differential protection 31
FIGURES
Figure 1: Dimensioning factor, for definite time overcurrent protection (fn = 50Hz) 27
Figure 2: Dimensioning factor, for definite time overcurrent protection (fn = 50Hz) 28
Figure 3: Dimensioning factor, k, for distance protection (fn = 50Hz) 46
Figure 4: REF operating times 58
TABLES
Table 1: Errors v accuracy class for class P CTs 15
Table 2: Current circuit for P111 17
Table 3: Auxiliary supply for P111 17
Table 4: Additional burdens on auxiliary supply for P111 17
Table 5: CT Specification for P111 17
Table 6: Knee-point voltages for P111 18
Table 7: Current input resistance for P115/P114D 19
Table 8: Auxiliary supply for P115/P114D 19
Table 9: Additional burdens on auxiliary supply for P115/P114D 19
Table 10: Opto-inputs for P115/P114D 20
Table 11: Current circuit for P120 – P123, P125 – P127 22
Table 12: Voltage circuit for P120 – P123, P125 – P127 22
Table 13: Auxiliary supply for P120 – P123, P125 – P127 23
Table 14: Additional burdens on auxiliary supply for P120 – P123, P125 – P127 23
Table 15: CT Specification for P120 – P123, P125 – P127 23
Table 16: Knee-point voltages for P120 – P123, P125 – P127 24
Table 17: Current circuit for P124 25
Table 18: Auxiliary supply for P124 25
Table 19: Additional burdens on auxiliary supply for P124 25
Table 20: Opto-inputs for P124 25
Table 21: Current circuit for P130C, P132, P138, P139 26
Table 22: Voltage circuit for P130C, P132, P138, P139 26
Table 23: Auxiliary supply for P130C, P132, P138, P139 26
Table 24: Auxiliary supply for P130C, P132, P138, P139 26
Table 25: CT specification for P130C, P132, P138, P139 26
Table 26: Knee-point voltages for P130C, P132, P138, P139 27
Table 27: Current circuit for P141 - 145 28
Table 28: Voltage circuit for P141 - 145 28
Table 29: Auxiliary supply for P141 – P145 28
Table 30: Additional burden for P141 – P145 29
Table 31: Opto-inputs for P141 – P145 29
Table 32: CT specification for P141 – P145 29
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
Table 75: Auxiliary supply for P430C, P432, P433, P435 – P439 45
Table 76: Additional burdens on auxiliary supply for P430C, P432, P433, P435 – P439 45
Table 77: Current circuit for P441, P442, P444 47
Table 78: Voltage circuit for P441, P442, P444 47
Table 79: Auxiliary supply for P441, P442, P444 47
Table 80: Additional burdens on auxiliary supply for P441, P442, P444 47
Table 81: Opto-inputs for P441, P442, P444 47
Table 82: Knee-points for distance protection P441, P442, P444 48
Table 83: Current circuit for P443, P445 48
Table 84: Voltage circuit for P443, P445 48
Table 85: Auxiliary supply for P443, P445 48
Table 86: Additional burdens on auxiliary supply for P441, P442, P444 48
Table 87: Opto-inputs for P443, P445 48
Table 88: Knee-point voltages for P443, P445 49
Table 89: Current circuit for P521 50
Table 90: Auxiliary supply for P521 50
Table 91: Additional burdens on auxiliary supply for P521 50
Table 92: Calculation of ks 51
Table 93: Calculation of Kt 51
Table 94: Current circuit for P541 - 546 51
Table 95: Voltage circuit for P541 - 546 52
Table 96: Auxiliary supply for P541 - 546 52
Table 97: Auxiliary burdens on auxiliary supply for P541 - 546 52
Table 98: Opto-inputs for P541 - 546 52
Table 99: Calculation of K 53
Table 100: Current circuit for P547 54
Table 101: Auxiliary supply for P547 54
Table 102: Additional burdens on auxiliary supply for P547 54
Table 103: Opto-inputs for P547 54
Table 104: Calculation of K 55
Table 105: Current circuit for P630C, P631 – P634, P638 56
Table 106: Voltage circuit for P630C, P631 – P634, P638 56
Table 107: Auxiliary supply for P630C, P631 – P634, P638 56
Table 108: Additional burdens on auxiliary supply for P630C, P631 – P634, P638 56
Table 109: Conditions for P630C, P631 – P634, P638 calculations 57
Table 110: Knee-point voltages for P630C, P631 – P634, P638 57
Table 111: Calculation of K for phase and earth faults 57
Table 112: Current circuit for P642 – P645 59
Table 113: Voltage circuit for P642 – P645 59
Table 114: Auxiliary supply for P642 – P645 59
Table 115: Additional burdens on auxiliary supply for P642 – P645 59
Table 116: Conditions for P642 – P645 calculations 60
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
The following abbreviations are used in this document:
Symbol Description
ALF Accuracy Limit Factor
ANSI American National Standards Institute
C IEEE standard C57.13 "C" classification
CT Current Transformer
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung (German standards body)
DT Definite Time
E/F Earth Fault
IDMT Inverse Definite Minimum Time
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
MCB Mini Circuit Breaker
Metrosil Brand of non-linear resistor produced by M&I Materials Ltd.
O/C Overcurrent
ph Phase
REF Restricted Earth Fault
rms Root mean square
SEF Sensitive Earth Fault
SIR Source Impedance Ratio
VA Current transformer rated burden
VT Voltage Transformer
I' f Maximum internal secondary fault current (may also be expressed as a multiple of In) A
I Rm 2 Second knee-point bias current threshold setting of P63x biased differential element A
I ref Reference current of P63x calculated from the reference power and nominal voltage A
Vn Nominal voltage V
X
Primary system reactance/resistance ratio None
R
Xe
Primary system reactance/resistance ratio for earth loop None
Re
Xt Transformer reactance (per unit) p.u.
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
2.1 Types
Generally, there are three different types of CT:
1. High-remanence
2. Low-remanence
3. Non-remanence
Remanence is the magnetization left behind in a medium after an external magnetic field is
removed. In our case, the amount of residual magnetization left in the core.
High-remanence CT
The high-remanence type has no given limit for the remanent flux. The CT has a magnetic
core without any air gaps and the remanent flux is very high. The remanent flux can be up to
70-80% of the saturation flux. Examples of high-remanent type CTs are:
Low-remanence CT
The low-remanence type has a specified limit for the remanent flux. The magnetic core is
provided with small air gaps to reduce the remanent flux to a level that does not exceed 10%
of the saturation flux. Examples of low-remanent type CTs are:
Non-remanence CT
The non-remanence type has a negligible level of remanent flux. The magnetic core has
relatively large air gaps, which reduce the remanent flux to practically zero level. An
example of a non-remanent type CT is:
2.2.2 Class PX
Class PX CTs are typically used for high impedance circulating current protection. They are
also suitable for most other protection applications.
Class PX CTs have high remanence and low leakage reactance. To assess their
performance in relation to the protective relay system in which they are to be used, you only
need knowledge of:
3.1 P111
The P111 is used in LV and MV networks to protect MV/LV transformers, incoming and
outgoing lines.
3.1.1 Burdens
CT Input In CT Burden
Phase 1A < 0.03VA at In
Earth 1A < 0.05VA at 0.1In
Phase 5A < 0.1VA at In
Earth 5A < 0.15VA at 0.1In
Table 2: Current circuit for P111
Where the criteria for a specific application are in excess of those detailed above, or the lead
resistance exceeds the limiting values, the CT requirements may need to be increased
according to the formulae in the following sections. For specific applications such as SEF
protection, refer to the sections below for CT accuracy class and knee-point voltage
requirements as appropriate.
3.1.3 Protection
Protection type Knee-point voltage
Non-directional/directional DT/IDMT overcurrent and earth fault protection
I fn
Non-directional time delayed SEF Vk ≥ (Rct + 2 Rl + Rrn )
2
I fn
Directional time delayed SEF Vk ≥ (Rct + 2 Rl + Rrn )
2
Non-directional instantaneous SEF Vk ≥ I sn (Rct + 2 Rl + Rrn )
I fn
Directional instantaneous SEF Vk ≥ (Rct + 2 Rl + Rrn )
2
Table 6: Knee-point voltages for P111
Note:: The phase error of the applied core balance current transformer must be
less than 90 minutes at 10% of rated current and less than 150 minutes at
1% of rated current.
3.2.1 Burdens
Rrp (Rrn)
for a single current input
I In=1 A In=5 A (In=1 A)+WA25
In Ohms
0.2 28.9 1.0 21.9
0.3 11.5 0.36 16.7
0.4 6.6 0.27 6.8
0.5 3.8 0.22 3.8
1 0.63 0.12 2.5
10 0.28 0.056 2.2
20 0.28 0.056 2.2
40 0.28 0.056 2.2
Table 7: Current input resistance for P115/P114D
Auxiliary supply
Note:
1. Initial position: no output nor LED energized.
2. Active position: all outputs and LEDs energized.
For example:
For 220 Vdc and a one binary input: (220 Vdc)2 x 100 kΩ±5% = 0.484 W±5%
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
• Type of CT (nominal power, nominal current and current ratio, internal resistance,
nominal accuracy limit factor, class and construction),
• Resistance of wiring (length, cross section, specific resistance of material),
• Resistance of P115/P114D current inputs (as per table 7).
• The lowest set current threshold value at which the relay has to operate (minimum
current).
• The highest possible short-circuit current, which depends on the maximum short-circuit
power on the busbar of the substation (maximum current).
I psc
Vsal = nn ⋅ I sn ⋅ (Rct + Rbn ) ≥ ⋅ (Rct + Rb )
Kn
The current transformer can be dimensioned for the minimum required secondary accuracy
limiting voltage acc. to IEC 60044-1, 2.3.4:
I psc
Vsal ≥ ⋅ (Rct + Rb )
Kn
I psc
≥ ⋅ I sn ⋅ (Rct + Rb )
I pn
Alternatively, the current transformer can also be dimensioned for the minimum required
rated accuracy limit factor acc. to IEC 60044-1, 2.3.3:
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
I psc K n (Rct + Rb )
nn ≥ ⋅
I sn (Rct + Rbn )
I psc (Rct + Rb )
≥ ⋅
I pn (Rct + Rbn )
(Rct + Rb ) K (Pct + Pb )
n n ≥ K ssc ⋅ = ⋅
(Rct + Rbn ) ssc (Pct + Pbn )
The actual secondary connected burden Rb is given as follows:
⎛P ⎞
Vsal = nn ⋅ ⎜⎜ bn + I sn ⋅ Rct ⎟⎟
⎝ I sn ⎠
3.2.3 Protection
Sample calculation
The following application data are given:
CT ratio 100/1 A
IN > 0.2 I n
K ss = = = 0.2
I sn In
nn ≥ K ss ⋅
(Rct + Rb ) = 0.2 ⋅ 0.5 + 2 ⋅ (0.01774 + 28.9) = 3.9
(Rct + Rbn ) 0 .5 + 2 .5
I pef 2kA
K ssc = = = 20
I pn 100 A
nn ≥ K ssc ⋅
(Rct + Rb ) = 20 ⋅ 0.5 + 2 ⋅ (0.01774 + 0.28) = 7,3
(Rct + Rbn ) 0 .5 + 2 .5
I > 1.0 I n
K ss = = = 1.0
I sn In
nn ≥ K ss ⋅
(Rct + Rb ) = 1.0 ⋅ 0.5 + 0.01774 + 0.63 = 0.38
(Rct + Rbn ) 0 .5 + 2 .5
I psc 10kA
K ssc = = = 100
I pn 100 A
nn ≥ K ssc ⋅
(Rct + Rb ) = 100 ⋅ 0.5 + 0.01774 + 0.28 = 26.6
(Rct + Rbn ) 0 .5 + 2 .5
Overall, a minimum rated accuracy limit factor of 26.6 is required (maximum value for above
cases). A typical (standard) value thus would be nn = 30.
3.3.1 Burdens
CT Input In CT Burden
Phase 1A < 0.025 VA at In
Earth 1A < 0.008 VA at 0.1In
Phase 5A < 0.3 VA at In
Earth 5A < 0.01 VA at 0.1In
Table 11: Current circuit for P120 – P123, P125 – P127
Vn VT Burden
57 - 130 V 0.074 W at 57 V
57 - 130 V 0.38 W at 130 V
57 - 130 V 1.54 W at 260 V
220 - 480 V 0.1102 W at 220 V
220 - 480 V 0.525 W at 480 V
220 - 480 V 2.1 W at 960 V
Table 12: Voltage circuit for P120 – P123, P125 – P127
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
Where the criteria for a specific application are in excess of those detailed above, or the
actual lead resistance exceeds the limiting values, the CT requirements may need to be
increased according to the formulae in the following sections. For specific applications such
as SEF and REF protection, refer to the sections below for CT accuracy class and knee-
point voltage requirements as appropriate.
3.3.3 Protection
Protection type Knee-point voltage
Non-directional/directional DT/IDMT overcurrent and earth fault protection
If
Vk ≥ 4 I s Rs and Rs = (Rct + 2 Rl )
Is
Note:: Class 5P or PX CTs should be used for high impedance REF applications.
If
Vk ≥ 4 I s Rs and Rs = 1.4 (Rct + 2 Rl )
Is
Where X/R ≤ 40 and through-fault stability with a transient DC offset in the fault current must
be considered, the following equation can be used to determine the required stabilizing
voltage.
⎛ ⎞
Vs = I f ⎜ 0.007 + 1.05 ⎟(Rct + 2 Rl )
X
⎝ R ⎠
If the calculated stabilizing voltage is less than IsRs calculated above then it may be used
instead.
3.4 P124
This model is available as either:
1. Self-powered (P124S) - powered by > 0.2In secondary current, or;
2. Dual-powered (P124D) - powered by either > 0.2In secondary current or an auxiliary
supply.
The MiCOM P124S is a self powered relay, which includes non-directional phase/earth
overcurrent and thermal overload protection.
The MiCOM P124D is a dual powered relay, which includes all of the P124S features plus
negative sequence overcurrent and autoreclose functionality.
3.4.1 Burdens
CT Input In CT Burden
Phase 1A 2.5 VA
Earth 1A 2.5 VA
Phase 5A 2.5 VA
Earth 5A 2.5 VA
Table 17: Current circuit for P124
Auxiliary supply
Relay Case Size Nominal Burden*
P124D Size 6/30TE 3 W or 6 VA
Table 18: Auxiliary supply for P124
3.5.1 Burdens
CT Input In CT Burden
Phase 1A < 0.1 VA
Earth 1A < 0.1 VA
Phase 5A < 0.1 VA
Earth 5A < 0.1 VA
Table 21: Current circuit for P130C, P132, P138, P139
Vn VT Burden
50 - 130V < 0.3VA rms at 130V
Table 22: Voltage circuit for P130C, P132, P138, P139
Where the criteria for a specific application are in excess of those detailed above, or the
actual lead resistance exceeds the limiting values, the CT requirements may need to be
increased according to the formulae in the following sections.
Note: The P138 may be applied at low system frequencies of 16⅔ Hz or 25 Hz.
Any VA or knee-point voltage quoted must apply at the chosen nominal
frequency (fn).
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
3.5.3 Protection
The knee-point voltage of the CT should comply with the minimum requirements of the
formulae shown below.
If the P13x is to be used for definite-time overcurrent protection, then the dimensioning
factor, K must be selected as a function of the ratio of the maximum short-circuit current to
the pick-up value and the system time constant, T1. The required value for K can be read
from the empirically determined curves in Figure 1. When inverse time overcurrent
protection is required, K can be determined from Figure 2.
Theoretically, the CT could be dimensioned to avoid saturation by using the maximum value
of K, calculated as follows:
X
K ≈ 1 + ωT1 = 1 +
R
However, this is not necessary. Instead, it is sufficient to select the dimensioning factor such
that the correct operation of the required protection is guaranteed under the given conditions.
10
T1= 10 ms
T1= 25 ms
T1= 50 ms
T1= 250 ms
0.01
1 10 100
I' /I
1,max operate
Figure 1: Dimensioning factor, for definite time overcurrent protection (fn = 50Hz)
X X
Note:: T1 = R= R (in seconds)
ω 2πf n
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
25
k 20
15
10
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
T1 / ms
Figure 2: Dimensioning factor, for definite time overcurrent protection (fn = 50 Hz)
3.6.1 Burdens
CT Input In CT Burden
VA Burden 1A <0.04 VA at rated current
Impedance 1A <40 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
VA Burden 5A <0.01 VA at rated current
Impedance 5A <8 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
Table 27: Current circuit for P141 - 145
Vn VT Burden
100 - 120 V < 0.02 VA rms at 110 V
380 - 480 V < 0.02 VA rms at 440 V
Table 28: Voltage circuit for P141 - 145
Where the criteria for a specific application are in excess of those detailed above, or the
actual lead resistance exceeds the limiting values, the CT requirements may need to be
increased according to the formulae in the following sections. For specific applications such
as SEF and REF protection, refer to the sections below for CT accuracy class and knee-
point voltage requirements as appropriate.
3.6.3 Protection
Item Knee-point voltage
Non-directional/directional DT/IDMT overcurrent and earth fault protection
I fn
Non-directional time delayed SEF Vk ≥ (Rct + 2 Rl + Rrn )
2
I fn
Directional time delayed SEF Vk ≥ (Rct + 2 Rl + Rrn )
2
Non-directional instantaneous SEF Vk ≥ I sn (Rct + 2 Rl + Rrn )
I fn
Directional instantaneous SEF Vk ≥ (Rct + 2 Rl + Rrn )
2
Table 33: Knee-point voltages for P141 – P145
Note:: The phase error of the applied core balance current transformer must be
less than 90 minutes at 10% of rated current and less than 150 minutes at
1% of rated current.
Low impedance
Condition Equation
Vk ≥ 24 I n (Rct + 2 Rl )
X
< 40 and I f < 15 I n
R
X
≤ 40 and 15I n < I f ≤ 40 I n
R
or Vk ≥ 48I n (Rct + 2 Rl )
X
40 < ≤ 120 and I f < 15 I n
R
Vk ≥ 40 I n (Rct + Rl + Rr )
X
< 120 and I f < 10 I n
R
Table 34: REF protection for P141 – P145
Note:: Class 5P or better CTs should be used for low impedance REF applications.
High impedance
The high impedance REF element maintains stability for through faults and operate in less
than 40 ms for internal faults provided the following conditions are met in determining the CT
requirements and value of associated stabilizing resistor.
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
If
Vk ≥ 4 I s Rs and Rs = (Rct + 2 Rl )
Is
Where X/R ≤ 25 and through fault stability with a transient dc offset in the fault current must
be considered, the following equation can be used to determine the required stability voltage.
⎛ ⎞
Vs = I f ⎜ 0.0123 + 0.68 ⎟(Rct + 2 Rl )
X
⎝ R ⎠
The standard equation Vs = I s Rs should be used for X/R ratios greater than 25.
If the calculated stability voltage is less than the voltage calculated by the standard equation,
then the standard equation must be used instead.
Note:: Class 5P or PX CTs should be used for high impedance REF applications.
If
Vk ≥ 4 I s Rs and Rs = 1.4 (Rct + 2 Rl )
Is
Where X/R ≤ 80 and through-fault stability with a transient dc offset in the fault current must
be considered, the following equation can be used to determine the required stability voltage.
⎛ ⎞
Vs = I f ⎜ 0.005 + 0.78 ⎟(Rct + 2 Rl )
X
⎝ R ⎠
The standard equation Vs = I s Rs should be used for X/R ratios greater than 80.
If the calculated stability voltage is less than the voltage calculated by the standard equation,
then the standard equation must be used instead.
4.1.1 Burdens
CT Input In CT Burden
Phase 1A < 0.03 VA at In
Earth 1A < 0.05 VA at 1n
Phase 5A < 0.1 VA at In
Earth 5A < 0.15 VA at 1n
Table 35: Current circuit for P210, 211
Motor
Recommended Alternative
Earthing
Solidly earthed 3 ph CT (and stabilizing resistance*) 3 ph CT and core-balance CT
Impedance 3 ph CT (and stabilizing resistance*) or 2
3 ph CT and core-balance CT
earthed ph CT and core-balance CT
Insulated 3 ph CT and core-balance CT 2 ph CT and core-balance CT
Table 38: Recommended CT types for P210, P211
I st
Rs = 1.4 (Rct + nRl + Rrn )
I0
Where:
≥ 0.025 + I n (Rr + 2 Rl )
2
Fused contactor 1A 5P 10
I fp
≥ 0.025 + I n (Rr + 2 Rl ) ≥
2
Circuit breaker 1A 5P
50 I n
≥ 0.3 + I n (Rr + 2 Rl )
2
Fused contactor 5A 5P 10
I fp
≥ 0.3 + I n (Rr + 2 Rl ) ≥
2
Circuit breaker 5A 5P
50 I n
Table 39: IEC 60044-1 specifications for circuit breaking
Note:: A CT with accuracy class 10P may be used instead of 5P, however the
thresholds of thermal overload and unbalance protection functions will be
less precise. This may be acceptable where the motor has been oversized
in relation to its purpose or is not used for heavy duty services
4.2.1 Burdens
CT Input In CT Burden
Phase 1A < 0.025 VA at In for P225 and < 0.3 VA at Vn for P226C
Earth 1A < 0.004 VA at 0.1In for P225
Phase 5A < 0.3 VA at In
Earth 5A < 0.01 VA at 0.1In
Table 40: Current circuit for P220, P225, P226C
Vn VT Burden
57 - 130V < 0.1 VA at Vn
220 - 480V < 0.1 VA at Vn
Table 41: Voltage circuit for P220, P225, P226C
Motor
Recommended Alternative
Earthing
Solidly earthed 3 ph CT (and stabilizing resistance*) 3 ph CT and core-balance CT
Impedance 3 ph CT (and stabilizing resistance*) or 2
3 ph CT and core-balance CT
earthed ph CT and core-balance CT
Insulated 3 ph CT and core-balance CT 2 ph CT and core-balance CT
Table 44: Recommended CT types for P220, P225, P226C
Note::
I st
Rs = (Rct + nRl + Rrn )
I0
Where:
n = 1, for 4 wire CT connection (star point at CT)
n = 2, for 6 wire CT connection (star point at relay)
The short circuit (overcurrent) current setting I>> should be set less than 90% of the CT
accuracy limit factor. Under these conditions tripping is guaranteed for fault currents up to
50 times the value of saturation current for symmetrical CT current output.
≥ 0.025 + I n (Rr + 2 Rl )
2
Fused contactor 1A 5P 10
I fp
≥ 0.025 + I n (Rr + 2 Rl ) ≥
2
Circuit breaker 1A 5P
50 I n
≥ 0.3 + I n (Rr + 2 Rl )
2
Fused contactor 5A 5P 10
I fp
≥ 0.3 + I n (Rr + 2 Rl ) ≥
2
Circuit breaker 5A 5P
50 I n
Table 45: IEC 60044-1 specifications for circuit breaking
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
Note:: A CT with accuracy class 10P may be used instead of class 5P CT, however
the thresholds of thermal overload and imbalance protection functions will be
less precise. This may be acceptable where the motor is oversized in
relation to its purpose, or is not used for heavy duty services.
4.3.1 Burdens
In CT Burden
VA Burden 1A <0.04 VA at rated current
Impedance 1A <40 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
VA Burden 5A <0.01 VA at rated current
Impedance 5A <8 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
Table 46: Current circuit for P241 - P243
Vn VT Burden
100 - 120V < 0.06 VA rms at 110 V
Table 47: Voltage circuit for P241 - P243
4.3.3 Protection
Protection type Knee-point voltage
Non-directional DT Short Circuit and DT/IDMT Derived Earth Fault protection
Note:: The phase error of the applied core-balanced CT must be les than 90
minutes at 10% of the rated current and less than 150 minutes at 1% of the
rated current.
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
60
Motor not earthed or resistance earthed
at motor neutral point
Vk ≥ 30 I n (Rct + Rl + 2 Rr )
In
60
Motor is solidly earthed at the motor
neutral point
Vk ≥ 40 I n (Rct + 2 Rl + 2 Rr )
In
Table 54: Knee-point calculations for P243 – biased differential protection
For Class-X current transformers, the excitation current at the calculated knee-point voltage
requirement should be less than 2.5 x Ιn (<5% of the maximum fault current, on which these
CT requirements are based).
Vk ≥ 2 I s1 Rs
and the value of associated stabilizing resistor is:
1.5I st (Rct + 2 Rl )
Rs =
I s1
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
5.1 P341
The P341 provides overcurrent and ground fault, undervoltage and overvoltage,
underfrequency and overfrequency, thermal overload, negative phase sequence overcurrent
and overvoltage and power protection for generators.
5.1.1 Burdens
In CT Burden
VA Burden 1A <0.04 VA at rated current
Impedance 1A <40 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
VA Burden 5A <0.01 VA at rated current
Impedance 5A <8 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
Table 55: Current circuit for P341
Vn VT Burden
100 - 120V < 0.06 VA rms at 110 V
380 - 480V < 0.06 VA rms at 440 V
Table 56: Voltage circuit for P341
The P34x can carry out all protection functions over a wide range of operating frequency due
to its frequency tracking system (5–70 Hz).
When the P34x protection functions have to operate accurately at low frequency, it is
necessary to use CTs with larger cores. The CT requirements need to be multiplied by
fn/fmin.
The current transformer requirements are based on a maximum prospective fault current of
50 x In and the relay having an instantaneous setting of 25 x In. These CT requirements are
designed to provide operation of all protection elements.
Where the criteria for a specific application are in excess of those detailed above, or the
actual lead resistance exceeds the limiting values, the CT requirements may need to be
increased according to the formulae in the following sections. For specific applications such
as SEF and REF protection, refer to the sections below for CT accuracy class and knee-
point voltage requirements as appropriate.
5.1.3 Protection
Protection type Knee-point voltage
Non-directional/directional DT/IDMT overcurrent and earth fault protection
I fn
Non-directional time delayed SEF Vk ≥ (Rct + 2 Rl + Rrn )
2
I fn
Directional time delayed SEF Vk ≥ (Rct + 2 Rl + Rrn )
2
Non-directional instantaneous SEF Vk ≥ I sn (Rct + 2 Rl + Rrn )
I fn
Directional instantaneous SEF Vk ≥ (Rct + 2 Rl + Rrn )
2
Table 61: Knee-point voltages for P341 – P345
Note:: The phase error of the applied core balance current transformer must be
less than 90 minutes at 10% of rated current and less than 150 minutes at
1% of rated current.
5.2.1 Burdens
In CT Burden
VA Burden 1A <0.04 VA at rated current
Impedance 1A <40 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
VA Burden 5A <0.01 VA at rated current
Impedance 5A <8 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
Table 62: Current circuit for P342 – P345
Vn VT Burden
100 - 120 V < 0.06 VA rms at 110 V
380 - 480 V < 0.06 VA rms at 440 V
Table 63: Voltage circuit for P342 – P345
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
5.2.2 Protection
60
Vk ≥ 50 I n (Rct + 2 Rl + Rr )
X
< 120 and I f < 10 I n
R In
60
Vk ≥ 30 I n (Rct + Rl + 2 Rr )
X
< 40 and I f < 10 I n
R In
Table 68: Knee-point calculations for P342-345 – biased differential protection
Where the generator is impedance earthed and the maximum secondary earth fault current
is less than Ιn then the CT knee point voltage requirements are:
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
60
Vk ≥ 25I n (Rct + Rl + Rr )
X
< 160 and I f < 10 I n
R In
X
< 100 and I f < 10 I n
R
60
or Vk ≥ 30 I n (Rct + Rl + Rr )
In
X
< 1200 and I f < 5I n
R
60
Vk ≥ 40 I n (Rct + Rl + Rr )
X
< 120 and I f < 10 I n
R In
Table 69: Knee-point calculations for P342 – P345 – biased differential protection
For Class-X current transformers, the excitation current at the calculated knee-point voltage
requirement should be less than 2.5 x In (5% of the maximum prospective fault current, on
which these CT requirements are based). For IEC standard protection, class 5P CTs should
be used.
Vk ≥ 2 I S 1 Rs
and value of associated stabilizing resistor is:
1.5 I st (Rct + 2 Rl )
Rs =
I S1
5.2.2.3 Voltage dependent overcurrent, field failure and negative phase sequence protection
When determining the CT requirements for an input that supplies several protection
functions, the most onerous condition must be met. This has been taken into account in the
formula given below. The formula is equally applicable for CTs mounted at either the
neutral-tail end or terminal end of the generator.
Vk ≥ 20 I n (Rct + 2 Rl + Rr )
For class PX CTs, the excitation current at the calculated knee-point voltage requirement
should be less than 1.0 x In. For IEC standard protection, class 5P CTs must be used.
Vk ≥ 6 I n (Rct + 2 Rl + Rr )
For class PX CTs, the excitation current at the calculated knee-point should be less than
0.3In (i.e. less than 5% of the maximum prospective fault current, 20In, on which these CT
requirements are based). For IEC standard protection, class 5P CTs must be used.
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
Core-balance CT connection
Unlike a line CT, the rated primary current for a core-balanced CT may not be equal to the
stator winding rated current. This has been taken into account in the formula:
Vk ≥ 6 NI n (Rct + 2 Rl + Rr )
Note:: The maximum earth fault current should not be greater than 2In. i.e. N ≤ 2.
The core-balance CT must be selected accordingly.
Item Equation
Non-directional DT/IDMT earth fault protection
I fn
Time-delayed earth fault overcurrent Vk ≥ (Rct + 2 Rl + Rrn )
2
Non-directional instantaneous earth fault protection
Vk ≥ 24 I n (Rct + 2 Rl )
X
< 40 and I f < 15 I n
R
X
≤ 40 and 15 I n < I f ≤ 40 I n
R
or Vk ≥ 48I n (Rct + 2 Rl )
X
40 < ≤ 120 and I f < 15 I n
R
Vk ≥ 40 I n (Rct + Rl + Rr )
X
< 120 and I f < 10 I n
R
Table 71: Low impedance REF protection for P342 – P345
Note:: Class PX or 5P CTs should be used for low impedance REF applications.
Condition Equation
Knee-point voltage Vk ≥ 4 I S 1 Rs
If
Stabilizing resistor value Rs = (Rct + 2 Rl )
I S1
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
6.2 Burdens
CT Input In CT Burden
Phase 1A < 0.1 VA
Earth 1A < 0.1 VA
Phase 5A < 0.1 VA
Earth 5A < 0.1 VA
Table 73: Current circuit for P430C, P432, P433, P435 – P439
Vn VT Burden
50 - 130 V < 0.3 VA rms at 130 V
Table 74: Voltage circuit for P430C, P432, P433, P435 – P439
Nominal
Case Size Relay Maximum Burden
Burden*
Compact P430C 4W 8W
40TE P433, P435, P439 13 W 29 W
40TE P436 13 W 37 W
84TE P433, P435, P437, P438, P439 13 W 37 W
84TE P432 13 W 40 W
Table 75: Auxiliary supply for P430C, P432, P433, P435 – P439
Note:: The P436 and P438 may be applied at low system frequencies of 16⅔ Hz or
25 Hz. Any VA or knee-point voltage quoted must apply at the chosen
nominal frequency (fn).
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
6.2.2 Protection
The knee-point voltage of the CT should comply with the minimum requirements of the
formulas shown below:
Theoretically, the CT could be dimensioned to avoid saturation by using the maximum value
of k, calculated as follows:
X
k ≈ 1 + ωT1 = 1 +
R
However, this is not necessary; it is sufficient to select the dimensioning factor k, such that
correct operation of the required protection is guaranteed under the given conditions.
If auto-reclosing is not used, k can be obtained from Figure 3. The dotted line represents the
theoretical characteristic maximum k = 1+ X/R.
X X
Note:: T1 = R= R (in seconds)
ω 2πf n
This CT requirement ensures tripping of distance element within 120 ms at 95% of the set
zone reach.
If auto-reclosing is used, the dimensioning factor k for the CT is increased as follows:
⎡ ⎛ − T ⎞⎤ − T
t' t fr
k + ⎢1 + ωT1 ⎜1 − e ⎟⎥ e s
1
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
6.3.1 Burdens
In CT Burden
VA Burden 1A <0.04 VA at rated current
Impedance 1A <40 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
VA Burden 5A <0.01 VA at rated current
Impedance 5A <8 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
Table 77: Current circuit for P441, P442, P444
Vn VT Burden
100 - 120 V < 0.03 VA rms at 110 V
Table 78: Voltage circuit for P441, P442, P444
* Typical burden with half of the opto-inputs and one output contact per board
energized.
6.3.3 Protection
The knee-point voltage of the CT should comply with the minimum requirements of the
formulae shown below.
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
Item Equation
⎛ X⎞
Phase fault distance protection Vk ≥ 0.6 I fZ 1 ⎜1 + ⎟(Rct + Rl )
⎝ R⎠
⎛ X ⎞
Earth fault distance protection Vk ≥ 0.6 I feZ 1 ⎜⎜ 1 + e ⎟⎟(Rct + 2 Rl )
⎝ Re ⎠
Table 82: Knee-points for distance protection P441, P442, P444
Note:: The required knee-point voltage must be calculated for the three phase fault
current at the Zone 1 reach and also for the earth fault current at the Zone 1
reach. The higher of the two calculated knee-point voltages is used.
6.4.1 Burdens
In CT Burden
VA Burden 1A <0.04 VA at rated current
Impedance 1A <40 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
VA Burden 5A <0.01 VA at rated current
Impedance 5A <8 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
Table 83: Current circuit for P443, P445
VT Input Vn VT Burden
⎛ 110 ⎞
Phase 100 – 120 V < 0.02 VA rms at ⎜ ⎟V
⎝ 3⎠
Table 84: Voltage circuit for P443, P445
6.4.3 Protection
The knee-point voltage of the CT should comply with the minimum requirements of the
formulae shown below.
Item Equation
⎛ X⎞
Zone 1 reach-point accuracy Vk ≥ 0.6 I fZ 1 ⎜1 + ⎟(Rct + Rl )
⎝ R⎠
Zone 1 close-up fault operation Vk ≥ 1.4 I f max (Rct + Rl )
Table 88: Knee-point voltages for P443, P445
The higher of the two calculated knee-point voltages is used. It is not necessary to repeat
the calculation for earth faults, as the phase reach (3∅) calculation is the worst case for CT
dimensioning.
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
7.1 P521
The MiCOM P521 relay provides high-speed two-ended current differential unit protection of
overhead lines and underground cables in applications such as ring mains and parallel
feeders.
7.1.1 Burdens
CT Input In CT Burden
Phase 1A < 0.025 VA at In
Earth 1A < 0.008 VA at 0.1In
Phase 5A < 0.3 VA at In
Earth 5A < 0.01 VA at 0.1In
Table 89: Current circuit for P521
7.1.3 Protection
Vk ≥ K s K t I n (Rct + 2 Rl )
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
Ks is a constant depending on the maximum value of through fault current If (as a multiple of
In) and the primary system X/R ratio. Ks is determined as follows:
Condition Value of ks
X ⎛X ⎞ ⎛X ⎞
< 40 K s = 0.023I f ⎜ + 55 ⎟ + 0.9⎜ + 26 ⎟
R ⎝R ⎠ ⎝R ⎠
X ⎛X ⎞ ⎛X ⎞
≥ 40 K s = 0.024 I f ⎜ + 44 ⎟ + 0.06⎜ + 725 ⎟
R ⎝R ⎠ ⎝R ⎠
Table 92: Calculation of ks
Kt is a constant depending on the current differential operating time (tIDiff) and the primary
system X/R ratio.
For applications where the CT knee-point voltage is fixed (e.g. a retrofit application where
the CT are already installed), it may be possible to reduce the CT requirements by adding a
small time delay to the relay The tIDiff setting allows the user to increase the relay operating
time thus making the relay more stable. For some applications a time setting of 50ms may
reduce the required CT knee-point voltage by as much as 30%. Further reductions in CT
knee-point are possible with longer time delays.
For applications where the relay is set for instantaneous operation, i.e. tIDiff =0s, Kt =1.
When a time delay is applied, Kt is determined as follows:
Condition Value of Kt
Vk ≥ I fn (Rct + 2 Rl + Rrn )
7.2.1 Burdens
CT Input In CT Burden
VA Burden 1A <0.04 VA at rated current
Impedance 1A <40 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
VA Burden 5A <0.01 VA at rated current
Impedance 5A <8 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
Table 94: Current circuit for P541 - 546
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
Vn VT Burden
100 - 120 V < 0.02 VA rms at 110 V
Table 95: Voltage circuit for P541 - 546
Opto-inputs
Energizing Voltage Peak Current
0 to 300V dc 3.5 mA
Table 98: Opto-inputs for P541 - 546
7.2.3 Protection
Vk ≥ KI n (Rct + 2 R l )
K is a constant dimensioning factor and is defined as follows:
X ⎛ X⎞
≤ 1000 K = 40 + 0.07 ⎜ I f ⎟ 65
R ⎝ R⎠
X
1000 < ≤ 1600 K = 107 107
R
For relays set at: IS1 = 20%, IS2 = 2 In, K1 = 30%, K2 = 100%
X ⎛ X⎞
≤ 600 K = 40 + 0.35⎜ I f ⎟ 65
R ⎝ R⎠
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
X
600 < ≤ 1600 K = 256 256
R
Table 99: Calculation of K
⎛ X⎞
Vk ≥ K rpa I fZ 1 ⎜ 1 + ⎟(Rct + Rl )
⎝ R⎠
Where:
Krpa = Dimensioning factor – fixed at 0.6
IfZ1 = Maximum secondary phase fault current at Zone 1 reach point (A)
Note:: It is not necessary to repeat the calculation for earth faults, as the phase
reach calculation (3ϕ) is the worst-case for CT dimensioning.
Vk > I f (Rct + Rl )
Where:
If is the current for a fault at the remote bus of the protected feeder (the through fault
current for the current differential function).
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
P547
The MiCOM P547 Phase Comparison Protection Relay provides unit protection of EHV / HV
lines. Phase comparison is an established mode of protection for medium and high voltage
lines.
7.2.4 Burdens
CT Input In CT Burden
VA Burden 1A <0.04 VA at rated current
Impedance 1A <40 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
VA Burden 5A <0.01 VA at rated current
Impedance 5A <8 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
Table 100: Current circuit for P547
7.2.6 Protection
Vk ≥ KI n (Rct + 2 rl )
K is a constant dimensioning factor and is defined as follows:
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
Condition Value of K
If ≤ 20
X
≤ 1600 K = 125
R
X ⎛ X⎞
1600 < ≤ 2400 K = −90 + 0.13⎜ I f ⎟
R ⎝ R⎠
X
≤ 2400 K = 230
R
If > 20
X
≤ 1600 K = 230
R
X
1600 < ≤ 2400 K = 230
R
X
≤ 2400 K = 230
R
Table 104: Calculation of K
⎛ X⎞
Vk ≥ K rpa I fZ 1 ⎜ 1 + ⎟(Rct + Rl )
⎝ R⎠
Where:
Krpa = Dimensioning factor – fixed at 0.6
IF Z1 = Maximum secondary phase fault current at Zone 1 reach point (A)
Note:: It is not necessary to repeat the calculation for earth faults, as the phase
reach calculation (3ϕ) is the worst-case for CT dimensioning.
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
8.1.1 Burdens
CT Input In CT Burden
Phase 1A < 0.1 VA
Earth 1A < 0.1 VA
Phase 5A < 0.1 VA
Earth 5A < 0.1 VA
Table 105: Current circuit for P630C, P631 – P634, P638
Vn VT Burden
50 - 130V < 0.3 VA rms at 130 V
Table 106: Voltage circuit for P630C, P631 – P634, P638
Note:: The P638 may be applied at low system frequencies of 16⅔ Hz or 25 Hz.
Any VA or knee-point voltage quoted must apply at the chosen nominal
frequency (fn).
8.1.3 Protection
K is a constant depending on the maximum value of through fault current (as a multiple of In)
and the primary system X/R ratio. K is determined as follows:
Condition Value of K
For phase faults, K is determined as follows
X X
If ≤ 500 I n K = 0.14 I f
R R
X
500 I n < I f < 1200 K = 70
R
For earth faults, Ke is determined as follows
X X
I fe ≤ 500 I n K e = 0.14 Ife
R R
500 I n < (I fe )
X
< 1200 I n K e = 70
R
Table 111: Calculation of K for phase and earth faults
Vk ≥ I f (Rct + 2 Rl )
Alternatively, as a conservative estimate:
Vk ≥
(Rct + 2 Rl )
Xt
Low impedance
The CT requirements for low impedance REF protection are generally lower than those for
differential protection. As the line CT for low impedance REF protection are the same as
those used for differential protection the differential CT requirements cover both differential
and low impedance REF applications.
High impedance
The high impedance REF element shall maintain stability for through faults and operate in
less than 40ms for internal faults provided the following conditions are met in determining the
CT requirements and value of associated stabilizing resistor:
Vk > 2 I diff Rs
(I ) (
Rs = 1.1 + 2 rl )
f
R ct
I diff
For faster operation of the REF element, a larger knee-point voltage will provide reduced
operating times. Refer to the graph below showing the operating time of the REF element
for differing ratios.
45
40
35
Operating time (ms)
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20
Vk / (Idiff> × Rs)
Note:: The diagram is the result of investigations which were carried out for
impedance ratios in the range of 5 to 120 and for fault currents in the range
of 0.5 to 40 In.
8.2.1 Burdens
CT Input In CT Burden
Phase 1A < 0.2 VA
Earth 1A < 0.2 VA
Phase 5A < 0.2 VA
Earth 5A < 0.2 VA
Table 112: Current circuit for P642 – P645
Vn VT Burden
100 - 120V < 0.06 VA at 110 V
Table 113: Voltage circuit for P642 – P645
8.2.3 Protection
A series of internal and external faults were performed to determine the CT requirements for
the differential function. These tests were performed under different X/R ratios, CT burdens,
fault currents, fault types and point on wave. The CT requirements are determined either by
the operating time for internal faults (≤35msec in the P64x) or by through fault stability,
whichever requires the highest K dimensioning factor. The K factors were calculated for
internal and external faults.
The following equation shows that the knee point voltage (VK) is directly proportional to the
CT burden (RCT) and to the loop burden (2RL). K is the CT dimensioning factor calculated
using the equation below and the CT requirements test results.
Vk ≥ kI n (Rct + 2 Rl + Rr )
To achieve through fault stability and operating times ≤35msec, the K dimensioning factor
must comply with the following expressions:
If ≤5
⎛X ⎞ ⎛X ⎞
X K = 0.04 I f ⎜ + 24.25 ⎟ + 0.06⎜ + 177 ⎟
5 ≤ < 40 ⎝R ⎠ ⎝R ⎠
R
If ≤5
X K = 12 I f + 16
40 ≤ < 120
R
5 < I f ≤ 10
⎛ X ⎞ ⎛X ⎞
X K = 0.14 I f ⎜ − − 15 ⎟ + 0.44⎜ + 202.5 ⎟
5 ≤ < 40 ⎝ R ⎠ ⎝R ⎠
R
5 < I f ≤ 10
X K = −7.38I f + 112
40 ≤ ≤ 120
R
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
5 < I f ≤ 20
⎛X ⎞ ⎛ X ⎞
X K = 0.06 I f ⎜ − 52.5 ⎟ + 1.1⎜ − + 74.9 ⎟
5 ≤ < 40 ⎝R ⎠ ⎝ R ⎠
R
10 ≤ I f < 20
X K = −0.81I f + 45
40 ≤ ≤ 120
R
Table 117: K requirements for P642 – P645
The Knee-point voltage must be calculated for both phase fault current and earth fault
current. The higher of the two calculated voltages must be used.
To calculate the knee point voltage required for the maximum phase fault used the following
equation:
Vk ≥ K (Rct + Rl )
To calculate the knee point voltage required for the maximum earth fault used the following
equation:
Vk ≥ K e (Rct + 2 Rl )
Vk ≥ KI n (Rct + 2 Rl + Rr )
For the REF protection, the K dimensioning factor is smaller than for transformer differential
protection. The higher of the two must be considered when applying both types of
protection.
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
2 ≤ I f ≤ 20
⎛ X ⎞ ⎛X ⎞
X K = 0.013 I f ⎜ − + 17.7 ⎟ + 0.15⎜ + 28 ⎟
5 ≤ < 40 ⎝ R ⎠ ⎝R ⎠
R
2 ≤ I f ≤ 20
⎛X ⎞ ⎛X ⎞
X K = 0.0003 I f ⎜ − 934 ⎟ + 0.04⎜ + 215 ⎟
40 ≤ < 120 ⎝R ⎠ ⎝R ⎠
R
Table 118: K requirements for P642 – P645 (one-breaker application)
2 ≤ I f ≤ 20
⎛ X ⎞ ⎛X ⎞
X K = 0.04 I f ⎜ − + 5 ⎟ + 0.95⎜ + 0.18 ⎟
5 ≤ < 20 ⎝ R ⎠ ⎝R ⎠
R
2 ≤ I f ≤ 20
⎛X ⎞ ⎛X ⎞
X K = 0.007 I f ⎜ + 97.1 ⎟ + 0.14⎜ + 115.7 ⎟
20 ≤ < 120 ⎝R ⎠ ⎝R ⎠
R
Table 119: K requirements for P642 – P645 (one and a half breaker application)
9.1.1 Burdens
In CT Burden
VA Burden 1A <0.04 VA at rated current
Impedance 1A <40 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
VA Burden 5A <0.15 VA at rated current
Impedance 5A <8 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
Table 120: Current circuit for P742 – P743
9.1.3 Protection
9.2 P746
The P746 differential centralized busbar protection relay protects substation busbars from
distribution to transmission voltage levels. It offers integral biased differential busbar, breaker
failure, dead zone and overcurrent protection.
9.2.1 Burdens
In CT Burden
VA Burden 1A <0.04 VA at rated current
Impedance 1A <40 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
VA Burden 5A <0.19 VA at rated current
Impedance 5A <8 mΩ over 0 - 30 In
Table 124: Current circuit for P746
9.2.3 Protection
Differential protection
9.2.3.1 The knee-point voltage of the CT should comply with the minimum requirements of the
formulae shown below.
10.1 P821
The MiCOM P821 is an Advanced Breaker Failure relay based on the latest numerical
technology.
10.1.1 Burdens
CT Input In CT Burden
Phase 1A < 0.025 VA at In
Earth 1A < 0.008 VA at 0.1In
Phase 5A < 0.3 VA at In
Earth 5A < 0.01 VA at 0.1In
Table 128: Current circuit for P821
10.1.2 Protection
The current transformer requirements are based on a maximum prospective fault current of
50 times the relay rated current (In) and the relay having an instantaneous setting of 25
times rated current (In). The current transformer requirements are designed to provide
operation of all protection elements.
Where the criteria for a specific application are in excess of those detailed above, or the
actual lead resistance exceeds the limiting value quoted, the CT requirements may need to
be increased according to the formulae in the following sections.
The knee-point voltage of the CT should comply with the minimum requirements of the
formulae shown below:
11.1.1 Burdens
Vn VT Burden
57 - 130 V < 0.25 VA
220 - 480 V < 0.36 VA
Table 132: Voltage circuit for P921 – P923
* Nominal is with 50% of the opto-inputs energized and one output contact per
card energized.
11.2.1 Burdens
Vn VT Burden
100 - 120V < 0.02 VA rms at 110 V
380 - 480V < 0.15 VA r.m.s at 440 V
Table 135: Voltage circuit for P941 – P943
VA × ALF
Vk ≥ + ( ALF × I n Rct )
In
If Rct is not available, then the second term in the above equation can be ignored as it
typically only adds a small amount to the estimated secondary limiting voltage.
To ensure that the current transformer has a high enough rating for the relay’s burden it is
necessary to work out the current transformer’s continuous VA rating using the following
formula:
Example 1:
An estimate of the secondary limiting voltage of a 400/5A current transformer of class 5P 10
with a rated output burden of 15 VA and a secondary winding resistance of 0.2 Ω will be:
15 × 10
Vk ≈ + 10 × 5 × 0.2 = 40V
5
Example 2:
For a particular application of a 1A MiCOM overcurrent relay it is required to determine the
most appropriate class P current transformer to be used. The secondary limiting voltage
required has been calculated at 87.3 V using a current transformer secondary winding
resistance of 2 Ω.
The current transformer rated output burden must be:
VA × ALF
Vk = + ALF ×I nRct
In
2.5 × ALF
87.3 = + ALF × 1× 2 = 4.5 × ALF
1
∴ ALF = 19.4
Note:: IEEE CTs are always 5A secondary rated, i.e. In =5A, and are defined with
an accuracy limit factor of 20, i.e. Kssc =20.
The following table allows C57.13 ratings to be converted to a typical IEC knee-point voltage:
* Assuming 0.002 ohms per turn typical secondary winding resistance for 5A CTs.
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
V p = 2 2Vk (V f −Vk )
V f = I ' f (Rct + 2 Rl + Rs )
When the value given by the formulae is greater than 3000 V peak, Metrosils should be
applied. They are connected across the relay circuit and serve the purpose of shunting the
secondary current output of the current transformer from the relay in order to prevent very
high secondary voltages.
Metrosils are externally mounted and take the form of annular discs. Their operating
characteristics follow the expression:
V = CI 0.25
where :
Where
Vsin(rms) = rms value of the sinusoidal voltage applied across the Metrosil.
This is due to the fact that the current waveform through the metrosil is not sinusoidal but
appreciably distorted.
For satisfactory application of a Metrosil, it's characteristic should be such that it complies
with the following requirements:
At the relay voltage setting, the Metrosil current should be as low as possible, and no greater
than ≈ 30 mA rms for 1A CTs and ≈ 100 mA rms for 5A CTs.
At the maximum secondary current, the Metrosil should limit the voltage to 1500 V rms or
2120 V peak for 0.25 s. At higher relay voltage settings, it is not always possible to limit the
fault voltage to 1500 V rms, so higher fault voltages may have to be tolerated.
The following tables show the typical Metrosil types that will be required, depending on relay
current rating, REF voltage setting etc.
Metrosil units for relays using 1A CTs
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
The Metrosil units for 1A CTs have been designed to comply with the following restrictions:
At the relay voltage setting, the Metrosil current should be less than 30 mA rms.
At the maximum secondary internal fault current the Metrosil should limit the voltage to
1500 V rms if possible.
The Metrosil units normally recommended for use with 1A CTs are as shown in the following
table:
Nominal
Recommended Metrosil Type
Relay Voltage Setting Characteristic
C β Single Pole Relay Triple Pole Relay
Up to 125 V rms 450 0.25 600A/S1/S256 600A/S3/1/S802
125 - 300 V rms 900 0.25 600A/S1/S1088 600A/S3/1/S1195
Table 140: Metrosil units
Note:: Single pole Metrosil units are normally supplied without mounting brackets
unless otherwise specified by the customer.
Metrosil units for relays using 5A CTs
These Metrosil units have been designed to comply with the following requirements:
At the relay voltage setting, the Metrosil current should be less than 100 mA rms (the actual
maximum currents passed by the units is shown below their type description).
At the maximum secondary internal fault current the Metrosil unit should limit the voltage to
1500 V rms for 0.25 s. At the higher relay settings, it is not possible to limit the fault voltage
to 1500 V rms hence higher fault voltages have to be tolerated (indicated by *, **, ***).
The Metrosil units normally recommended for use with 5A CTs and single pole relays are as
shown in the following table:
In some situations single disc assemblies may be acceptable. Metrosil units for higher relay
voltage settings and fault currents can also be supplied if required. Contact AREVA T&D for
detailed applications.
Note:: The Metrosil unit recommended for use with 5A CTs can also be applied for
use with triple pole relays and consist of three single pole units mounted on
the same central stud but electrically insulated from each other. To order
these units please specify "Triple pole Metrosil type", followed by the single
pole type reference.
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11
Note:: This applies to MiCOM Px10, Px20, Px30 series devices. It also applies to
Px40 series devices with hardware suffix C the later of these have inrush
current limitation on switch-on to conserve the fuse-link.
The recommended external protective fuse for the auxiliary DC supply of the P59x series
interface units is a 2A HRC (high rupture capacity) GE Red Spot type NIT or TIA, or if a UL
recognized fuse is required, 2A time delay Gould type AJT2.
Alternatively, miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) may be used to protect the auxiliary supply
circuits.
Application Notes B&CT/EN AP/D11