STORMWATER DRAINAGE

SECTION 7
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STORMWATER DRAINAGE

Drainage Generally

The whole of the drainage works shall be carried out to the details as shown on the details as
shown on the Drawings and in accordance with the relevant By-Laws, and tested to the
satisfaction of the Engineer and Local Authority.

Excavation for Trenches, Etc.

Excavation for trenches shall be to straight lines and gradients required for the pipes and beds
as specified. The trench shall be of minimum width to allow adequate working space for the
proper construction of joints and compaction of backfill around the pipe.

In all pipelines the Contractor will be expected to reduce the width of the trench at formation
level to the width of the cross section specified.

Before any excavation commences and throughout the period of construction, each drainage
sump centre shall be set out and marked by a centre peg and three triangular peg markers
situated outside the working area.

The levels are to be set out and inverts referred to protected level pegs near each drainage
sump and change of grade or line. Properly painted black and white sight rails, 8 feet long, are
to be fixed and maintained at the changes of grade or line and not more than 200 feet apart.

Strongly constructed, clearly painted boning rods shall be provided at each length where work
is in progress. Such boning rods shall be designed to show the pipeline invert level below the
sight rails.

When excavation is completed and before any further work commences, wooden pegs are to
be driven into the formation at not more than 12 feet centres, the level of each peg being
adjusted to the proposed pipe invert by the use of the sight rails and boning rods.

Excavation for drain channels, structures and culverts shall be to the line and levels in
accordance with the Drawings, and all excavated spoil shall be deposited in approved dumps.
Backfilling shall only be carried out after the drains or structures have been properly
constructed and approved by the Engineer.

When the formation consists of both soft and hard materials, the foundation shall be so
prepared as to make it as uniform as possible, without abrupt changes from hard to soft
materials. Hard materials shall either be excavated below grade and replaced with suitable fill
material or the entire foundation excavated at least 12” below formation and replaced with
suitable uniform material or concrete as directed.

Where rock is encountered in drains or drainage structures, these shall be removed by

approved means to the required depth and widths.

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The sides of the pits and trenches shall be adequately supported at all times. Alternatively,
except where the Contract expressly requires otherwise, they may be suitably battened.
Trenches and pits shall be kept free of water.

The bottom of all excavations shall be leveled carefully and stepped or benched horizontally
as shown on the Drawings or as required by the Engineer. Any pocket of soft material or loose
rock in the bottoms of pits and trenches shall be removed and the resulting cavities and any
large fissures filled with concrete (1:3:6 – 1-1/2” aggregate), sand or other approved fill
material. After the placing of any blinding concrete required by the contract, no trimming of
the side faces shall be carried out for 24 hours.

All excavated materials from such excavations not required for refilling shall be disposed to
dumps to be found by the Contractor or elsewhere as required.

The Contractor shall at his own expenses make good with concrete as described above any
over excavation at or below the bottom of foundations or any additional excavation to remove
foundation material which the Contractor allows or causes to become disturbed.

Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings or directed by the Engineer, all filling for this
purpose shall consist of selected excavated material deposited and compacted in required
layers and by approved plant as specified.

Timber sheeting, piles and other excavation supports shall be carefully removed as the filling
proceeds except where they are required by the contract to be left in position but the removal
of such supports will not relieve the Contractor of his responsibilities for the stability of the
works.

Setting Out Drainage Works

The Contractor shall be responsible for the proper setting out of all stormwater drainage and
culverts to the satisfaction of the Engineer, on completion of embankments and platforms.

Unless otherwise directed by the Engineer, the setting out works shall include the following:-

(a) Demarcation of the reserve with boundary pegs at not more than 100 feet intervals and at
turning points.

(b) Setting up of permanent bench marks at suitable sites to the requirements of the Engineer.

(c) Setting out clearly the lines and levels of the cut including sight rails and boning rods.

The Contractor shall give the Engineer at least 24 hours prior notice in writing of when he
intends to set out or fix levels for, any part of the drainage works, to enable the Engineer to
arrange for checking the same. Execution of work shall be suspended during the checking and
the Contractor shall carefully preserve any marks made by the Engineer. The setting out of
the drainage works shall be completed at least 2 weeks in advance of the commencement of
the relevant portion of the works. This requirement is to be strictly observed so as to afford
sufficient notice for inspection by the Authorities concerned.

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Bakau Piles

Where directed by the Engineer, bakau piles or hardwood sheet piles or shoring shall be
driven along the toes and or slopes of embankments where these are unable to stand without
support. Bakau piles are specified in detail under Section 6 of the Specification.

Existing Drainage Paths and Water Courses

The Contractor shall execute the works by such method or in such order to ensure that
existing drainage paths or other water courses shall not be obstructed before the construction
and completion of such permanent or temporary diversion works as are provided for in the
Drawings and Specifications or as the Engineer may order as the works proceed.

The Contractor shall ensure that the natural water course is not obstructed during execution of
the Contract Works and shall be required to provide temporary silt traps where necessary to
prevent loss of earth from exposed cuts or fills during rainfall. Silt traps shall be built to the
lines and levels to suit each site and these may be required to be raised at the instruction of
the Engineer. All temporary works necessitated by the commissioning of the Contract Works
shall be deemed included in the Contract Sum.

Backfilling and Removal of Unsuitable Material

All trenches and excavations shall be backfilled within a reasonable time after the drain
channels, pipe inverts, etc. are installed and approval is given by the Engineer to backfill,
unless other protection of the work is directed.

The backfill material around the pipes shall be either sand obtained from an approval source
or selected material free from large rocks, hard lumps, sods, cinders, tree stumps or other
organic matter.

Where material excavated from the trench is not considered suitable by the Engineer, selected
material from other source shall be used for backfilling.

The Contractor shall provide an earth cover of at least 4 feet over the crown of the pipe
before heavy equipment is allowed to be driven over it.

Backfilling shall be carried out in layers not exceeding 6” in thickness with approved soil and
rammed with material rammers uniformly from both sides and to the satisfaction of the
Engineer.

After the backfilling is completed the Contractor shall remove all excess spoil tips as directed
by the Engineer.

Concrete

Concrete shall generally comply with the requirements of C.P. 110 – “The Structural Use of
Concrete” as earlier described under “Concretor”

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Sand

Sand for cement mortar shall conform to B.S. 1200 and shall be clean, freshwater river sand
free from clay and other impurities as earlier described under “Concretor”.

Cement

Cement shall, unless otherwise described, be Ordinary Setting or Sulphate Resisting Portland
Cement or approved manufacture and shall comply to the requirements of B.S. 12:1978, as
earlier described under “Concretor”.

Brickwork

Brickwork shall generally be clay bricks to B.S. 3921 set and jointed in cement and sand
(1:3) mortar.

Stormwater Drains

Stormwater drains shall be constructed of present concrete half-round inverts or “V”-shaped

channels to the sizes, thicknesses and depths as shown on the Drawings.

Plain and reinforced precast units shall in concrete (1:2:4 – ¾” aggregate) as shown on the
Drawings, unless otherwise elsewhere stipulated. The drain channels shall be reinforced with
fabric reinforcement as required.

Precast units shall be handled at the prescribed points and bedded or otherwise fixed in their
final positions as instructed.

Drain channels shall be laid, bedded and jointed in cement mortar (1:3) with all joints grouted
to a smooth flush surface.

A layer of sand blinding or concrete (1:3:6 – 1-1/2” aggregate) bed of the thickness where
shown in the Drawings shall be laid before the unit is placed in position. Any precast unit
deviating more than 1/8” from line and level at either end shall be made good by lifting and
relaying at no extra cost.

All joints and voids shall be filled with lean concrete or cement grout.

No immediate loading or backfilling will be permitted around the precast units until the
Engineer’s approval is obtained.

All precast units shall conform to the shapes and dimensions shown on the Drawings. All
edges shall be clean and sharp and the wearing surfaces shall be true and free from any
winding. On being fractured the interior shall present a clean and homogeneous appearance.

Precast units shall not be removed from the moulds or erected until sufficiently matured to
ensure that no damage shall be done to the unit. The Engineer may require the Contractor to
mark or stamp the date of casting on the precast units before delivery to the Site.

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Any precast unit found cracked or damaged during, before or after erection shall be removed
from the site and immediately replaced at the Contractor in the Bills of Quantities.

The limestone rubble revetment walls shall be constructed of random sized limestone
aggregate laid jointed and pointed in cement mortar (1:3). A sample panel shall be
constructed for the approval of the Engineer prior to commencement of works on drain walls.

Weepholes comprising of earthenware salt-glazed stoneware pipe sections of specified

diameters, or other approved material, shall be provided to all rubble or brick revetment walls
at 5’0” centres as shown on the Drawings or as directed.

Drain Covers and Gratings

Provide precast reinforced concrete (1:2:4 – ¾” aggregate) drain cover slabs of thickness and
dimensions as shown on the Drawings reinforced with mild steel rod reinforcements and
bedded over drains.

Where heavy duty mild steel gratings are required, these shall be constructed to the details
and dimensions shown on the Drawings, and painted with two coats of approved rust-
resistant paint.

Culverts

All precast pipes and culverts shall be “Humes” or other equal and approved spun reinforced
concrete pipes of the grades an diameters shown on the Drawings or as described in the Bills
of Quantities.

Cutting of pipes shall be carried out by approved type of wheel cutter except for small
diameter concrete pipes, the Engineer may approve the cutting of pipes with a hammer and
chisel provided competent operator capable of making a neat true cut is employed.

All pipes and special shall be sufficiently protected by approved means to prevent damage
occurring during transit or storage.

Loading or unloading, pipes or castings must be accompanied by approved lifting tackle.

Unloading by rolling down planks or any other form of inclined ramp will not be allowed.
Pipes are to be carefully stacked on site with timber packings under and between the pipes.

Each batch of pipes supplied shall be accompanied by the manufacturer’s test certificates for
compliance with tests specified in the relevant British Standards. In the absence of such
certificates the Contractor will be required to arrange and carry out at his own expense all the
appropriate tests on samples from each batch as required to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

No pipes may be used in the work without the approval of the Engineer based on either a test
certificate or actual tests made. Should the selected pipes fail the tests, the Contractor shall
mark and remove from the site the whole batch of pipes at no extra costs.

All pipes, specials, etc. shall be carefully examined for damage prior to fixing or laying and
prior to concreting or backfilling.

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If any pipe, special, etc. is found to be damaged in any way, the Contractor shall notify the
Engineer. The damaged item shall be clearly marked and set aside for repair, cutting, or
should such damage, in the opinion of the Engineer, be caused through negligence on the part
of the Contractor the expenses of repairing, cutting and or replacement shall be borne by the
Contractor. The only pipes, etc. which on inspection are found to be sound in every respect
shall be fixed or laid.

Laying of Pipe Culverts

The interior of all pipes shall be carefully cleaned with brushes and shall be tested for
soundness before being laid. The pipes shall be laid to true inverts, straight lines and falls,
each pipe being separately boned between sight rails and bearing evenly upon the concrete
for its full length.

The laying of pipe in the finished trench shall be started shall be lowest point and laid
upgrade.

Where pipes are laid on earth formation, the trench shall be widened and deepened
sufficiently at the joints to allow the joints to be properly laid and such that the barrel or the
pipe bears evenly over its full length on solid ground.

Where pipes are laid on rock formation, the trench shall be excavated 6” deeper and made u
to required bed level with 6 inches of properly consolidated selected material or with 6 inches
of concrete (1:3:6 – 1-1/2” aggregate) as directed by the Engineer, care being taken that the
pipe does not rest on any projecting pieces of rock.

Concrete Beds, Haunchings, Etc.

Concrete for bedding, haunching and surround to pipes shall be (1:3:6) mix or as shown on
the Drawings. The concrete shall be well rammed or vibrated and worked under and around
the pipes. No concreting shall be carried out until the pipe joints have been inspected and
approved. Permanent vertical joints shall be formed at every four pipe lengths or 20 feet
whichever is less using 1” thick fibreboard shutting or other approved material left in place.
Concrete shall be placed right up against the trench excavation. Where the excavation has
been carried out to a greater width than the required section or approved width, the
Contractor shall provide the additional concrete at his own expenses.

Sumps

Sumps shall be brick or concrete type constructed to the sizes as shown on the Drawings. All
internal surfaces of sumps shall be rendered with high alumina cement (1:2) and finished
smooth.

Sumps shall be pumped dry and cleared of all mud and debris upon completion and prior to
handing over of the Works.

Where required, sumps cover slabs comprising precast concrete units or mild steel gratings
shall be provided to details as shown on the Drawings.

Testing and Approval of Culverts

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Testing of culverts shall be performed in the presence of the Engineer. The Contractor shall
provide all equipment and plant including portable hydraulic pumps, blank flanges, caps,
plugs, pressure gauges, all pipe connections, cocks and strong rubber hoses and shall
provided all struts, thrust blocks, etc., which are necessary for effectively testing the pipelines
to the required pressure and he shall keep the said equipment and plant in good order during
the continuance of the tests, all at his own expense.

Any pipe or length of pipes found to be defective shall be immediately removed and replaced
at the Contractor’s expense and leaking joints shall be remade; the test shall then be repeated
as often as necessary until the whole length of pipe tested is approved.

No work shall be covered up without the prior inspection and approval of the Local
Authorities’ By-Laws to the Local Authorities’ representative whenever such works are ready
for inspection. The Contractor shall afford full opportunity for the Local Authorities’
representative to carry out the inspection of works, and shall be payable, any phasing, any
temporary suspension of works and other costs resulting therefrom.

Should any works be covered without prior inspection and approval, the Contractor shall
uncover any part of parts of the works or make openings in or through the same, as the Local
Authorities’ representative may direct, for inspection. The Contractor shall at his own
expense, reinstate and make good such part or parts to the satisfaction of the Local
Authorities and the Engineer.

On completion, the culverts and sumps must be pumped dry and cleared of all debris, mud,
dirt, etc. to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

Cleaning and Restoration of Site

After the backfill is completed, the Contractor shall dispose of all surplus material, debris and
rubbish from the site. Surplus suitable materials may be deposited at embankments, shoulders
or as ordered by the Engineer. The Contractor shall restore all areas disturbed by the drain or
pipelaying works to the original condition as may be directed, and to the satisfaction of the
Engineer.

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