ADAMSON UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CE 428-WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

CASE STUDY NO. 5-PASIG

RIVER OPEN CHANNEL IN
AQUACULTURE
PRESENTORS:
JUNMEI RIVERA
NICOLE ANNE DOMING
KEVIN RECTO
JOHN CARLO GUILLERMO

PRESENTED TO: DR. TOMAS U. GANIRON, JR

 WHAT IS OPEN CHANNEL?
An open channel is a waterway, canal or conduit in which a
liquid flows with a free surface. Open channel flows are found in
Nature like rivers as well as in man-made structures like canals.

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TYPES OF OPEN CHANNEL

Natural Channels
-- Include all channels that exist naturally on the
earth. They are generally very irregular in shape.
EXAMPLES:

NATURAL RIVERS
TIDAL ESTUARIES

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TYPES OFOF
TYPES OPEN
OPEN CHANNEL
CHANNEL

Artificial Channels
-- are the channels developed by men.
They are usually designed with regular
geometric shapes.
EXAMPLES:

IRRIGATION CANALS
ROADSIDE GUTTER

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PASIG RIVER
➢HISTORY
➢VIDEO ABOUT PASIG RIVER
➢PHYSICAL FEATURES
➢AQUACULTURE OF PASIG
RIVER
➢ISSUES AND PROBLEM
➢SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM

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 HISTORY
The Pasig River served as an important means of transport; it was
Manila's lifeline and center of economic activity. When the Spanish
established Manila as the capital of their colonial properties in the
Far East, they built the walled city of Intramuros on the southern
bank of Pasig River near its mouth.

Massive population growth, infrastructure development and

increased economic activities after the World War II in 1940s led
to the deterioration of the water bodies in Metro Manila. In 1990,
ecologists had already pronounced the Pasig River as dead and
incapable of sustaining marine life. As of 2003, four more rivers
were formally declared by the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR) as biologically dead; the Navotas-
Malabon-Tenejeros-Tullahan (NMTT) River, Parañaque River,
Marikina River and San Juan River. Apart from water lilies and
janitor fish, hardly any life forms are able to survive its murky
waters. Many of its tributaries are clogged by household garbage from Metro Manila. Increasing poverty in the rural areas has driven rural people
to migrate to Metro Manila to seek better income opportunities. The river banks are the most logical areas for new settlements because many
of the other squatter colonies in the metropolis are already overpopulated. From being a recreation venue and a source of food and livelihood, the
river has become the dumping ground of informal settlers living along the banks of the river and its tributaries, as well as by almost all surrounding
establishments. The river is also the catchment basin of floodwaters from several tributaries from upstream areas of Metro Manila.

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HISTORY
DUCK PONDS/FARM
There was a time when ducks found the
waters of Pasig River clean enough to drink
and bathe in it. In fact, a community of
duck raisers is said to have blossomed
from the banks of the river. The business
thrived for many decades, specifically in
the areas of Pinagbuhatan and Kalawaan
where many families relied on ducks for
their bread and butter.

Duck farm on the Pasig – near Pateros, 1900/1930.

Photo Credit: Everett Thompson photograph collection
(University of Michigan Special Collections Library) 7
HISTORY
PUBLIC BATHS
In India, bathing in the Ganges River is a
holy ritual practiced by the Hindus.
Although the river today is threatened by
pollution, the water is tolerable enough
for people to take a dip in it. Our very own
Pasig River used to be like this–a place
where people could clean themselves and
escape Manila’s sweltering heat.

Pasig River bathing place at Quiapo, Manila, circa 1900.

Source: Pearl of the Orient: Discover Old Philippines.
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HISTORY
SALAMBAW
There was a time when ducks found the
waters of Pasig River clean enough to drink
and bathe in it. In fact, a community of
duck raisers is said to have blossomed
from the banks of the river. The business
thrived for many decades, specifically in
the areas of Pinagbuhatan and Kalawaan
where many families relied on ducks for
their bread and butter.

Photo Credit: David Rumsey Historical Map Collection

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HISTORY
HOUSEBOATS
Anyone who has seen an old photograph
of Pasig River should know what a casco
looked like. It’s a flat-bottomed boat with
a roof made of split bamboo or rattan. This
traditional Filipino watercraft was used to
carry freight and passengers throughout
Manila and nearby provinces.

House Boats on the Pasig River, Manila, P. I. Copyright

by the Keystone View Company. The original slides are
housed in McConnell Library’s Special Collections. 10
HISTORY
COCONOT RAFTSS
In the 19th century, people in Laguna and
nearby provinces relied on Pasig River to
transport their goods to Manila. They
would usually fill their cascos with their
produce, varying from rice, sugar, and
vegetables to wine, molasses, and baskets
of fruits. After forming a circular raft, the
coconuts would float across Laguna de Bay
and down to the Pasig River. With the help
of estuaries throughout Manila, the
coconut rafts would easily reach the mills
where they’re processed into coconut milk
and coconut honey, among other
products. Coconut raft, Manila, circa 1900s. Library of Congress
Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. LC-
DIG-ggbain-30479 11
HISTORY
PEOPLE WASHING
CLOTHES
Pasig River not only provided people with
a means to bathe themselves but also a
place where they could wash their clothes.
As a result, signs of pollution had been
evident in Pasig River as early as the 19th
century. In 1850, for example, a Spaniard
noticed that the river was slowly losing its
pristine quality, partly because of rampant
laundry washing by the natives. So that
the water wouldn’t lose its potability, it
was suggested to use sand and charcoal as
a filtering method. Natives washing clothes along the Pasig River, early
20th Century, Manila, Philippine Islands. Source:
Memories of Old Manila Facebook Group. 12
HISTORY
ELEGANT SPANISH-ERA
HOUSE
Manila’s canals and esteros used to be
brimming with life. An endless line of
cascos carrying freight and passengers
populated the busy Pasig River, then
considered the lifeline of the city. The
elegant houses are no longer there, as the
rich were replaced by the urban poor.
Some say that the status of the river is a
reflection of the civilization that formed
around it. I guess that only means we’re
growing backward. Or are we?
Natives washing clothes along the Pasig River, early
20th Century, Manila, Philippine Islands. Source:
Memories of Old Manila Facebook Group. 13
FROM
JONES BRIDGE

TO
C6 ROAD—BRIDGE/
NAPINDAN BRIDGE

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15
MANUEL A. ROXAS
MEMORIAL BRIDGE
NEAR TO FORT
SANTIAGO

C6 ROAD--BRIDGE

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17
 AQUACULTURE OF PASIG RIVER
NOW
THEN
Before pollution destroyed the
aquatic ecosystem, Pasig River
served as the habitat for 25
varieties of fish and 13 different
types of aquatic creature. After
the World War II in the 1940s,
the water quality begun to
deteriorate, and in 1990, Pasig
River was declared dead and
incapable of sustaining marine
life.
A part of Pasig River showed
great improvement when
residents were able to catch
tilapia, a common
NOW freshwater
fish. However, the fish caught
in the Pasig River is said to be
toxic and unsafe to be eaten.
The PRRC’s rehabilitation efforts
to revive Pasig River, won its first
Asia River Prize awards last
October 16, 2018. The river needs
14 more years to be fully alive
once again, the commission said.
THEN
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FEATURE
OF PASIG
RIVER
•PASIG RIVER, RIVER DRAINING LAGUNA DE BAY, THE LARGEST LAKE IN THE PHILIPPINES,
INTO MANILA BAY AT MANILA. IT FLOWS NORTH-NORTHWEST THROUGH THE MARKET
TOWN OF PASIG AND BISECTS MANILA, THEN ENTERS THE BAY BETWEEN THE NORTH
AND SOUTH HARBORS. ITS LENGTH IS APPROXIMATELY 15-17 MI (25-27 KM).

-A TOTAL OF 19 BRIDGES CURRENTLY CROSS THE PASIG RIVER.

•THE TOTAL DRAINAGE BASIN OF PASIG RIVER, INCLUDING THE BASIN OF LAGUNA DE BAY,
COVERS 4,678 SQUARE KILOMETERS (1,806 SQ. MI).

•AN AVERAGE OF 50 METRES (160 FT) IN WIDTH. THE AVERAGE DEPTH OF THE RIVER IN
AROUND 4–6 M.

•A WATERSHED WITH TOTAL OF 663 SQUARE KILOMETER COVERING 23 MUNICIPALITIES

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•PASIG RIVER IS AN IMPORTANT RIVER IN THE METRO MANILA, PHILIPPINES, SINCE IT
PROVIDES FOOD, LIVELIHOOD AND TRANSPORT TO ITS RESIDENTS, AND CONNECTS TWO
MAJOR WATER BODIES; LAGUNA DE BAY AND MANILA BAY.

•HOWEVER, IT IS NOW CONSIDERED TO BE THE TOILET BOWL OF METRO MANILA DUE TO

THE LARGE AMOUNT OF WASTES DUMPED INTO THE RIVER. EVEN WITH THE EFFORTS OF
THE GOVERNMENT TO REVIVE THE QUALITY OF THE PASIG RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES, IT
CONTINUES TO DETERIORATE OVER TIME. THAT IS WHY THEY CALL IT “BIOLOGICALLY
DEAD”.

•FROM BEING A RECREATION VENUE AND A SOURCE OF FOOD AND LIVELIHOOD, THE
RIVER HAS BECOME THE DUMPING GROUND OF INFORMAL SETTLERS LIVING ALONG THE
BANKS OF THE RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES.

•THE RIVER IS ALSO THE CATCHMENT BASIN OF FLOODWATERS FROM SEVERAL

TRIBUTARIES FROM UPSTREAM AREAS OF METRO MANILA.

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•BEFORE POLLUTION DESTROYED THE AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM, LAGUNA DE BAY AND
MANILA BAY SERVED AS THE HABITAT FOR 25 VARIETIES OF FISH AND 13 DIFFERENT TYPES
OF AQUATIC CREATURE.

•DUE TO THE CONTINUOUS DUMPING OF WASTES, THE RIVERBED HAS BECOME MORE
AND MORE SILTED WITH ORGANIC MATTER AND NON-BIODEGRADABLE GARBAGE.

•IT WAS THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF FOOD AND WATER; PROVIDER OF WATER FOR
IRRIGATION, A STRATEGIC TRANSPORT ROUTE FOR DELIVERY OF AGRICULTURAL AND
OTHER CONSUMER GOODS, A PLACE FOR WASHING CLOTHES, FISHING, BATHING,
SWIMMING AND OTHER RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES.

-THE WHARVES AND QUAYS AT THE RIVER’S MOUTH SERVED THE EARLY INTER
ISLAND TRADE DURING THE SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD.

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PASIG RIVER IS HEAVILY POLLUTED WITH DOMESTIC
WASTES (60%), INDUSTRIAL WASTES (33%) AND OTHER
SOLID WASTES (7%).
WASTES

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DOMESTIC WASTE INDUSTRIAL WASTE SOLID WASTE
BECAUSE OF THIS, THE RIVERBED HAS BECOME MORE AND
MORE SILTED WITH NON-BIODEGRADABLE GARBAGE AND
ORGANIC MATTER, RESULTING IN FLOODING AND CARRYING
POLLUTED WATER TO THE NEARBY COMMUNITIES.

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 SOLUTION
AND
INTERVENTION
OF GOV’T

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GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION
•1973: PASIG RIVER DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL AND PASIG RIVER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
IS DEVELOPED, WHEREIN THEIR GOALS ARE TO RELOCATE INFORMAL SETTLERS AND
DREDGE SILTED PORTIONS OF THE RIVER, AND CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE RAILINGS

•1993: THE ENVIRONMENTAL PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM WAS CREATED TO MONITOR

BUSINESSES AND INDUSTRIAL SECTORS TO HELP IMPROVE THE PASIG RIVER

•1999 TO PRESENT (2019): THE PASIG RIVER REHABILITATION COMMISSION WAS CREATED
TO SUPERVISE AND PLAN PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS AND ENFORCE RULES TO
REHABILITATE THE RIVER.

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OTHER SOLUTION AND EFFORT OF
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
• MANDATORY SEWAGE TREATMENT
• SANITATION PROJECTS
• ESTABLISHMENT OF WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS
• INDUSTRIAL RELOCATION PLAN
• EXPANSION OF COMMUNITY BASED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
• REGULAR GARBAGE COLLECTION

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 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
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