Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
DIGITAL
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
By :
M. C. SHARMA, M. Sc.
Publishers :
B.P.B. Publications
DELHI MADRAS HYDERABAD
By the same author
1. Practical Transistor Novelties
2. Simple Audio Projects
3. Practical SCR/Triac Projects
4. 4 Easy to Build Alarms
5. Using Field Effect Transistors
6. 555 Timer-Use and Applications
7. Build Your Own Test Instruments
8. Understanding and Using Multimeters
9. Using Semi-conductor Diodes
10. Power Supplies for all occasions
11. Care & Repair of Electronic Flash Guns
12. Learning by Experiments-CMOS I. Cs.
Reprinted 1980
Digital techniques are not new. They have been known for
years, The key and dc relay telegraphy is the ancient digital system. It
is only the availability of modern, low cost integrated circuits that
has made their widespread use practical.
DIGITAL
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
By :
M. C. SHARMA, M. Sc.
Publishers :
B.P.B. Publications
DELHI MADRAS HYDERABAD
By the same author
I. Practical Transistor Novelties
2. Simple Audio Projects
3. Practical SCR/Triac Projects
4: Easy to Build Alarms
5. Using Field Effect Transistors
6. 555 Timer-Use and Applications
7. Build Your Own Test Instruments
8. Understanding and Using Multimeters
9. Using Semi-conductor Diodes
10 Poaer Supplies on all occasions
11 Care and Repair
of Electronic Flash
I Learning by Experiments-CMOS I. Cs.
Reprinted 1980
Page
Preface 5
1. Introduction
The b i nary sy ste m , bi nar y c od e d d e c im al (B CD ),
data representation, logic levels and logic logi circuits. 7
Logic Circuits
The inverter, AND gate, NAND gate, OR gate, NOR
gate
e x c l u s ive-OR and exclusive-NOR gates. 14
3. Flip-Flops
The RS flip-flop, L' flip-Plop and JK flip-flop. 30
4, Sequential Circuits
special counters, BCD counters, shift registers,
left-rightR i p p l e c o u n t e r s , d o w n c o u n t e r , u p -d o w n
counter,
shiftin g , ring counters and Johnson counters.
g,
41
5. Combinational Circuits
BCD to decimal decoders, seven segment decoders,
multiplexers and de-multiplexers.
6. Clocks and One Shots
Clock oscillators, one shot multivibrator and re-trig-
gerable one shots.
7. Applications
Simple alarm, coin-toss, RF phase shifter, three phase
square wave generator, sequential switching,-electro-
nic dice. time base totalizer, frequency counter,
time interval meter, digital clock and number of
pulses generator.
91
8. Appendix
List of parts, power supply and logic board. 102
10. Answers 105
PREFACE
Digital techniques are not new. They have been known for
years, The key and dc relay telegraphy is the ancient digital system. It
is only the availability of modern, low cost integrated circuits that
has made their widespread use practical.
M. C. Sharma
1
Introduction
In electronics there are two basic types of signals, Analog and Digital. Of these the
analo g signals are more familiar. An analog is an ac or dc voltage (or current) that varies
smoothly and continuously and which does not change in steps. Digital signals are
essentially a series of pulses or rapidly changing voltage (or current) levels that vary in
discrete steps or increments. Examples of analog and digital signals are shown in Fig. 1.
Electronic circuits that pr ocess these step signals are called digital , lo gic o r pulse
circuits.
The same device can behave as an analog or as a digital device depending on the way it is
used. Consider an electric bulb. We
can vary the current through it continuously and its brightness
vary. Used in this way, the bulb is an analog device. There are
virtually an infinite number of brightness levels.
T he mo st co m mo n wa y o f u s i ng g a li g h t b ulb a s a d ig it al
d ev ice , is to gi ve i t s b r ill ia n ce t wo l e vel s ; 'o ff' a nd o n '. T h e
lamp thus has only two states and we can say that lamp is binary
in nature.
8
Table in Fig-3 shows the binary equivalents of some decimal
numbers.
0 0000 10 1010
1 0001 11 1011
2 0010 12 1100
3 0011 13 1101
4 0100 14 1110
5 0101 15 1111
6 0110 16 10000
7 0111 32 100000
8 1000 64 1000000
9 1001 128 10000000
Fig. 3. Binary Equivalents of Decimal Numbers,
9
Binary numbers are also referred to as binary words; e.g. an 8 bit binary number is also
an 8 bit binary word. Fig. 4 illustrates as how a binary word can be represented in electronic
circuits by switches or by lamps. In the illustration a switch in on position or a glowing
lamp is taken to represent a binary 1 while an off switch or a dark lamp represents a
binary 0. The weights of the positions is also shown in the figure.
The number of bits in a word determine the number of discrete states that can
exist; or in other words, the maximum decimal number value that can be represented. The
total number of states is given by the formula N=2 11, where N is the total number of states
and n is the number of bits in the word used. For example, with a four bit word we can
represent a maximum of 2^ 4 or 16 states. These can be seen as binary numbers from binary
0000 (decimal 0) to binary 1111 (decimal 15) in fig. 3.
Because the decimal number is so familiar, it is easy to use. The binary system is less
convenient. Digital engineers recognized this problem and developed a special form of
binary code that was more compatible with the decimal system. This special code is known
a Binary Coded Decimal or BCD. This code uses the standard 8421 binary weighted code
for decimal numbers from 0 through 9. A four bit word can actually represent decimal
numbers upto 15, but in this case the decimal equivalents from 10 through 15 are considered
invalid and therefore ignored. To carry to next set of 4 bit binary word is given on the
tenth count of the previous number, as done in the decimal system.
Data Representation
There are two basic ways in which digital numbers are tran-
smitted; processed or manipulated. These are known as series'
and 'Parallel'. In the series method, each bit of binary word is
processed or transmitted serially one after another, one at a time
The primary advantage is that this system requires only a single
line or channel for data transmission from one place to another. It
is, therefore, simplest and economical, but it takes a longer
processing time.
Logic Levels
The basic element for representing a single bit of data is a
switch. Its on-off nature makes it perfect for binary data repres-
entation. A mechanical switch however, is too sluggish and cannot
be manipulated fast. A transistor on the other hand, can readily
assum e two d istinct sta tes, con ductive and cut- off. It can
also change states at a very fast rate. The transistor is, therefore,
very much used as a switch in digital electronic circuits.
Logic Circuits
Our ability to think logically requires both, a capability for
making decisions based on the available data or facts and our
ability to remember. This holds true for d i gital circuits and
equipment as well. The decision making circuits are called
`gates' while the memory circuits are made up of circuits called `flip-
flops'.
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