21 Century Literature From The Philippines and The World Reviewer

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RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES- MARBEL, INC.

Unit 7, LV Bldg. Alunan Avenue, Koronadal City, South Cotabato
Tel. No: (083) 228-2880
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
21st CENTURY LITERATURE

FROM THE PHILIPPINES AND
THE WORLD
REVIEWER
Prepared by: EMILYN W. KUYAN, LPT
Based on the 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World for Senior High School
curriculum guide and book by: Ma. Lourdes Tayao, Ph.D
TABLE OF CONTENT
21st Century Literature Reviewer SY. 2020-2021

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Topics : Page
Topic I: Various Dimensions of Philippine Literary history from Pre-colonial to

contemporary period.
Periods of Philippine Literature……………………………………………....... 4

► Pre-historic
► American
► Spanish
► Japanese
Important key points…………………………………………………………. 13
Test questions…..…………………………………………………………… 15
Topic II. Canonical authors and works of Philippine National Artist in........ 23
Literature
Names of authors and their works, and backgrounds of the literature from .... 29
the region where the high school is located
Important key points…………………………………………………………… 30
Test questions…………………………………………………………………..
32
Topic III: Study and Appreciation of literary texts from the

different regions written in different genre........................................................... 41
Regions in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao……………………………………..... 41
Major genres…………………………………….................................................... 45
► Poetry
►Fiction
►Drama
►Creative Non-fiction
►Hyper-poetry

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►Blogs
►Mobile phone text-tula
►Chick-lit
►Speculative fiction
► flash fiction
Important key points…………………………………………………………….. 50

Test questions……………………………………………………………………. 53
Topic IV: Literary genres, traditions and forms from different

national literature and cultures............................................................................... 61
Asian Literature ……………………………………………………………………… 64

Anglo-American……………………………………………………………………… 68
European……………………………………………………………………………… 68
Latin American……………………………………………………………………… 68
African…………………………………………………………………………........... 72
Important key points……………………………………………………………... 76
Test questions……………………………………………………………………. 81
Topic V: Basic textual and contextual reading approach....................................... 89

in the study and appreciation of literature
Important key points……………………………………………………………... 94
Test questions……………………………………………………………………. 96
TOPIC 1
VARIOUS DIMENSIONS OF PHILIPPINE LITERARY HISTORY FROM PRE-

COLONIAL TO CONTEMPORARY PERIOD.
Periods of Philippine Literature

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► Pre-historic
► American
► Spanish
► Japanese
► Contemporary
Literature
- It derived from the latin word literature which means writing and litteratus
which mean learning. It is a group of works of art made up of words. Most are
written, but some are passed by. And is usually means works of poetry and prose
that are well written. Literature can also mean imaginative or creative writing.
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE during Pre- historic period
- Literature was principally oral in as much as writing was not yet invented and
more of the work were concise poetic.
DOCTRINA CRISTIANA
- The Catholic book of prayers and doctrines.
Examples of written literature:
- Biag ni lam-ang (Ilocano)

- Alim and Hudhud (Ifugao)
- Kumintang (Tagalog)
- Ibalon (Bicolanos)
- Maragtas and Hinilawod (Visayan)
- Hari sa Bukid (Hiligaynon)
- Dago and Sudsud (Tagabanuas)
- Bantugan (Muslims)
- Indarapatra and Sulayman (Maguindanao)
- Tatuang (Bagobos)
Literary Forms
 Alamat (Legend)- This is presented as history but is

unlikely to be true

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 Myth (Mito)- This is told to explain a belief, a practice, or
a natural phenomenon.
 Kwentong Bayan (Folk tales)- This is a characteristically

anonymous, timeless, and placeless tale circulated orally
among a people
 Pabula (Fables)- This features animal characters or

inanimate objects that behave like people.
 Epic (Epiko) – This narrative poem celebrates the

adventures and achievements of a hero.
Folk Songs
- Uyayi (Lullaby)
- Kumintang (War song)
- Kundiman (Love Song)
- Harana (Serenade)
- Tagay (Drinking Song)
- Mambayu (Kalinga rice-pounding song)
- Subli ( Dance-ritual song)
- Kanogan (Song of lamentation for the dead)
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE during Spanish Colonial Period
Spanish occupied Philippines in early 15th century. The First Filipino alphabet is
Alibata when Spanish colonized Philippines they changed alibatas into Roman
alphabet. Spanish banned the use of Alibata because they believed that it is a work of
evil. So Spanish fully introduced the Spanish literary language using many Spanish
terms.
 Magellan is the one who discovered Philippines

 The mission of Spanish Friars is to spread the
CHRISTIANITY
Literature under Spanish Colonial Period

 Oral Literature
- Drama

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- Songs
- Religious Drama
 SONGS
- is a composition for voice or voices, performed by singing. A
choral or vocal song may be accompanied by musical
instruments, or it may be unaccompanied, as in the case of a
cappella songs.
 RELIGIOUS DRAMA
- The religious drama, as setting for the events recorded in the
Bible or moral lessons to be drawn from religious teaching, is
distinctively medieval in character, and in origin is closely
connected with the services of the Church.
Example:
- Sinakulo
- Panunuluyan
- Santacruzan
 DRAMA
- Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in
performance. The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by
actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative
modes of production and a collective form of reception.
Example of drama:
- Bakit Babae ang Naghuhugas ng Pinggan?
Written Literature
 POETRY
-
is an imaginative awareness of experience expressed through
meaning, sound, and rhythmic language choices so as to evoke
an emotional response. Poetry has been known to employ
meter and rhyme, but this is by no means necessary.
 SHORT STORIES
- Is a brief world work of literature in a narrative prose.
 RIZAL AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES

JOSE RIZAL

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- He is considered one of the national heroes of the Philippines.
Studying in Europe, he was the most prominent advocate for
reform in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era. He
was wrongly implicated as the leader of the Katipunan
Revolution, and that led to his execution on December 30,
1896, now celebrated as Rizal Day, a national holiday in the
country. His pen name was Dimas-alang and Laong Laan.
Famous works:
- Mi Ultimo Adios
- El Filibusterismo
- Noli Me Tangere
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

- He was a celebrated figure in the Philippine Revolution and a
leading propagandist for reforms in the Philippines. Popularly
known as Plaridel, he was the editor and co-publisher of La
Solidaridad (The Solidarity).
ANDRES BONIFACIO
- He was a founder and later Supremo of the Katipunan
movement which sought the independence of the Philippines
from Spanish colonial rule and started the Philippine
Revolution. He is also the Father of Philippine Revolution.
Famous work:
- Pag-ibig sa tinubuang Lupa
-
FRANCISCO BALTAZAR
- The master of traditional Tagalog poetry, became well-known
for his work Florante at Laura (1838–1861), the most famous
metrical romance of the country.
PEDRO PATERNO
- He wrote Sampaguitas y poesias varias (1880), the first poetry
collection in Spanish by a Filipino; and the novel in Spanish
Ninay (1885), considered to be the first Filipino novel.
► The Spaniards brought Christianity with them. The clergy made a great impact on
faith, education, and government.
► The Spanish missionaries taught the gospel through the native language, so they hired
natives to translate Spanish religious instructional materials. Eventually, the natives
became fluent in Spanish and became known as ladinos.

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► Memorial de la vida cristiana en lengua tagala (1605), a book containing basic
Catholic doctrines.
► The native drama called komedya or moro-moro was popular. It depicted the war
between Christians and Muslims, wherein the former always wins.
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE during American period
 The US established a civil government in 1901. Free public education was

introduced. Also, English was the medium of instruction.
 In 1934, President Roosevelt signed a bill making the Philippines a
commonwealth. On May 14, 1935 Manuel L. Quezon was elected president.
- American defeated Spaniards in Spanish-American War which resulted in

TREATY OF PARIS
- THOMASITES are the first English Teachers.
Literature during this period:
- Tagalog Novel
- Romantic Poetry
 TAGALOG NOVEL
- is a long prose narrative that describes fictional
characters and events in the form of a sequential story,
usually. A Tagalog novel is a novel written in, of
course, Tagalog.
 Romantic Poetry
 The dominant theme of poetry: the filtering of natural
emotion through the human mind in order to create art.
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE during Japanese period
 On December 8, 1941, the Japanese attacked Manila. On

January 2, 1942, Japanese occupied Manila. They set up a
Council of State in the country and started propaganda to
remold the Filipinos.
 In October 1943 the Japanese declared the Philippines

“independent.” On September 20, Jose P. Laurel was
elected president.

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 MacArthur and his Allied forces returned to the country in
1944. They landed on Leyte on October 20, and the
biggest naval battle in history ensued.
 The Japanese surrendered formally on September 2, 1945
 During the occupation, publications were censored by the

military. Also, Tagalog was declared an official language
(together with Nihonggo). In effect, Philippine literature
in English came to a halt. Some Filipino writers then
turned to writing in Filipino.
 The Tagalog short story reached its maturity during the

period. The best works were compiled by the Liwayway
magazine
 Ikebana
- It is an art of arranging flowers
 Origami
- It is an art of paper folding
 Haiku
- A type of poetry from the Japanese culture. It consists of three
lines. The first line has five syllables, the second has seven
syllables, and the third has five syllables. Haiku does not
rhyme. It is meant to paint a mental image. Haikus are
typically about nature.
Example:
The trees are dancing
and butterflies are flying,
they are amazing.
 Tanka
- A five-line poem. The first and third line lines have five
syllables each and the others seven, making a total of thirty-one
syllables per poem.

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Example:
O pine tree standing
At the side of the stone house,
When I look at you,
It is like seeing face to face
The men of old time.
- Hakutsu, from the Manyo Shu
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE during Contemporary period
THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970)

- The Americans returned in 1945. Filipinos rejoiced and
guerillas who fled to the mountain joined the liberating
American Army.
- On July 4, 1946, the Philippines regained its freedom and the
Filipino flag waved joyously alone.
THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD

- The early post-liberation period was marked by a kind of
“struggle of mind and spirit” posed by the sudden
emancipation from the enemy, and the wild desire to see print.
 HEART OF THE ISLANDS (1947) –a collection of poems by Manuel Viray

 PHILIPPINES CROSS SECTION (1950) –a collection of prose and poetry by
Maximo Ramos and Florentino Valeros
 PROSE AND POEMS (1952) –by Nick Joaquin
 PHILIPPINE WRITING (1953) –by T.D. Agcaoili
 PHILIPPINE HAVEST –by Amador Daguio
 HORIZONS LEAST (1967) –a collection of works by the professors of UE,
mostly in English (short stories, essays, research papers, poem and drama) by
Artemio Patacsil and Silverio Baltazar
 WHO SPOKE OF COURAGE IN HIS SLEEP –by NVM Gonzales
 SPEAK NOT, SPEAK ALSO –by Conrado V. Pedroche
THE NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD

- Philippines literature in Tagalog was revived during this
period. Most themes in the writings dealt with Japanese
brutalities, of the poverty of life under the Japanese
government and the brave guerilla exploits.

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PERIOD OF ACTIVISM (1970-1972)
- Many young people became activists to ask for changes in the
government. In the expression of this desire for change, keen
were the writings of some youth who were fired with
nationalism in order to emphasize the importance of their
petition
LITERARY REVOLUTION
- The youth became completely rebellious during this period.

This was proven not only in the bloody demonstrations and in
the sidewalk expressions but also in literature. Campus
newspapers showed rebellious emotions. The once aristocratic
writers developed awareness for society. They held pens and
wrote on placards in red paint the equivalent of the word
MAKIBAKA.ERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY
RADIO
- Radio continued to be patronized during this period. The play
series like SI MATAR, DAHLIA, ITO AND PALAD KO,
and MR. LONELY were the forms of recreation of those
without television.
-
PERIOD OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC (1981-1985)
- After ten years of military rule and some in the life of the
Filipino which started under the New Society, Martial Rule
was at last lifted on January 2, 1981.
FILIPINO POETRY
- Poems during this period of the Third Republic were romantic
and revolutionary. Writers wrote openly of their criticism
against the government. The supplications of the people were
coached in fiery, colorful, violent, profane and insulting
language.
FILIPINO SONGS
- Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that were really true-to-
life like those of grief, poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of
God, of country and of fellowmen.
PHILIPPINE FILMS DURING THE PERIOD
- The yearly Festival of Filipino Films continued to held during
this period. The people’s love for sex films also was unabated.

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ON NEWSPAPERS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS
- Newspapers which were once branded crony newspapers
became instant opposition papers overnight. This was true of
BULLETIN TODAY which became the opposition paper.
IMPORTANT KEY POINTS
 Literature derived from the Latin word literratura which means writing and
litteratus which means learning.
 The literature before the coming of the Spaniards was basically ORAL.
 DOCTRINA CRISTIANA - The Catholic book of prayers and doctrines.
 Literature during American periods are : TAGALOG NOVEL AND
ROMANTIC POETRY
 American defeated Spaniards in Spanish-American War which resulted in

TREATY OF PARIS
 THOMASITES are the first English Teachers of Filipino.
 Spanish occupied Philippines in early 15th century. The First Filipino alphabet is
Alibata.
 Literature under Spanish Colonial Period
Oral Literature
- Drama
- Songs
- Religious Drama
Magellan is the one who discovered Philippines
The mission of Spanish Friars is to spread the CHRISTIANITY

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 JOSE RIZAL was the author of Mi Ultimo Adios and his pen name was Laong
Laan and Dimasalang.
 MARCELO H. DEL PILAR was the founder of La Solidaridad, Dasalan and
Tucsohan. His pen name was Plaridel.
 ANDRES BONIFACIO was the Father of Philippine Revolution and the author
of Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa.
 Japanese introduced their Arts and Poetry.
- Ikebana
- Origami
- Haiku
- Tanka
Literary Forms
Alamat (Legend)- This is presented as history but is unlikely to be true.
Myth (Mito)- This is told to explain a belief, a practice, or a natural phenomenon.
Kwentong Bayan (Folk tales)- This is a characteristically anonymous, timeless, and

placeless tale circulated orally among a people.
Pabula (Fables)- This features animal characters or inanimate objects that behave like
people.
Epic (Epiko) – This narrative poem celebrates the adventures and achievements of a
hero.

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TEST QUESTIONS
Test I. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Spanish occupied Philippines in the early 15th century and the first Filipino
alphabet is:
a. Baybayin
b. Roman Alphabet
c. Alibata
d. Cuniform
2. The Spanish literature under Spanish colonial period focuses on oral literature
which includes:
a. Religious Drama
b. Songs
c. Drama
d. All of the above
3. He is considered as one of the National Heroes of the Philippines and was a great
author. He also wrote the Noli Me Tangere, Mi Ultimo Adios and El
Filibusterismo.
a. Andres Bonifacio
b. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
c. Jose Rizal
d. Emilio Jacinto
4. “Isulat sa tubig” is an example of what literary forms?

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a. Riddle
b. Proverbs
c. Maxims
d. Fable
5. To hide his identity, Marcelo H. Del Pilar used the pseudonyms___.
a. Laong Laan
b. Pepe
c. Plaridel
d. Dimasalang
6. He was the editor and co-publisher of La Solidaridad.
a. Andres Bonifcacio
b. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
c. Gregorio Del Pilar
d. Emilio Aguinaldo
7. The first English teachers of Filipino are called?
a. Armies
b. Parasites
c. Teachers
d. Thomasites
8. During this period education and culture has a significant development and
introduced the free public school.
a. Pre-colonial period
b. Spanish colonial period
c. American period
d. Contemporary period
9. They introduced Niponggo and their literary arts and forms.
a. Japanese
b. Chinese
c. Spanish
d. Americans
10. It is a famous drama during Spanish colonial Period, that depicts a betting game
between couple whom either one would not like to wash the dishes.
a. Bakit Nga ba Asul and Ulap
b. Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa
c. Sino ang may sala
d. Bakit babae ang Naghuhugas ng pinggan.

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11.
An ocean voyage.
As waves break over the bow,
the sea welcomes me.
The poem above is an example of?
a. Haiku
b. Tanka
c. Senryu
d. Textula
12. It is an imaginative awareness of experience through meaning, sound rhythmic
language.
a. Prose
b. Poetry
c. Fiction
d. Drama
13. Literature derived from the Latin word literratura which means writing and
litteratus which means?
a. Disregarding
b. Neglecting
c. Unlearning
d. Learning
14. A Catholic book of prayers and doctrines is called?
a. Doctrina Hermosa
b. Doctrina Crisostomo
c. Bible
d. Doctrina Cristiana
15. American defeated Spaniards in Spanish-American War which resulted to____.
a. Treaty of Paris
b. World War II
c. World War I
d. Treaty of Paris II
16. “Buto’t Balat lumilipad” is an example of___.
a. Proverbs
b. Riddle
c. Maxims
d. Sawikain
17. It is one of the famous words being used by the people who were against the
government every rally.

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a. Ibagsak
b. Peace not War
c. Makibaka
d. Pababain sa pwesto!
18. Speak not, Speak also was written by_____ during contemporary period.
a. Nick Joaquin
b. NVM Gonzales
c. Levi Celerio
d. Conrado Pedroche
19. What was the exact date when the Philippines regained its freedom in the year and
the Filipino flag waved joyously alone and was celebrated every year as
Independence Day?
a. July 4, 1956
b. July 4, 1946
c. July 4, 1966
d. July 4, 1976
20. It is one of the famous dramas during holy week; it has a setting for the events
recorded in the Bible.
a. Religious Drama
b. Drama
c. Comedy
d. Melodrama
21. The mission of the Spanish friars in the Philippines is to spread____.
a. Free Education
b. Christianity
c. Barter
d. Language
22. It is a long prose narrative that describes fictional characters and events and is
purely written in Tagalog.
a. Romantic Poetry
b. Tagalog Songs
c. Tagalog Novel
d. Tagalog Drama
23. Literature during this period was principally oral in as much as written was not
yet invented.
a. Spanish Period
b. American Period
c. Pre-colonial Period
d. Contemporary Period
24. When the Japanese did attack Manila?
a. December 8, 1940

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b. December 8, 1941
c. December 8, 1942
d. December 8, 1943
25. In 1943, President Roosevelt signed a bill making the Philippines a
commonwealth. On May 14, 1935 he was the President.
a. Elpidio Qurino
b. Manuel Roxas
c. Manuel Quezon
d. Joseph Estrada
26. A novel in Spanish and is considered to be the first Filipino novel.
a. Nanay
b. Tinay
c. Inay
d. Ninay
27. He is the master of traditional tagalong poetry, became well-known for his work
Florante at Laura the most famous metrical romance of the country.
a. Nick Joaquin
b. Francisco Baltazar
c. Paz Marquez Benitez
d. Jose Garcia Villa
28. This is a characteristically anonymous, timeless, placeless tale circulated orally
among people.
a. Fable
b. Myth
c. Epic
d. Folktale
29. A narrative poem celebrates the adventure and achievements of a hero and the
best example of this is the story Biag ni Lam-ang.
a. Fable
b. Myth
c. Epic
d. Folktale
30. This is told to explain a belief, a practice or a natural phenomenon.
a. Legend
b. Fable
c. Myth
d. Epic
31. This features animal characters or inanimate object that behaves like people.
a. Parable
b. Epic
c. Legend

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d. Fable
32. It is presented as history but is unlikely to be true.
a. Epic
b. Legend
c. Myth
d. Fable
33. “Memorial de la vida Cristiana en lengua tagala” was the Spanish term for the
Catholic book of prayers and doctrines which is_______.
a. Doctrina Cristiana
b. Doctrina Hermosa
c. Doctrina Crisostomo
d. Doctrina Christiana
34. A native drama that depicted the war between Christians and Muslims, wherein
the former always win.
a. Zarzuela
b. Moro-moro
c. Komedya
d. Both b and c
35. He wrote Sampaguitas y poesias varias in 1880 and it was the first poetry,
collection in Spanish by a Filipino.
a. Francisco Baltazar
b. Pedro Paterno
c. Pedro Bucaneg
d. Nick Joaquin
36. The short story “Dead Stars” is considered as the first Filipino modern short story
in English written by___.
a. Nick Joaquin
c. Paz Marquez Benitez
37. The Spanish missionaries taught the gospel through the native language, so they
hired natives to translate Spanish religious instructional materials. Eventually, the
natives became fluent in Spanish and became known as____.
a. Indios
b. Pilipinos
c. Ladinas
d. Ladinos
38. In October 1943 the Japanese declared the Philippines “independent.” On
September 20, He was elected president.
a. Manuel Roxas
b. Manuel Quezon

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c. Ramon Magsaysay
d. Jose Laurel
39. Philippine literature flourished even more during the postwar and contemporary
period. Writers were able to produce_______.
a. Short stories
b. Novels
c. Essays
d. All of the above
40. Expeditions to the Philippines were sent by Spain in the 16th century. In their
conquest, the Spaniards brought Christianity with them. The clergy made a great
impact on______.
a. faith, education, government
b. barter, economics, system
c. education, freedom, entertainment
d. faith, education, entertainment
41. Japanese introduced their arts and one of these was Ikebana which means the art
of_____.
a. Folding paper
b. Cuisine
c. Language
d. Arranging flowers
42. What was the medium of instruction during American period?
a. Spanish
b. Tagalog
c. English
d. Taglish
43. What are the freedom’s that is present in contemporary period?
a. Speech and Expression
b. Press and Speech
c. Speech and Press
d. Expression and Press
44. The monkey and the crocodile is an example of___.
a. Parable
b. Fable
c. Folktale
d. Legend
45. He won first prize in the First Commonwealth Literary Awards in 1940 for his
novel His Native Soil.

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a. Levi Celerio
b. Amado Vera Hernandez
c. Juan Laya
d. Juan Luna
46. During this period writer stop wielding pens and start wielding guns.
a. Japanese Period
b. American period
c. Spanish period
d. Contemporary period
47. The Japanese surrendered formally on_____.
a. September 2, 1945
b. August 2, 1945
c. July 2, 1945
d. December 2, 1945
48. The first magazine that was produced in the Japanese period.
a. An Lantawan
b. An Sanghiran San Bisaya
c. Liwayway
d. Aliwayway
49. During the occupation, publications were censored by the military. Also, Tagalog
was declared an official language together with Nihonggo. In effect, Philippine
literature in English came to a halt. Some Filipino writers then turned to write
in____.
a. Nihonggo
b. Spanish
c. Tagalog
d. Taglish
50. The Igorot’s story tells that Lumawig the Great Spirit created people. On the other
hand, the Tagalog story tells that the first man and woman came from a bamboo.
What type of folk narrative does the statement above represents?
a. Legend
b. Epic
c. Fable
d. Myth

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TOPIC II
CANONICAL AUTHORS AND WORKS OF PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ARTIST
What is a National Artist?
 A national artist is a Filipino citizen who has been given the rank and title of
National artist in recognition of his or her significant contributions to the
development of Philippine Arts and Letters.
The Insignia of the Order of National Artists

 Medallion divided into three equal portions, red, blue and white, recalling the
Philippine flag.
Three stylized letter Ks – the KKK stands for the CPP’s motto: Katotohanan,
Kabutihan, kagandahan.
Honors and Privileges
1. The rank and title of National Artist, as proclaimed by the President of the
Philippines.
2. The insignia of a National Artist and a Citation
3. Lifetime emolument and material and physical benefits comparable in value to
those received by the highest officers of the land such as:
 Cash award of 100, 000 pesos for living
awardees
 Cash award of 75,000 pesos for posthumous
awardees, payable to legal heirs
 A monthly life pension, medical and
hospitalization benefits
 Life insurance coverage for Awardees who
are still insurable
 A state funeral and burial at the Libingan ng
mga Bayani
 A place of honor

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Tel. No: (083) 228-2880
► AMADO VERA HERNANDEZ National Artist for Literature (1973)
- He is known as “ Makata ng Mangagawa” poet, playwright,

and novelist, is among the Filipino writers who practiced
“committed art”.
- In his view, the function of the writer is to act as the conscience

of society and to affirm the greatness of the human spirit in the
face of inequity and oppression.
Hernandez’s other works include:

 Bayang Malaya
 Isang Dipang Langit
 Luha ng Buwaya
 Amado V. Hernandez: Tudla at Tudling:
Katipunan ng mga Nalathalang Tula 1921-1970
 Langaw sa Isang Basong Gatas at Iba Pang Kuwento ni
Amado V. Hernandez
 Magkabilang Mukha ng Isang Bagol
►JOSE GARCIA VILLA National Artist for Literature (`1973)

- He is considered as one of the finest contemporary poets
regardless of race or language.
- He used Doveglion (Dove, Eagle, Lion) as penname, the very
characters he attributed to himself.
- Introduced the reversed consonance rhyme scheme, including
the comma poems that made full use of the punctuation mark
in an innovative, poetic way.
- Enriched the English language with critics coining
“Joaquinesque” to describe his baroque Spanish-flavored
English or his reinventions of English based on Filipinisms.
“Art is a miraculous flirtation with

Nothing!
Aiming for nothing, and landing on
the Sun.”
―Doveglion: Collected Poems

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►NICK JOAQUIN National Artist for Literature (1976)
- As a journalist, Nick Joaquin uses the name Quijano de
Manila but whether he is writing literature or journalism, of
fellow National Artist.
Among his voluminous works are:
 The Woman Who Had Two Navels
 A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino
 Manila, My Manila: A History for the Young
 The Ballad of the Five Battles
 Rizal in Saga
►CARLOS P. ROMULO National Artist for Literature (1982)
- He wrote and published 18 books, a range of literary works
which included The United (novel), I Walked with Heroes
(autobiography), I Saw the Fall of the Philippines, Mother
America, I See the Philippines Rise (war-time memoirs).
►FRANCISCO ARCELLANA National Artist for Literature (1990)

- He pioneered the development of the short story as a lyrical
prose-poetic form.
- For Arcellana, the pride of fiction is “that it is able to render
truth, that is able to present reality”.
Some of his short stories are:

 Frankie
 The Man Who Would Be Poe
 Death in a Factory
 The Other Women
“ I know her name, I have called to her
But she does not hear. She will not listen
I call to her but she does not come.
The Lord is my Shepherd but I want”
 The Mats
“The names which were with infinite slowness

revealed, seemed strange and stranger still; the
colors not bright but deathly dull; the separate
letters spelling out the names of the dead among
them, did not seem to glow or shine with a festive
sheen as did the other living names”

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Tel. No: (083) 228-2880
►ROLANDO S. TINIO National Artist for Theatre and Literature (1997)

- Playwright, thespian, poet, teacher, critic and translator
His collections of poetry:

 Sitsit sa Kuliglig
 Dunung – Dunungan
 Kristal na Uniberso
 A Trick of Mirrors
Film scripts:
 Now and Forever
 Gamitin Mo Ako
Sarswelas:
 Ang Mestisa
 Ako
 Ang Kiri
 Ana Maria
►N.V.M. GONZALES National Artist for Literature (1997)

- Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez, better known as N.V.M.
Gonzalez, fictionist, essayist, poet, and teacher, articulated the
Filipino spirit in rural, urban landscapes.
Major works of N.V.M Gonzalez include the following:

 The Winds of April
 Seven Hills Away
 Children of the Ash-Covered Loam and Other Stories
 The Bamboo Dancers.
►LEVI CELERIO National Artist for Literature/Music(1997)

- He is a prolific lyricist and composer for decades. He
effortlessly translated/wrote a new the lyrics to traditional
melodies: “O Maliwanag Na Buwan”(Iloko), “Ako ay May
Singsing”(Pampango), “Alibangbang” (Visaya) among others.
- Celerio received his scholarship at the Academy of Music in
Manila that made it possible for him to join the Manila
Symphony Orchestra, becoming its youngest member.

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Tel. No: (083) 228-2880
- He made it to the Guinness Book of World Records as the only
person able to make music using just a leaf.
►EDITH L. TIEMPO National Artist for Literature (1999)

- She is a poet, fictionist, teacher and literary critic is one of the
finest Filipino writers in English whose works are
characterized by a remarkable fusion of style and substance, of
craftsmanship and insight her poems are intricate verbal
transfigurations of significant experiences as revealed, in two
of her much anthologized pieces, “The Little Marmoset” and
“Bonsai”.
►F. SIONIL JOSE National Artist for Literature (2001)

- He wrote the five-novel masterpiece, the Rosales saga
consisting of The Pretenders, Tree, My Brother, My
Executioner, Mass, and Po-on, he captures the sweep of
Philippine history while simultaneously narrating the lives of
generations of the Samsons whose personal lives intertwine
with the social struggles of the nation.
► VIRGILIO S. ALMARIO National Artist for Literature (2003)

- In he’s 34 years, he has published 12 books of poetry, which
include the seminal Makinasyon and Peregrinasyon , and the
landmark trilogy Doktrinang Anak pawis, Mga Retrato at
Rekwerdo and Muli, Sa Kandungan ng Lupa.
► ALEJANDRO ROCES National Artist for Literature (2003)

- He is known for his widely anthologized
“My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken.”
► BIENVENIDO LUMBERA National Artist for Literature (2006)

- He is the author of the following works: Likhang
Dila,Likhang Diwa (poems in Filipino and English), 1993;
Balaybay, Mga Tulang Lunot at Manibalang, 2002;
SaSariling Bayan, Apat na Dulang May Musika, 2004;
“Agunyas sa Hacienda Luisita,” Pakikiramay, 2004.
► LAZARO FRANCISCO National Artist for Literature (2009)

- His masterpiece novels—Ama, Bayang Nagpatiwakal,
Maganda Pa Ang Daigdig and Daluyong—affirm his eminent

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place in Philippine literature. In 1997, he was honored by the
University of the Philippines with a special convocation, where
he was cited as the “foremost Filipino novelist of his
generation” and “champion of the Filipino writer’s struggle for
national identity.”
► CIRILO F. BAUTISTA National Artist for Literature (2014

- He is a poet, fictionist and essayist with exceptional
achievements and significant contributions.
Major works:
 Summer Suns (1963)
 Words and Battlefields (1998)
 The Trilogy of Saint Lazarus (2001)
 Galaw ng Asoge (2003).
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL ARTIST FOR VISUAL ARTS
VICTORIO C. EDADES
- A Filipino painter who was the leader of the revolutionary
Thirteen Moderns who engaged in debate over the nature and
function of art.
FRANCISCO V. CONCHING
- Filipino Comic-book Illustrator regarded as one of the Pillars
of the Komiks Industry
NAPOLEON ISABELO VELOSO ABUEVA

- He is also entitled as the Father of Modern Philippines
Sculpture
FERNANDO CUETO AMORSOLO

- Portraitist and painter of rural Philippine Landscapes and
popularly known for his craftsmanship ad mastery in the use of
light.
NAMES OF AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS, AND BACKGROUNDS OF THE

LITERATURE FROM
THE REGION WHERE THE HIGH SCHOOL IS LOCATED

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RICARDO UNGRIA
 He graduated with a BA Literature, cum laude, degree

from the De La Salle University and MFA in Creative
Writing from Washington University in St. Louis, USA.
 He founded the Davao Writer Guild and published
DAGMAY which was the first literary page in a local
newspaper SunStar Davao.
TITA LACAMBRA-AYALA
 She is an Ilocano who migrated in Davao in mid- 50’s.

 She wrote Sunflower Poems, A Slim first book of
chipboard-printed poems.
AIDA RIVERA-FORD
 She earned her English degree in Silliman University

and is the first editor of Sands and Coral.
 Author of “Love in the cornhusks” one of her works
which earned many praises from different critics such
as N.V.M Gonzales.
AMADO VERA HERNANDEZ- He is known as “ Makata ng Mangagawa”
JOSE GARCIA VILLA- He is considered as one of the finest contemporary poets

regardless of race or language. He used Doveglion (Dove, Eagle, Lion) as penname
NICK JOAQUIN - As a journalist, Nick Joaquin uses the name Quijano de Manila.
CARLOS P. ROMULO- He wrote and published 18 books, a range of literary works
which included The United (novel), I Walked with Heroes (autobiography), I Saw the
Fall of the Philippines, Mother America, I See the Philippines Rise (war-time
memoirs).
ROLANDO S. TINIO - Playwright, thespian, poet, teacher, critic and translator.

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Tel. No: (083) 228-2880
N.V.M. GONZALES- Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzalez, better known as N.V.M.
Gonzalez, fictionist, essayist, poet, and teacher.
LEVI CELERIO- He is a prolific lyricist and composer for decades. He effortlessly

translated/wrote a new the lyrics to traditional melodies.
EDITH L. TIEMPO- She is a poet, fictionist, teacher and literary critic is one of the
finest Filipino writers in English whose works are characterized by a remarkable fusion
of style and substance. She wrote “The Little Marmoset” and “Bonsai”.
F. SIONIL JOSE- He wrote the five-novel masterpiece, the Rosales saga consisting of
The Pretenders, Tree, My Brother, My Executioner, Mass, and Po-on.
VIRGILIO S. ALMARIO- he has published 12 books of poetry, which include the

seminal Makinasyon and Peregrinasyon.
ALEJANDRO ROCES - He is known for his widely anthologized “My Brother’s

Peculiar Chicken.”
BIENVENIDO LUMBERA- He is the author of the following works: Likhang

Dila,Likhang Diwa (poems in Filipino and English)
LAZARO FRANCISCO- His masterpiece novels are Ama, Bayang Nagpatiwakal,

Maganda Pa Ang Daigdig and Daluyong
CIRILO F. BAUTISTA- He is a poet, fictionist and essayist with exceptional

achievements and significant contributions.
RICARDO UNGRIA- He founded the Davao Writer Guild and published DAGMAY
which was the first literary page in a local newspaper SunStar Davao.
TITA LACAMBRA-AYALA- She wrote Sunflower Poems, A Slim first book of

chipboard-printed poems.
AIDA RIVERA-FORD- Author of “Love in the cornhusks” one of her works which
earned many praises from different critics such as N.V.M Gonzales
VICTORIO C. EDADES- A Filipino painter who was the leader of the revolutionary
Thirteen Moderns who engaged in debate over the nature and function of art.

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Tel. No: (083) 228-2880
FRANCISCO V. CONCHING- A Filipino Comic-book Illustrator regarded as one of
the Pillars of the Komiks Industry
NAPOLEON ISABELO VELOSO ABUEVA- He is also entitled as the Father of

Modern Philippines Sculpture
FERNANDO CUETO AMORSOLO- Portraitist and painter of rural Philippine

Landscapes and popularly known for his craftsmanship ad mastery in the use of light.
TEST QUESTIONS
TEST II. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. An award that is given to a Filipino citizen who has been given the rank and title
in recognition for his/her contributions to the development of Philippine Arts and
Letters.
a. Educ Circle Award
b. Makabata Award
c. National Artist
d. National Hero
2. Who said this quote“You cannot be a great writer; first, you have to be a good
person”
a. Susana Roces
b. Jose Garcia Villa

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Tel. No: (083) 228-2880
c. Nick Joaquin
d. Alejandro Roces
3. What does PEN stands for in the Writers Guide Organization?
a. Poets, Essayist, Novelist
b. Pen-name, Editor, Novelist
c. Publisher, Editor, Novelist
d. Poets, Editors, Novelist
4. He is a great author and one of his novel “Ang mga Ibong Mandaragit” was
written in the prison. It was also the first socio-political novel that exposes the ills
of the society.
a. Amador Daguio
c. Alejandro Roces
d. Aida Rivera-Ford
5. Who said this quote “Art is a miraculous flirtation with nothing!
Aiming for nothing, and landing on the sun”?
a. Jose Garcia Villa
b. Jose Rizal
c. Amador Daguio
d. Amado Vera Hernandez
6. He is a poet and essayist with exceptional achievements and significant
contributions to the Philippine Arts and Letters.
a. Lazaro Francisco
b. Cirilo Bautista
c. Levi Celerio
7. He was cited as champion of the Filipino writers struggle for his national identity.
His masterpiece novels are: Ama, Bayang Nagpatiwakal.
a. Lazaro Francisco
b. Cirilo Bautista
c. Levi Celerio
8. Bienvinido Lumbrera was a national artist for literature in 2006, which of the
following are his great works.
a. Bonsai
b. Little Marmoset

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Tel. No: (083) 228-2880
c. The girl who had two navels
d. Agunyas sa Hacienda Luisita
9. He founded Davao writer guild and published DAGMAY which was the first
literary page in a local newspaper Sunstar Davao.
a. Lazaro Francisco
b. Cirilo Bautista
c. Ricardo Ungria
10. He is known as Makata ng Manggagawa, a poet, playwright and novelist.
a. Nick Joaquin
c. Jose Garcia Villa
d. Amador Daguio
11. Jose Garcia Villa used the pseudonym______ to hide his identity.
a. Quijano de Manila
b. Plaridel
c. Laong-Laan
d. Doveglion
12. A great poet and considered as one of the first contemporary poets.
a. Levi Celerio
b. F. Sionil
d. Leona Florentino
13. The following are the works of Amado Vera Hernandez except:
a. Hacienda Luisita
b. Bayang Malaya
c. Luha ng Buwaya
d. Magkabilang ukha ng bagol
14. He is a journalist and he uses the pen name Quijano de Manila.
a. F. Sionil Jose
b. Pedro Bukaneg
d. Nick Joaquin
15. She is an Ilocano who migrated in Davao in mid 50’s and wrote ‘Sunflower
Poems”.
a. Aida Rivera-Ford

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Tel. No: (083) 228-2880
b. Tita Lacambra-Ayala
c. Edith Tiempo
d. J.K Rowling
16. She is one of the prominent author and was one of the National Artist for Arts and
Litter. She is the author of “The little Marmoset” and “ The Bonsai”.
a. Aida Rivera-Ford
b. Tita Lacambra-Ayala
c. Edith Tiempo
d. J.K Rowling
17. Which of the following are the works of Nick Joaquin?
a. The woman who had two navels
b. The ballad of the five battles
c. A portrait of the Artist as Filipino
d. All of the above
18. He is a fictional Artist for Literature in the year 1982 he wrote and published 18
books.
a. Carlos P. Romulo
b. Francisco Arcellana
c. F. Sionil Jose
d. Levi Celerio
19. For him the pride of writing fiction is “That it is able to render truth, that is able
to present reality”.
b. Roland Tinio
c. Francisco Arcellana
d. Virgilio Almario
20. He pioneered the development of the short story as a lyrical prose-poetic form and
a National Artist for literature in the year 1990.
b. Roland Tinio
d. Virgilio Almario
21. What does NVM stands for as Gonzales first name?
a. Nathan Vince Madale
b. Nestor Vince Madali

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Tel. No: (083) 228-2880
c. Nestor Vicente Madali
d. Nestor Vic Madali
22. He is a fictionist, essayist, poet and a teacher who articulated the Filipino spirit in
rural and urban landscapes.
a. F. Sionil Jose
b. Virgilio Almario
c. NVM Gonzales
d. Levi Celerio
23. A National Artist for literature specifically in music in 1997, a prolific lyricist and
composer for decade.
a. Levi Celerio
b. NVM Gonzales
c. Virgilio Almario
d. F. Sionil Jose
24. The Insignia of the Order of National Artist medallion was divided into three
equal portions, red, blue and white recalling the__________.
a. Independence Day
b. Philippine National Anthem
c. Philippine Flag
d. National Heroes Day
25. The three letter K’s stands for the CPP’s motto is____.
a. Kasarinlan, Kagandahan, Kahusayan
b. Kasinungalingan, Katotohanan, Kahusayan
c. Kabaitan, Kahusayan, Kagandahan
d. Katotohanan, Kabutihan, Kagandahan
26. Which of the following is the Honor and privilege of a National Artist?
a. A state of funeral and burial at the libingan ng mga bayani
b. The rank and title of National Artist, as proclaimed by the President of the
Philippines.
c. A monthly life pension, medical and hospitalization benefits
d. All of the above
27. In his view the function of the writer is to act as the conscience of society and to
affirm the greatness of the human spirit in the face of inequity and oppression.
a. Bienvinido Lumbrera
b. Amado Hernandez

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Tel. No: (083) 228-2880
c. Alejandro Roces
d. Levi Celerio
28. He introduced the reversed consonance rhyme scheme, including the comma
poems that made full use of the punctuation mark in an innovative poetic way.
a. Bienvinido Lumbrera
b. Amado Hernandez
c. Alejandro Roces
29. He made it to the Guinness Book of Worlds Records as the only person able to
make music using just a leaf.
a. Levi Celerio
b. Bienvinido Lumbrera
c. F. Sionil Jose
d. Carlos Bulusan
30. He is known for his widely anthologized “My Brother’s Peculiar Chicken”
a. Levi Celerio
b. Bienvinido Lumbrera
c. Alejandro Roces
d. Carlos Bulusan
31. He is also known as Rio Alma, a poet literary historian and critic who has
regained and reinvented traditional Filipino poetic forms even as he championed
modernist poetics.
a. Virgilio Almario
b. Alejando Roces
c. Levi Celerio
d. Amado Hernandez
32. He received his scholarship at the Academy of Music in Manila that made it
possible for him to join the Manila Symphony Orchestra becoming the youngest
member.
a. Virgilio Almario
b. Alejando Roces
c. Levi Celerio
d. Amado Hernandez
33. He enriched the English language with critics coining “Joaquinesque” to describe
his baroque Spanish-flavored English or his reinventions of English based on
Filipinisms.

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Tel. No: (083) 228-2880
a. Jose Garcial Villa
b. NVM Gonzales
c. Nick Joaquin
d. Amado Hernandez
34. He was the only Asian to win America’s coveted Pulitzer Prize in Journalism for
a series of articles predicting the outbreak of World War II.
a. Carlos Bulusan
b. Carlos Romulo
c. Carlos Garcia
d. Carlo Aquino
35. This excerpt is written by?
“The names which were with infinite slowness
revealed, seemed strange and stranger still; the
colors not bright but deathly dull; the separate
letters spelling out the names of the dead among
them, did not seem to glow or shine with a festive
sheen as did the other living names.”(from “The
Mats”, Philippine Contemporary Literature)
b. Francisco Arcellana
c. Carlos Bulusan
d. Carlos Romulo
36. He is a writer, poet, essayist, critic, journalist and teacher, and one of the most
important progenitors of the modern Filipino short story in English.
a. F. Sionil Jose
b. Alejandro Roces
c. Bienvinido Lumbrera
d. Francisco Arcellana
37. Which of the following are the film scripts of Rolando S. Tinio?
a. Sitsit sa Kuliglig and A trick of mirrors
b. Now and Forever and Gamitin mo ako
c. Ang Mestisa and Maria
d. Ako and Ang Kiri
38. A great number of his songs have been written for the local movies, which earned
for him the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Film Academy of the
Philippines.
a. Virgilio Almario
b. Jose Garcia Villa
c. Levi Celerio
d. F. Sionil Jose

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Tel. No: (083) 228-2880
39. His pen dignifies the Filipino and accents all the positives about the Filipino way
of life. His writings have contributed much to the formation of a Filipino
nationalism.
b. Lazaro Francisco
d. Levi Celerio
40. He owns the Solidaridad Bookshop, which is on Padre Faura Street in Ermita,
Manila, The bookshop offers mostly hard-to-find books and Filipiniana reading
materials. And is sad to be one of the favorite haunts of many local writers.
a. F. Sionil Jose
c. Nick Joaquin
41. He died on November 28, 1999 at the age of 84 and was honored with a state
funeral at the Libingan ng mga Bayani.
a. Nick Joaquin
b. NVM Gonzales
d. Levi Celerio
42. “ In, my,undream,of,death, I, unspoken, the, Word” Is the writing style of?
a. Virgilio Almario
b. Levi Celerio
c. Nick Joaquin
43. The following are all works of Carlos Bulosan. Which is NOT?
a. America is in the Heart
b. The Laughter of My Father
c. The Voice of Bataan
d. The Volcano
44. She is the author of “Love in the cornhusks” one of her works that earned many
praises from different critics such as N.V.M Gonzales
a. Aida Rivera-Ford
b. Tita Ayala-Lacambra
c. Edith Tiempo
d. J.K Rowling
45. Which of the following authors is a National Artist for Literature in the year
1997?
a. Edtih Tiempo
b. Aida-Rivera Ford
c. Nick Joaquin

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Tel. No: (083) 228-2880
46. He was proclaimed as a National Artist by President Corazon Aquino on June
23,1990
a. Amado Hernandez
b. Nick Joaquin
d. Levi Celerio
47. “ I know her name, I have called to her

But she does not hear. She will not listen
I call to her but she does not come.
The Lord is my Shepherd but I want” Is a stanza from Francisco Arcellana’s___.
a. Thy Woman
b. Thy Father
c. The Other Woman
d. Woman of Dignity
48. He is a National Artist for Visual Arts and known for using the okir, sarimanok
and the naga as the motifs in his artworks.
a. Abdumari Asia Imao
b. Jose Joya
c. Arturo Rogelio Luz
d. Vicente Silva Manansala
49. He is a Filipino painter who was the leader of the revolutionary Thirteen Moderns
who engaged in debate over the nature and function of art.
a. Jose Joya
b. Arturo Rogelio Luz
c. Vicente Silva Manansala
d. Victorio Edades
50. He is a National Artist for Visual Arts, a Filipino Comic book illustrator regarded
as one of the Pillars of the komiks industry.
a. Jose Joya
b. Francisco Conching
c. Vicente Silva Manansala
d. Arturo Rogelio Luz

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Tel. No: (083) 228-2880
TOPIC III
STUDY AND APPRECIATION OF LITERARY TEXTS FROM THE REGIONS
WRITTEN IN DIFFERENT GENRES COVERING:
►Luzon
►Visayas
►Mindanao

Philippine Literature in LUZON
Region 1: Ilocos Region
- Its literature is known as one of the most colorful regional
Filipino literatures. Prior to Spanish colonial period, the
Ilocano literature is purely alive in form of written and oral
literature. Ancient poets expressed themselves through folk and
war songs.
PEDRO BUCANEG
- Father of Ilocano Literature
- Acknowledged author of the epic Biag ni Lam-ang. A Filipino
poet. Blind since birth, but grew up as smart and talented.
LEONORA FLORENTINO
- Mother of women’s literature

- Poet in Spanish and Ilocano. At the age of 10, she can write
poems in Ilocano and speak well in Spanish. She was really
intelligent, yet she wasn’t allowed to study due to her gender.

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Tel. No: (083) 228-2880
ISABELO DE LOS REYES
- Father of Filipino Socialism

- Prominent politician, writer and labor activist. Originally
founder of Aglipayan Church, an independent Christian
protestant church in the catholic tradition.
CARLOS BULOSAN
- He worked as a farm worker, harvesting grapes and asparagus,

and doing other types of hard work in the fields of California. -
- He also worked as a dishwasher with his brother in the
famous Madonna Inn in San Luis Obispo.
JUAN CRISOSTOMO SOTO

- Father of Pampangueño Literature
- Born in Bacolor, Pampanga Exquisite in Crisostan
(balagtasan) in Pampanga’s local dialect.
- Known as a poet, playwright and editor in Pampanga’s dialect.
- Wrote moro-moro and sarsuela.
Works:
• Pula’t Puti
• Romeo and Juliet from Shakespeare
• Sigalot – considered the best and written in jail
• Wrote an English-Spanish-Pampango Dictionary with Modesto Joaquin
VISAYAS
 Eastern Visayas
- Of the two, it is Waray Literature that has been collected,
recorded and documented by scholars and researchers.
The Literature
Eco de Samar y Leyte- long running magazine in the 1900’s, published articles in
literary works in Spanish, Waray and English.
An Lantawan- printed religious and occasional poetry.

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Sanghiran San Bisaya 1909- writers as well as the illustrados in the community bandd
together for the purpose of cultivating the Waray language.
 Fiction in Waray did not flourish because it lacks a venue for publication.
 An Pagtabang Ni San Miguel

- Written by Norberto Romualdez
- It is the earliest zarzuela production stage in Tolosa, Leyte in
1899.
- Iluminado Lucente stands out in terms of literary
accoumlishments.
- He wrote about 30 plays and most of these dealt with domestic
conflicts.
Waray Authors
PEDRO ACERDEN
- A Filipino zarzuela playwright who writes in the Waray

language.
FRANCISCO ALVARADO
- A noted playwright of zarzuela in Lineyte-Samaranon.

- He was a member and literary luminary of the Saghiran San
Bisaya Organization which was founded in 1909 to cultivate
Waray language.
Literay Works:
- An Marol (Ang Sampaguita)

- Kaadlawon (Araw)
- Kagab-ihon (Gabi)
MINDANAO
Brief History

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 Mindanao is named after Maguindanaons who constituted the largest Sultanate
historically, and evidence from the maps made during the 17 th and 18th centuries
suggests that the name was used to refer to the island by natives at the time.
Literature
 The Mindanao has its hidden literature that everybody doesn’t know. Their
literature is a diverse culture which displays the features and culture of the
Muslim people in the Philippines.
 Mindanao has thirty-three ethno-linguistic groups.
- Islam
- Lumads
- Christian
They also have written literature which is:
- Folktales
- Myths
- Legends
- Epic
►Blue Blood of the Big Astana

►Prince Bantugan
►Indarapatra and Sulayman

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MAJOR GENRES
Literary Genre:
- Is a literary composition characterized by a particular
style, form, and content.
Here are The Five major genres.
4 Major Genres
• Fiction
• Nonfiction
• Drama (Plays)
• Poetry
 Fiction
- In this type of work, the author can make up the whole entire
story. Authors can also choose to include factual information in
a made-up story.
Major Forms of Fiction
- Short Story
- Novella
- Novel
Elements of fiction
- Settings
- Characters
- Fiction
- Plot
- Conflict
- Symbols
Other Important Concept in Fiction
- Allusion

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- Atmosphere
- Dialogue
- Genre
- Local Color
- Satire
- Scifi/Science Fiction
 Non-Fiction
- This can also be called “informational” material. These types
of books provide information that is factual.
Example of Non-fiction:
- Biography
- Autobiogrpahy
 Drama
- Is a story written to be performed in front of an audience. And
the author’s purpose of most drama’s is to entertain.
Elements of Drama
 Literary Elements
- Script
- Plot
- Character
►Protagonist
►Antagonist
►Static/Flat Character
►Dynamic Character
►Round Character
►Antihero
►Foil
- Story Organization
- Dialogue
- Monologue
- Conflict
►man vs. himself

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►man vs. man
►man vs. society
►man vs. culture
►man vs. nature
 Technical Elements
- Scenery
- Costumes
- Props
- Sound and music
- Make-up
 Performance Elements
- Acting
- Speaking
- Non-verbal Expression
 Genres of Drama
- Tragedy
- Comedy
- Tragicomedy
- Closet Drama
- Farce
- Melodrama
- Morality
- Miracle Plays
 Poetry
- It is a form of literature characterized by its highly controlled
manner of choosing and arranging language. It has pattern,
measurement, sound and rhythm.
Different Poetic Poetry
- Dramatic Poetry
- Lyric Poetry
- Narrative Poetry
OTHER LITERARY GENRES

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 ILLUSTRATED NOVEL
- Story through text and illustrated Images
 Digifiction
- combines the three media: book, movie/video and internet.
 Graphic Novels
- Narratives in comic Book formats
 Manga
- It is used in the English-speaking world as a generic term for
all comic books and graphics novels original published in
Japan.
►Shonen- boys manga ( Naruto, Blach, One piece)
►Shojo- Girls manga (Sailor Moon)
►Seinen- Men’s Manga (Akira)
►Josei – Women’s Manga ( Loveless, Paradise Kiss)
►Kodomo- Children’s Manga (Doraemon, Hello Kitty)
 Doodle Fiction
- Literary presentation where the author incorporates doodle
writing and drawings, and handwritten graphics in place of
traditional font.
 Text-Talk Novels
- Blog, email, IM format narratives. Stories told almost
completely in dialogue simulating social network exchanges.
 Chick Literature
- Is genre fiction which addresses issues of modern womanhood,
often humorously and lightheartedly.
 Flash Fiction
- Is a style of fictional literature of extreme brevity. There is no
widely accepted definition of the length of the category.
 Science Fiction
- Is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative
concepts such as futuristic science and technology, space
travel, time travel, faster than light travel, parallel universe and
extraterrestrial life.
 Blog
- A web log ; a website containing short articles called posts that
are changed regularly.

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 Creative Non-Fiction
- Also known as literary non-fiction or narrative non-fiction. A
genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to
create factually accurate narratives.
 Hyper Poetry
- It can either involved set words, phrases, lines, etc. that are
presented in variable order but sit on the page much as tradition
poetry does, or it can contain parts of the poem that move
and/or mutate.
IMPORTANT KEYPOINTS
PEDRO BUCANEG- Father of Ilocano Literature and Acknowledged author of the

epic Biag ni Lam-ang.

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LEONORA FLORENTINO- Mother of women’s literature
ISABELO DE LOS REYES- Father of Filipino Socialism
CARLOS BULOSAN- He worked as a farm worker, harvesting grapes and asparagus,

and doing other types of hard work in the fields of California.
JUAN CRISOSTOMO SOTO- Father of Pampangueño Literature
VISAYAS
The Literature
Eco de Samar y Leyte- long running magazine in the 1900’s, published articles in
An Lantawan- printed religious and occasional poetry.
Sanghiran San Bisaya 1909- writers as well as the illustrados in the community bandd
together for the purpose of cultivating the Waray language.
An Pagtabang Ni San Miguel- It is Written by Norberto Romualdez
WARAY AUTHORS
PEDRO ACERDEN- A Filipino zarzuela playwright who writes in the Waray language.
FRANCISCO ALVARADO- A noted playwright of zarzuela in Lineyte-Samaranon.
MINDANAO
Literature
 The Mindanao has its hidden literature that everybody doesn’t know. Their
literature is a diverse culture which displays the feautures and culture of the
Muslim people in the Philippines.
 Mindanao has thirty-three ethno-linguistic groups.
- Islam
- Lumads
- Christians

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They also have written literature which is:
- Folktales
- Myths
- Legends
- Epic
►Blue Blood of the Big Astana

►Prince Bantugan
►Indarapatra and Sulayman
MAJOR GENRES
4 Major Genres
• Fiction
• Nonfiction
• Drama (Plays)
• Poetry
 Fiction- In this type of work, the author can make up the whole entire story.
 Non-Fiction
- This can also be called “informational” material. These types
of books provide information that is factual.
 Drama
- Is a story written to be performed in front of an audience. And
the author’s purpose of most drama’s is to entertain.
 Poetry
- It is a form of literature characterized by its highly controlled
manner of choosing and arranging language. It has pattern,
measurement, sound and rhythm.
OTHER LITERARY GENRES
 ILLUSTRATED NOVEL
 Digifiction
 Graphic Novels

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 Manga
 Doodle Fiction
 Text-Talk Novels
 Chick Literature
 Flash Fiction
 Science Fiction
 Blog
 Creative Non-Fiction
 Hyper Poetry
TEST QUESTIONS
TEST III. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. It is a literary composition characterized by a particular style, form and content.

a. Literary Devices
b. Literary Genre
c. Literary Elements
d. Literary Works
2. What are the four (4) major elements of literature?
a. Prose, Genre, Poetry, Novel
b. Fiction, Nonfiction, Drama, Poetry

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c. Hyper-poetry, Textula, Text-talk-novel, Chick-lit
d. Blogs, Flash Fiction, Poetry, Drama
3. This type of genre focuses on how the author can make up the entire story; He/she
can twist the plot of story.
a. Nonfiction
b. Drama
c. Fiction
d. Poetry
4. In the movie San Andreas and 2012, the actors and actresses encounter
earthquakes and tsunamis. What type of conflict does the characters faced?
a. Man vs. man
b. Man vs. himself
c. Man vs. society
d. Man vs. nature
5. This type of genre is an informational material. Biography and Autobiography are
the best example.
a. Nonfiction
b. Fiction
c. Drama
d. Poetry
6. It is a story written to be performed in front of an audience and the author’s
purpose is to entertain.
a. Comedy
b. Drama
c. Tragedy
d. Farce
7. He is the Father of Ilocano literature and the acknowledged author of the epic
story Biag ni Lam-ang.
a. Leonor Tolentino
b. Levi Celerio
c. Pedro Bucaneg
d. Isabelo De los Reyes
8. It is the longest running magazine in the 1900’s, which published articles in
a. Eco de Samar y leyte
b. An Lantawan
c. An Marol
d. An Sanghiran San Bisaya
9. What is the main reason why fiction in Waray did not flourish?
a. Lacks a venue publication
b. Lacks support system from the government

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c. Lacks of money
d. Not famous
10. It is a printed religions and occasional party in Visayas Literature.
a. An Marol
b. Eco de Samar y Leyte
c. An Sanghiran San Bisaya
d. An Lantawan
11. An Pagtabang ni San Miguel is written by?
a. Levi Celerio
b. Nick Joaquin
c. Norberto Romualdez
d. NVM Gonzales
12. He is a Filipino zarzuela playwright who writes in Waray language.
a. Jose Garcia Villa
b. Pedro Acerden
c. Levi Celerio
d. Nick Joaquin
13. Hunger Games and Avengers are all examples of_______ which deals with
imaginative concepts such as futuristic science and technology.
a. Flash Fiction
b. Science Fiction
c. Blog
d. Creative Nonfiction
14. Vince, Kath and James is a famous text-serye story that trends in Facebook in the
year 2016 and at the same year Star Cinema released a movie. What types of
genre does text-serye belong?
a. Blog
b. Text-Talk Novel
c. Chick-Lit
d. Flash Fiction
15. It is used in the English-speaking world as a generic term for all comic books and
graphic novels and originally published in Japan.
a. Flash Fiction
b. Hyper-poetry
c. Manga
d. Cartoons
16. She is a poet in Spanish and Ilocano. At the age of 10 she can write poems in
llocano and speak well in Spanish. She is the Mother of Women’s literature.
a. Leonora Torres
b. Edith Tiempo
c. Florentina Reyes

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d. Leonora Florentino
17. He is the Father of Filipino Socialism, a politician, writer and a labor activist.
a. Isabelo De los Reyes
b. Nick Joaquin
c. Levi Celerio
d. NVM Gonzales
18. Mindanao was named after______ who constituted the largest Sultanate and name
was used to refer to the island by natives at the time.
a. Maranaon’s
b. Lumads
c. Mindoronon
d. Maguindanaon’s
19. How many ethno-linguistic groups does Mindanao have?
a. 33
b. 32
c. 30
d. 34
20. It is the clothing and other items an actor wears to help him/her become the
character.
a. Props
b. Costumes
c. Make Up
d. Back drop
21. He is a noted playwright of zarzuela in Lineyte-Samaranon and a member of
Sanghiran San Bisaya Organization.
a. Nick Joaquin
b. Francisco Alvarado
c. NVM Gonzales
d. Amado Hernandez
22. Which of the following are the famous works of Francisco Alvarado?
a. Kaadlawon
b. Kagab-ihon
c. An Marol
d. All of the above
23. He worked as a dishwasher with this brother in the famous Madonna Inn in San
Luis Obispo.
a. Amado Hernandez
b. Pedro Bucaneg
c. Carlos Bulosan
d. Isabelo De los Reyes
24. The following are the work of Juan Crisostomo Soto except:

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a. Pula’t Puti
b. Sigalot
c. An Pagtabang ni San Miguel
d. Both A and C
25. He is the Father of Pampangueño literature, a poet, playwright and editor in
Pampanga’s dialect.
a. Francisco Alvarado
b. Francisco Balagtas Baltazar
c. Juan Crisostomo Soto
d. Juan Crisostomo Ibarra
26. What does An Marol means as one of the famous works of Francsisco Alvarado.
a. Ang Rosas
b. Ang Langit
c. Ang Sampaguita
d. Ang Ulap
27. Daniel Padilla and Kathryn Bernardo are mainly the ones involved in the actions
and situations in a movie The How’s of Us. What type of charactr do they
portray?
a. Characters
b. Foil
c. Antagonist
d. Protagonist
28. It is a genre of drama that is usually about stories taken from the Bible or the lives
of the saints and Superbook is one of the best example.
a. Tragicomedy
b. Comedy
c. Miracle Plays
d. Farce
29. In the famous story book Cinderella; her Step-mother is the villain of the story.
a. Protagonist
b. Foil
c. Antagonist
d. Dynamic Character
30. “At saan naman kaming nagmamahal sayo lulugar?”
“Stop acting like you know my pain, Hindi ikaw si Celine and you will never be
Celine” Kathryn and Daniel Padilla throw a conversation to tell the story. What
do you call it?
a. Monologue
b. Dialogue
c. Epilogue

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d. Prologue
31. It also involves the sequence of related events and scenes, it has setting, rising
action, climax, falling action and denouement.
a. Setting
b. Characters
c. Plot
d. Dialogue
32. Tanging Yaman is a genre of drama in which it is usually accompanied with
music and a song set a different pace.
a. Farce
b. Comedy
c. Melodrama
d. Tragicomedy
33. A comic drama in form and is primarily amusing and entertaining. Characters and
scenes are usually exaggerated.
a. Satire
b. Comedy
c. Melodrama
d. Farce
34. It pertains to the time and place of action.
a. Plot
b. Characters
c. Setting
d. Dialogue
35. In the story “The Leaf” by John Milton. Leaf there is an object which is used to
represent ideas aside from its literal meaning. What type of element does it
portray?
a. Theme
b. Symbol
c. Conflict
d. Allusion
36. This refers to the issues, challenges and problems encounter by the characters.
a. Conflict
b. Theme
c. Symbol
d. Allusion
37. It is the moral of the story.

a. Theme
b. Dialogue
c. Monologue

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d. Conflict
38. It is a genre of drama that combines the conventions of tragic and comic elements
despite tragic circumstances the story still ends happily.
a. Comedy
b. Farce
c. Tragicomedy
d. Melodrama
39. It is a genre of drama in which the lead characters just like Jack and Rose in the
movie titanic encounters misfortunes because of fate.
a. Melodrama
b. Tragicomedy
c. Farce
d. Tragedy
40. Angel Locsin is the hero of the famous movie Darna. What character does she
portray?
a. Antagonist
b. Protagonist
c. Foil
d. Flat
41. It is a fictional genre that contains longer narrative prose, presenting a lengthy tale
of imaginary fictional characters. It contains a very complicated plot and many
characters.
a. Novel
b. Novella
c. Nobela
d. Short Story
42. Is a fictional genre that is longer than the short story and shorter than novel.
a. Short Story
b. Fables
c. Novel
d. Novella
43. A web log; a website containing short articles called posts that are changed
regularly. It sometimes featured food and fashion.
a. Vlog
b. Blog
c. Digifiction

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d. Doodle fiction
44. Indaraptra and Sulayman is the famous epic of________.

a. Luzon
b. Visayas
c. Mindanao
d. Luzon & Visayas
45. It is a form of literature characterized by its highly controlled manner of choosing

and arranging language.
a. Prose
b. Fiction
c. Nonfiction
d. Poetry
46. A literary presentation where the author incorporates doodle writing and drawings
and handwritten graphics in a place of traditional font.
a. Graphic Novel
b. Doodle Fiction
c. Poetry
d. Illustrated Novel
47. A genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually
accurate narratives.
a. Creative Writing
b. Creative Nonfiction
c. Flash Fiction
d. Six-word Flash Fiction
48. Which of the following are examples of Kodomo Manga?

a. Doraemon and Hello Kitty
b. One piece and Naruto
c. Loveless and Paradise Kiss
d. Cinderalla and Snow White
49. A literary genre that combines three media; the book, movie/video and internet.
a. Blog
b. Vlog
c. Digifiction
d. Flash Fiction

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50. The following are the written literature of Mindanao except:
a. Epic
b. Folktales
c. Legends
d. Fables
TOPIC IV
LITERARY GENRES, TRADITIONS AND FORMS FROM DIFFERENT NATIONAL

LITERATURE AND CULTURES
ASIAN LITERATURE
It refers to the study of the literature of the people in:

1. China
2. India
3. Japan
4. Other small nations surround them
CHINA
- Was known as the Land of the Red Dragon.
 The Chou Dynasty that followed the Shang Dynasty of great intellectual activity
and was in this period when the philosophies of the Confucianism. Taoism and

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legalism originated. It is the longest dynasty in Chinese history which lasted
from 1122 B.C. To 256 B.C.
 The Han Dynasty which succeeded after the collapse of the Chou strengthened
the unity within the bureaucracy but Confucianism was substituted for Legalism.
 Confucius- perhaps the greatest philosopher of the world has known. One of the
truly great men that China has produced. The word Confucius is the westernized
form of his name, which is Kung Fu-tze, Kung being his proper name, Fu
signifying revered, and tze signifying teacher
 Li Po (701 – 761), or Li tai Po, was one of the leading Chinese poets of the eighth
century. His writings deal with the good things of life and with the pathos of
human destiny. With a striking vividness they treat of love, friendship, wine,
nature, and simple village living.
 Po – Chu – I (722 – 846) was a well-known Chinese poet who represented the
classical tradition in Chinese literature, politics and morality. Po – Chu – I (722 –
846) was a well-known Chinese poet who represented the classical tradition in
Chinese literature, politics and morality.
INDIA
INDIAN LITERATURE
- India is the vast land in Southern Asia, extending from the

Himalayan Mountains south to the tip of a great peninsula that
reaches from out into the Indian Ocean.
- It is known as “Land of prayer”.
 Dravidians- earliest people in India dating back to 3000 – 2500 B.C. Towards
2000 B.C.
 Sanskrit- literature of India. The word “sanskrit” means cultivated or perfected.
 Vedas – the bible of the Indians.
 Ramayana and Mahabharata are the most important epics of India.
 Ramayana – is about the reincarnation of the creator god Vishnu in the person of
Rama, who is the hero of the epic.

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 Mahabharata – deals with the other reincarnation of Vishnu in the person of - -
Krishna. It is considered as the greatest epic of India.
- The Indians believe in reincarnation. The reincarnation of

Vishnu are called Avatars, descending from the god.
ROOTS OF INDIAN LITERATURE
 Rig-Veda
- made up of hymns in praise of the gods. The hymns are strong,
energetic religions expressions comparable to the Old
Testament Psalms.
 Upanishads
- consists of a group of sketches, illustrations, explanations and
critical comments on the religious thoughts suggested by the
poetic hymns of Rig-Veda.
-
 INDIAN DRAMA
- The first great name in Indian drama is Bhasa. (13 plays are
attributed to him.)
Kalidasa – the greatest writer of plays. He is the author of Shakuntala.

he is called the brightest of the “nine gems of genius”.
Panchatantra (Five headings) – a book that said to contain the first

fables ever written. Fables are stories of animals who behave like
human beings.
Rabindranath Tagore – was a great Indian poet and dramatist. He was

awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1913 and was knighted by the
british government in 1915.
JAPAN
 Also known as “The Land of the Rising Sun”

.
The earliest writings from ancient Japan are:

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1. The Records of Ancient Matters in Kojiko (A.D. 712)
2. The Chronicles of Japan or Nihongi (A.D. 720)
JAPANESE LITERATURE
It is one of the major Oriental Literatures.

Katakana – basic alphabet in Japan which consists 47 characters
JAPANESE DRAMA
 Drama – favorite form of amusement.
Three Types of Japanese Drama:

1. Noh play
2. Joruri or puppet play
3. Kabuki play
JAPANESE POETRY
 Manyo Shu (Collection of myriad leaves) – oldest collection of poetry. It was

compiled in 800 A.D. The collection titled One Hundred Persons was compiled
much later.
 HAIKU
- Shortest form of Japanese poetry but most popular. It has
seventeen syllable poem in three lines of five, seven, and five
syllables.
 TANKA
- A five-line poem. The first and third line lines have five
syllables each and the others seven, making a total of thirty-one
syllables per poem
ANGLO-AMERICAN LITERATRUE
 The name “England” is derived from the Old English name “ENGLALAND”
which means LAND OF THE ANGELS.
EARLY PERIODS OF LITERATURE

- The Classical Period (1200 BCE – 455 CE)
- The Medieval Period (455 CE – 1485 CE)
- The Renaissance Period (1485-1660 CE)

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The Classical Period

- A golden age for literature and arts.
Some Significant Literary work in this period:
- The Iliad and The Odyssey by Homer
- Works and Days by Hesiod
- Theogony by Hesiod
Greek writer and philosopher during this period:
- Gorgias
- Aesop
- Plato
- Socrates
- Aristotle
- Euripides
The Medieval Period
- Also known as Anglo-Saxon Period.

- The Canterbury Tales

- Beowulf
- The Dark Ages and the Bards
- The Dream of the Holy Rood
Writer and philosopher during this period:
- Geoffrey Chaucer
- Thomas Aquinas
- Martin Luther
- Caedmon
Significant Literary Genres
- Elegy
- Religious Liturgy
- Narrative Romance
The Renaissance Period
- It is considered to be the division between the Middle age and

Modern era.

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- Romeo and Juliet
- When I was Fair and Young
- Utopia
- The faerie Queen

- William Shakespeare
- Sir Thomas More
- Queen Elizabeth I
- Edmund Spencer
LATER PERIOD OF LITERATURE

- The Enlightenment Period (1660 BCE – 1790)
- The Romantic Period (1790 –1830)
- The Vitorian Period (1832 – 1901)
- The Modern Period (1914 – 1945)
- The Post Modern Period (1945 onward)
The Enlightenment Period

- Referred to as The Age of Reason and Era of Logic.
- All for love
- The Rake of the Lock
- Rights of Man
- Elegy written in a Churchyard

- John Dryden
- Alexander Pope
- Thomas Paine
- Thomas Gray
Popular Types of genre:

- Essay
- Melodrama
- Letters
- Fables
The Romantic Period

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-
Great Age for the Novel. Emphasize on , Imagination and
Individualism.
- I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud

- Kubla Khan
- Song of Innocence and of Experience
- Mathilda
- William Wordsworth
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge
- William Blake
- Mary Shelley
The Victorian Period
-
The Reign of Queen Victoria. The literature of this Era
expressed the fusion of pure romance to gross realism.
- The Pickwick Papers

- How do I love Thee
- Ulysses

- Charles Dicken
- Elizabeth Browning
- Alfred Lord Tennison
The Modern Period
- Characterized by a self-conscious break with traditional ways

of writing, in both poetry and prose fiction.
- The Road Not Taken

- And Death Shall Have No Dominion
- Insensibility

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- Robert Frost
- Dylan Thomas
- Wilfred Owen
The Postmodern Period

- Characterized by reliance on narrative techniques such as
fragmentation, paradox, and the unreliable narrator.
- Infinite Jest
- The Love Song Of J. Alfred Prufrock
- Waiting for Godot

- David Foster Wallace
- T.S Eliot
- Samuel Beckett
GEOFFREY CHAUCER
- The Father of English Literature.

- He is widely considered the greatest English poet of the middle
ages.
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH
- The Father of Romanticism.

- The Author of “I wandered lonely as a cloud”
EDGAR ALLAN POE
- The Father of Short Stories.

- He is an American writer, known as poet and critic but most
famous as the first master of the short-story form, especially
tales of the mystery.
EUROPEAN LITERATURE

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- Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth.
Physically and geologically.
- European literature includes literature in many languages;
among the most important of the modern written are those in
English, Spanish, French, Dutch, Polish, German, Modern
Greek, Czech, Russian, Scandinavians and Irish.
- Important classical and medieval traditions are those in Latin,
Ancient Greek, Old Norse, Medieval French.
Famous Authors:
- William Butler Yeats

- William Blake
Literary Devices
- It refers to the typical structure used by the writers in their

works to convey his/her message in a simple manner to
his/her readers.
FIGURES OF SPEECH
 SIMILE- is a comparison of two unlike things using the words “like” or “as”
- Example: “Life is like a game”
 PERSONIFICATION- the giving of human qualities to an animal, object, or
idea.
- Example: “The stars in the clear night sky winked at me.”
 HYPERBOLE - an exaggerated statement used to make a point.
- Example: “I could sleep for a year.”
 METAPHOR.- direct comparison without using like or as.
- Example: “Life is a game”
 ALLITERATION- Involves using words that begin with the same sound.
- Example: “Sia Sells Sea shells on the sea shore”
 ANAPHORA. Uses specific clause at the beginning of each sentence.
- Example: “She loves... She loves...She loves”
 ASSONANCE. Focuses on the vowel sounds in a phrase, repeating them over
and over to great effect.
- Example: “Try to light the fire”

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 IRONY. Use a word in a literal sense that debunks what has just been said
- Example: “You can’t fight here, this is a war room”
 METONYMY. One word that has a very similar meaning can be used for another
- Example: “Crown-king”
 ONOMATOPOEIA. Word that actually sounds like what it means.
- Example: “Tweet!”
 PARADOX. Contradicts itself in the same sentence.
- Example: “War is peace”
 SYNECDOCHE. Part of a whole.
- Example: “Lead me your ears”
 ANTITHESIS. Contradiction that pits two ideas against each other in a balanced
way.
- Example: “I came, I saw, I conquered”
 EUPHEMISM. Words that are used to soften the message are often considered
euphemisms.
- Example: “passed away”
 OXYMORON. Puts two words together that seem to contradict each other.
- Example: “silent yell”
GREEK MYTHOLOGY
The Origins:
- The first generation of Olympian Gods were the sons and

daughters of the Titans Cronus and Rhea.
- Cronus, having received Gaea’s prophecy that he will also be
slain by his children, tried to avoid it by swallowing his
children.
- When the youngest child Zeus was born, Rhea tricked Cronus
by giving him a large rock instead. Zeus was taken to the island
of crete so he could be safe.
ZEUS-
- The king of the Gods, the ruler of the sky. His weapon is the
lightning. His shield is called Aegis and his symbol was the
lightning bolt and eagle.

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POSEIDON
- Second to Zeus, the ruler of the sea, his weapon is the Trident
and his animal is the horse.
HADES
- Third brother, Lord of the underworld. He has a cap that

whoever wore became invisible. He is the King of the Dead not
Death himself.
DEMETER
- Goddess of Agriculture, Fertility and the seasons.
HERA
- Wife of Zeus, Queen of the Gods, Goddess of marriage and her

symbol is the cow and the peacock.
HESTIA
- Goddess of hearth and the home. Her symbol is the hearth.
ARES
- God of War, Son of Zeus and Hera. His symbol is the vulture
and his animal is dog and referred by some as Aphrodite’s
lover.
ATHENA
- Goddess of wisdom, warfare, crafts and industry. She is one of

the 3 virgin goddesses. Her symbol is the oak tree, and the owl.
ARTEMIS
- Daughter of Zeus and Leto. Twin sister of the God Apollo. She
is the Goddess of the hunt and of the young. Her symbols are
the deer and the moon.
APOLLO

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- The twin brother of Artemis. The God of light, sun, archery,
arts, music, healing and of truth and prophecy. His symbol is
the laurel.
HEPHAESTUS
- The God of Fire. Sometimes regarded as the son of Zeus and

Hera. He is the ugliest of the Olympians and he is also
crippled. The blacksmith of the Gods, he is the patron gods or
handicraft.
HERMES
- The messenger of Zeus. His scepter or wand is called the

Caduceus.
APHRODITE
- Daughter of Zeus and Dione according to Iliad. Goddess of

love and beauty. Her symbols are dove, swan and sparrow.
AFRICAN LITERATURE
AFRICA
- Came into the Western use through the Romans, who use the
name.
- 2nd largest continent.
- Islam is the dominant religion in Africa.
- Literary rates for women are lower than men, More males than
female attend primary school when it comes to their education.
Major languages:
- Afro-asiatic languages
- Click Languages
- Niger-Congo languages
- Sudanic languages
- Austronesian languages

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It includes Oral literature called:
ORATURE
- Was coined by Pio Zirimu. This can be process or verses.
PRE-COLONIAL LITERATURE
Written works:
- Epic of Sudiata
- Epic of Dinga
- Kebra Negast or Boo of Kings
- Trickster Story
AFRICAN WRITERS:
- WOLE SOYINKA
- CHINUA ACHEBE
- JOHN PEER CLARK
- NGUG WA THONG’O
WORLD LITERATURE FAMOUS AUTHORS:
CLIVE STAPLES LEWIS

- Born: November 29, 1898, Belfast, Ireland
- Nationality: Irish
- Genre: Christian apologetics, Fantasy, Science Fiction and
Children’s Literature
Famous Quote:
“ Courage, dear heart”
Famous works:
- The Chronicles Of Narnia

- Mere Christianity
- The Screw tape Letters

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JOANNE KATHLENE ROWLING
- Born: July 31, 1965 at Yale, Loucestershire, England
- Pen Names: J.K. Rowling; Robert Galbraith
- Nationality: British
- Genre: Fantasy, Drama, Young Adult Fiction, Tragicomedy,
Crime Fiction
Famous work:
- Harry Potter series
ROBERT RUSSELL RIORDAN JR.

- Born: June 5, 1964 at San Antonio, Texas
- Genre: Fantasy, Detective, Fiction, Mythology
Famous works:
- Percy Jackson and the Olympians Pentalogy

- The Kane Chronicles
- The Heroes of Olympus Pentalogy
QUENTIN TARANTINO
- Born: March 27, 1963
- “Director DJ”
- Nationality: American
- Film Director and Producer
Famous works:
- My Best Friend’s Birthday

- Pulp Fiction
- Kill Bill
JONATHAN EARL FRANZEN

- Born: August 17, 1959 at Western Springs, Illinois, USA
- Nationality: American
- Genre: Fiction
IAN RUSSELL MCEWAN

- Born: June 21, 1948 at Aldershot, England
- Nationality: English
- Genre: Short stories
HAROLD PINTER
- Born: October 10, 1930 at Hockney, East London, England
- Nationality: British

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PAULO COELHO
- Born: August 24, 1947 at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Nationality: Brazilian
- All time best selling Portuguese author
Famous work:
- The Alchemist
ASIAN LITERATURE

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It refers to the study of the literature of the people in:

1. China
2. India
3. Japan
4. Other small nations surround them
CHINA
- Was known as the Land of the Red Dragon.
Chou Dynasty- It is the longest dynasty in Chinese history. Taoism and legalism
originated.
Han Dynasty which succeeded after the collapse of the Chou strengthened the unity
within the bureaucracy but Confucianism was substituted for Legalism.
Confucius- perhaps the greatest philosopher of the world has known. One of the truly
great men that China has produced.
Li Po (701 – 761), or Li tai Po, was one of the leading Chinese poets of the eighth
century
Po – Chu – I (722 – 846) was a well-known Chinese poet who represented the classical
tradition in Chinese literature, politics and morality.
INDIAN LITERATURE
INDIA
- Was known as the “Land of prayer”.
 Dravidians- earliest people in India dating back to 3000 – 2500 B.C. Towards
2000 B.C.
 Sanskrit- literature of India. The word “sanskrit” means cultivated or perfected.
 Vedas – the bible of the Indians.
 Ramayana and Mahabharata are the most important epics of India.
 Ramayana – is about the reincarnation of the creator god Vishnu in the person of
Rama, who is the hero of the epic.
 Mahabharata – deals with the other reincarnation of Vishnu in the person of - -

Krishna. It is considered as the greatest epic of India.

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- The Indians believe in reincarnation. The reincarnation of

Vishnu is called Avatars, descending from the god.
 Rig-Veda
- made up of hymns in praise of the gods.
 . Upanishads
- consists of a group of sketches, illustrations, explanations and
critical comments on the religious thoughts suggested by the
poetic hymns of Rig-Veda.N
HAIKU - Shortest form of Japanese poetry but most popular. It has seventeen syllable
poem in three lines of five, seven, and five syllables.
TANKA- A five-line poem. The first and third line lines have five syllables each and the
others seven, making a total of thirty-one syllables per poem.
ANGLO-AMERICAN LITERATRUE
 The name “England” is derived from the Old English name “ENGLALAND”
which means LAND OF THE ANGELS.
EARLY PERIODS OF LITERATURE

- The Classical Period (1200 BCE – 455 CE)
- The Medieval Period (455 CE – 1485 CE)
- The Renaissance Period (1485-1660 CE)
LATER PERIOD OF LITERATURE
- The Enlightenment Period (1660 BCE – 1790)
- The Romantic Period (1790 –1830)
- The Vitorian Period (1832 – 1901)
- The Modern Period (1914 – 1945)
- The Post Modern Period (1945 onward)
GEOFFREY CHAUCER- The Father of English Literature.
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH- The Father of Romanticism.
EDGAR ALLAN POE- The Father of Short Stories
EUROPEAN LITERATURE
- Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth.

Physically and geologically.

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Literary Devices
- It refers to the typical structure used by the writers in their

works to convey his/her message in a simple manner to
his/her readers.
FIGURES OF SPEECH
 SIMILE- is a comparison of two unlike things using the words “like” or “as”
 PERSONIFICATION- the giving of human qualities to an animal, object, or
idea.
 HYPERBOLE - an exaggerated statement used to make a point.
 METAPHOR.- direct comparison without using like or as.
 ALLITERATION- Involves using words that begin with the same sound.
 ANAPHORA. Uses specific clause at the beginning of each sentence.
 ASSONANCE. Focuses on the vowel sounds in a phrase, repeating them over
and over to great effect.
 IRONY. Use a word in a literal sense that debunks what has just been said
 METONYMY. One word that has a very similar meaning can be used for another
 ONOMATOPOEIA. Word that actually sounds like what it means.
 PARADOX. Contradicts itself in the same sentence.
 SYNECDOCHE. Part of a whole.
 ANTITHESIS. Contradiction that pits two ideas against each other in a balanced
way.
 EUPHEMISM. Words that are used to soften the message are often considered
euphemisms.
 OXYMORON. Puts two words together that seem to contradict each other.
GREEK MYTHOLOGY
The Origins:
- The first generation of Olympian Gods were the sons and

daughters of the Titans Cronus and Rhea.
THE TWELVE (12) OLYMPIANS (GODS AND GODDESESSES)
ZEUS

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POSEIDON
HADESDEMETER
HERA.
HESTIA
ARES
ATHENA
ARTEMIS
APOLLO
HEPHAESTUS
HERMES
APHRODITE
AFRICAN LITERATURE
AFRICA
- Came into the Western use through the Romans, who use the
name.
- 2nd largest continent.
- Islam is the dominant religion in Africa.
- Literary rates for women are lower than men, More males than
female attend primary school when it comes to their education.
Major languages:
- Afro-asiatic languages
- Click Languages
- Niger-Congo languages
- Sudanic languages
- Austronesian languages
It includes Oral literature called:
ORATURE
- Was coined by Pio Zirimu. This can be process or verses.
PRE-COLONIAL LITERATURE

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Written works:
- Epic of Sudiata
- Epic of Dinga
- Kebra Negast or Boo of Kings
- Trickster Story
AFRICAN WRITERS:
- WOLE SOYINKA
- CHINUA ACHEBE
- JOHN PEER CLARK
- NGUG WA THONG’O
WORLD LITERATURE FAMOUS AUTHORS:
►CLIVE STAPLES LEWIS

►JOANNE KATHLENE ROWLING
►ROBERT RUSSELL RIORDAN JR.
►QUENTIN TARANTINO
►JONATHAN EARL FRANZEN
►IAN RUSSELL MCEWAN
►HAROLD PINTER
►PAULO COELHO
TEST QUESTIONS
TEST IV. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Johanne Kathleen Rowling is the author of this famous fantasy movie.

a. Chronicles of Narnia
b. Hunger Games
c. Divergent
d. Harry Potter
2. It is the shortest form of Japanese poetry that consists of 3 lines with 5-7-5
syllable.
a. Tanka

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b. Senryu
c. Haiku
d. Tanaga
3. It is the oldest civilizations in the world that dates back to the Shang Dynasty and
is known as the Land of the Red Dragon.
a. Japan
b. India
c. South Korea
d. China
4. He is the greatest philosopher of the world has known.
a. Li Tai Po
b. Confucius
c. Po Chu I
d. Kalidasa
5. He is the author of the famous movie Chronicles of Narnia.
a. C.S Loius
b. Clive Staple Lewis
c. C.S Louie
d. Clive Staple Louis
6. This country is known as the Land of Prayer.
a. India
b. Arabia
c. Indonesia
d. China
7. It was the longest epic of India.

a. Ramayana
b. Ramayana and Mahabharata
c. Mahabharata
d. Shakantula
8. It contains or made up of hymns in praise of the Gods.
a. Reg Veda
b. Sanskrit
c. Upanishads
d. Vedas
9. The reincarnation of Vishnu is called___ which means descending from God.

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a. Avatras
b. Vish
c. Avatas
d. Avatars
10. A figurative attribution of personal or human qualities to things that is not human.
a. Simile
b. Personification
c. Hyperbole
d. Synecdoche
11. Wisdom gently whispers to us to part from evil.
a. hyperbole
b. metaphor
c. personification
d. simile
12. My mind is like a clamorous market-place.
a. hyperbole
b. metaphor
c. personification
d. simile
13. The night sky was a loom threaded with darkness.
a. hyperbole
b. metaphor
c. personification
d. simile
14. If I had the chance to hold her, I would never let her go.
a. hyperbole
b. metaphor
c. personification
d. simile
15. His eyes were sad as fishes that swim up and stare upon the land that is not theirs.
a. hyperbole
b. metaphor
c. personification
d. simile
16. Who is the God of sky, lightning and thunder in Ancient Greek And he is the
sixth child of Cronus and Rhea?
a. Oceanus
b. Poseidon
c. Zeus

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d. Hades
17. Taoism and Legalism originated during this dynasty and lasted from 1122BC to
256 BC.
a. Han Dynasty
b. Chou Dynasty
c. Shang Dynasty
d. Hen Dynasty
18. It is the favourite amusement of Japanese.
a. Fencing
b. Cooking
c. Drama
d. Playing
19. The oldest collection of poetry is called___.
a. Poetry
b. Manyo Shu
c. Manyu Sho
d. Menyu Sho
20. The name England is derived from the Old English Englaland which means.
a. Land of the rising sun
b. Land of the Dragons
c. Land of the Devil
d. Land of the Angels
21. He was the God of the Sea, earthquakes, storms and horses and is considered one
of the worst tempered, moody and greedy Olympian.
a. Hades
b. Apollo
c. Poseidon
d. Zeus
22. She was the Queen of the Olympian Gods and was a gracious protector of the
Heroes.
a. Leto
b. Hera
c. Venus
d. Demeter
23. It is the golden age of literature and arts.
a. The Classical Period

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b. The Enlightenment Period
c. The Medieval Period
d. The Post-Modern Period
24. It is referred to as the age of reason and also known as neoclassical period.
a. The Classical Period
b. The Enlightenment Period
c. The Medieval Period
d. The Post-Modern Period
25. He is widely considered the greatest English poet of the middle ages and the
Father of English literature.
a. William Shakespeare
b. William Wordsworth
c. Edgar Allan Poe
d. Geoffrey Chaucer
26. It refers to the typical structure used by the writers in their works to convey
his/her message in a simple manner to hi/her readers.
a. Literary Devices
b. Literary Genre
c. Literary Elements
d. Literary Works
27. She was the Goddess of fertility, love and beauty.
a. Psyche
b. Aphrodite
c. Demeter
d. Hera
28. He was the God of war and the son of Hera and Zeus.
a. Hermes
b. Hephaestus
c. Ares
d. Iris
29. He was called the God of Wealth or the rich one because he possessed the
precious metals of the earth. He is the God of underworld.
a. Poseidon
b. Apollo
c. Hermes
d. Hades

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30. It is one of the seven traditional continent of the Earth. A literature includes
literature in many languages.
a. Asian Literature
b. African Literature
c. European Literature
d. Anglo-American Literature
31. It is characterized by self-conscious break with traditional ways of writing in both
poetry and prose fiction.
a. Modern Period
b. Post-Modern Period
c. Classical Period
d. Medieval Period
32. It is the period when Queen Victoria was reign. The literature of this era
expressed the fusion of pure romance to gross realism.
a. Romantic Period
b. Victorian Period
c. Modern Period
d. Post-Modern Period
33. The following are the types of Japanese Drama except:
a. Noh Play
b. Joruri Play
c. Kabuki Play
d. Manyo Shu
34. He was the greatest writer of plays and was called as the brightest of the nine
gems of genius. The William Shakespeare of India.
a. Kalidasa
b. Rabindranath Tagore
c. Chinua Achebe
d. Wole Soyinka
35. It is a literature of India which means cultivated or perfected.
a. Sunskrit
b. Sanskrit
c. Reg Vida
d. Upanishads
36. He is the author of Iliad and Odyssey.
a. Aristotle

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b. Euripedes
c. Homer
d. Socrates
37. He was the son of Leto and Zeus, the twin brother of Artemis and the God of
light, music and art.
a. Hades
b. Poseidon
c. Thetis
d. Apollo
38. He is the Father of Short stories.
a. Edgar Allan Poe
b. Edgar Allan Guzman
c. Edgar Santiago
d. William Shakespeare
39. A period where it is characterized by reliance on narrative techniques such as
fragmentation, paradox and unreliable narrator.
a. The Enlightenment Period
b. Victorian Period
c. Romantic Period
d. The Post-modern Period
40. He is one of the leading Chinese poet of the eighteenth century. His writings deals
with the good things in life.
a. Po Chu-I
b. Li Tai Po
c. Confucius
d. Kung Fu Tze
41. It is the Great age for novels and it emphasize on emotion and individualism.
a. Victorian Period
b. Modern Period
c. Renaissance Period
d. Enlightenment Period
42. It is also known as Anglo-Saxon Period or Old English Period.
a. Renaissance Period
b. Enlightenment Period
c. Medieval Period
d. Victorian Period

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43. She was the daughter of Zeus and Leto and the twin sister of Apollo. She was the
Goddess of in the lives of women.
a. Artemis
b. Athena
c. Iris
d. Thetis
44. “I’d rather take a bath with a man-eating shark, or wrestle a lion alone in
the dark, eat spinach and liver, pet ten porcupines, than tackle the
homework, my teacher assigns.” Is an example of ________.
a. Euphemism
b. Personification
c. Hyperbole
d. Simile
45. A figure of speech which deals with direct comparison without using like or as.
a. Simile
b. Metaphor
c. Personification
d. Hyperbole
46. “Walter wondered where Winnie was”
a. Anaphora
b. Alliteration
c. Onomatopoeia
d. Assonance
47. “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom,
it was the age of foolishness.” – A tale of Two Cities ( Charles Dickens)
a. Assonance
b. Consonance
c. Anaphora
d. Alliteration
48. The substitute of saying “Firing you” in Euphemism is__.
a. Kill you
b. Get you
c. Letting you go
d. Like you
49. Figures of speech that focuses on the vowel sounds in a phrase, repeating them
over and over to great effect.

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a. Oxymoron
b. Onomatopoeia
c. Assonance
d. Consonance
50. “The Titanic was said to be unsinkable but sank on its first voyage”
a. Metonymy
b. Paradox
c. Irony
d. Oxymoron
TOPIC V
BASIC TEXTUAL AND CONTEXTUAL READING APPROACH IN THE STUDY

AND APPRECIATION OF LITERATURE
 Textual analysis involves looking at the text as it is and what literary strategies it
entails. There is an emphasis on analyzing the style of piece words used and the
way in which speaker delivers the message.
 Textual analysis also looks at the appeals; pathos, ethos and logos, to better
understand the argument that the author or speaker is trying to convey in their
work.
Approaches to the study of literature and Literary Criticism
CULTURAL APPROACH
- It goes by the dictum “Culture teaching through literature”

- Considers literature as one of the principal manifestation and
vehicles of a nations or race’s culture and tradition.
- It includes the entire complex of what goes under “culture” the
technological, the artistic, the sociological, the ideological
aspects and considers the literary piece in the total culture
milieu which it was born.
Culture was divided into two materials:

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Material culture- consists of the group, tool implement,
objects, artifacts and other items that have physical existence.
Non-material culture- consists of the group language,

religion, beliefs, laws, folkways, customs, traditions and other
items that have no physical existence.
FORMALISTIC OR LITERARY APPROACH
- Also called “Pure” or “literary” approach. And this approach is

close to the “Art for art’ sake” dictum.
- This study of selection is more or less based on the so-called
literary elements which is more or less boil down to the literal
level, the affective values, the ideational values, technical
values and total effects.
Formalism is a literary theory.
 Formalist theory has dominated the American literary scene for most of the
twentieth century, and it has retained its great influence in many academic
quarters. Its practitioners advocate methodical and systematic readings of
texts.
 Including character, figures of speech, Imagery, plot, point of view, setting,

and theme.
Glossary of major Formalist literary terms
 Character — creation and representation of fictional persons and entities
 antagonist—the main villain
 antihero—a central sympathetic character with significant personal flaws
 dynamic—changing, growing, active
 flat—not well-developed

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 protagonist—the main character with whom the audience is expected to
sympathize
 round—well-developed
 static—not growing or changing, an inactive personality
 symbolic—caricature that is representative of certain kinds of people
Point of view — perspective of the controlling narrative voice
 first person—narrative voice that speaks with "I/we/us" pronouns

 limited omniscience—narrator who doesn't know everything
 objective—narrator who tries to tell the story from an impersonal point of
view
 omniscient—narrator who presumes to know the ultimate truth of the story
 reliable—narrator who can be trusted to tell the truth and be objective
 subjective—narrator whose personal viewpoint has skewed the telling of the
story
 third person—narrative voice that uses "he/she/they" pronouns
 unreliable—narrator who cannot be trusted to tell the truth or be objective
HISTORICAL APPROACH
- In this approach it see literature both a reflection and product

of the times and circumstances in which it is written.
- It uses details about economic and political event going on at
which the works were produced to explain the content of a
literary work.
IMPRESSIONISTIC APPROACH
- Literature is viewed to elucidate “reacting-response” which is

considered as something very personal, relative and fruitful.

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- A student expresses his/her impression of the entire reading
selection or of the elements of it.
MORAL OR HUMANISTIC APPROACH
- The nature of man is CENTRAL to literature. The reader or the

teacher or critic more or less requires that the piece present
MAN AS ESSENTIALLY RATIONAL, which endowed with
intellect and free will; or that the piece does not misinterpret
the true nature of man.
PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
- Literature is viewed to elucidate “reacting-response” which is

considered as something very personal, relative and fruitful.
SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH
- Literature is viewed as the expression of man within a given

social situation which is reduced to discussion on economic, in
which men are somewhat simplistically divided into haves and
haves not. The sociological approach stresses on a social
relevance, social commitment and contemporarily.
BIOGRAPHICAL APPROACH
- It views literature as a reflection of an author’s life and time or

of the characters life and times. A literary critic depends on the
life story of the author in doing his critical analysis.
COGNITIVE SCIENTIFIC CRITICISM
- A literary critic is guided by his knowledge of science process

to explain how the narrative is structured.
GENDER CRITICISM
- A literary critic comments on gays, lesbians etc. In the reading

selection.

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LINGUISTIC CRITICISM
- A literary critic focuses on the etymology or origin of the

words by the writer.
MARXIST CRITICISM
- A literary critic center in the struggles of the working class to

upgrade their living.
MYTHOLOGICAL CRITICISM
- A literary critic emphasize the role of archetypes in production

of the reading selection.
POLITICAL CRITICISM
- It deals with manner by which political systems, political

parties.
PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISM
- It deals with Sigmund Freud concept of fantasies and dreams

and how these affect psychologically.
SOCIOLOGICAL CRITICISM
- It investigates the way society affect the live of the character in

the reading selection.

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IMPORTANT KEYPOINTS
Textual analysis involves looking at the text as it is and what literary strategies it entails.
There is an emphasis on analyzing the style of piece words used and the way in which
speaker delivers the message.
CULTURAL APPROACH- It goes by the dictum “Culture teaching through

literature” and considers literature as one of the principal manifestation and vehicles of a
nations or race’s culture and tradition.
Culture was divided into two materials: Material culture and Non-Material culture
FORMALISTIC OR LITERARY APPROACH- Is Also called “Pure” or “literary”

approach. And this approach is close to the “Art for art’ sake” dictum.
HISTORICAL APPROACH- In this approach it see literature both a reflection and

product of the times and circumstances in which it is written.
IMPRESSIONISTIC APPROACH- Literature is viewed to elucidate “reacting-

response” which is considered as something very personal, relative and fruitful.
MORAL OR HUMANISTIC APPROACH- The nature of man is CENTRAL to

literature. The reader or the teacher or critic more or less requires that the piece present
MAN AS ESSENTIALLY RATIONAL, which endowed with intellect and free will; or
that the piece does not misinterpret the true nature of man.
PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH- Literature is viewed to elucidate “reacting-

response” which is considered as something very personal, relative and fruitful.
SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH- Literature is viewed as the expression of man within

a given social situation which is reduced to discussion on economic, in which men are
somewhat simplistically divided into haves and haves not.

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BIOGRAPHICAL APPROACH- It views literature as a reflection of an author’s life
and time or of the characters life and times. A literary critic depends on the life story of
the author in doing his critical analysis.
COGNITIVE SCIENTIFIC CRITICISM- A literary critic is guided by his knowledge

of science process to explain how the narrative is structured.
GENDER CRITICISM- A literary critic comments on gays, lesbians etc. In the reading
selection.
LINGUISTIC CRITICISM - A literary critic focuses on the etymology or origin of the

words by the writer.
MARXIST CRITICISM- A literary critic center in the struggles of the working class to
upgrade their living.
MYTHOLOGICAL CRITICISM- A literary critic emphasize the role of archetypes in

production of the reading selection.
POLITICAL CRITICISM - It deals with manner by which political systems, political

parties.
PSYCHOANALYTIC CRITICISM- It deals with Sigmund Freud concept of fantasies

and dreams and how these affect psychologically.
SOCIOLOGICAL CRITICISM- It investigates the way society affect the live of the
character in the reading selection.

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TEST QUESTIONS
TEST V. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
READING COMPREHENSION . For questions (1-5).

The Wedding dance
by Amador T. Daguio
There was a couple named Awiyao and Lumnay. They were married for a long time but Awiyao
her husband has to marry another girl named Madulimay because Lumnay cannot bear a child. On
the night of the wedding of Awiyao and Madulimay, Awiyao went to Lumnay’s house where they
used to live to personally invite his ex wife to join the dance but Lumnay refuses to join. Lumnay is
the best dancer in their tribe. They had a heart-to-heart talk about their separation, and on their
conversation they found out that they are still in love with each other but they have to separate
because their tribe’s custom is – every man is that tribe should have one or more child that would
carry his name and if his wife cannot give him a child he can marry another woman. It’s a man’s
necessity to have a child. Lumnay can hardly let go of her husband. The two agreed that if Awiyao’s
second marriage did not work, he will go back to Lumnay’s arms and this was sealed by the beads
that Lumnay will keep. Then Awiyao goes back to the wedding because someone is calling him
already. After being fetched by other, Lumnay decided to go to the wedding not to dance or to join
the celebration but to stop the wedding. She decided to break the unwritten law of her tribe, but
when she is near all her guts to stop the wedding disappeared. She did not have the courage to break
into the wedding feast. Lumnay walked away from the dancing ground, away from the village. She
went to the mountain and she diverted all her bitterness in her and he partly reminisce their story of
Awiyao.
1. Who are the main characters of story?
a. Lumnay, Awiyao and Madulimay
b. Lumnay and Awiyao
c. Lumnay , Awiyao and the tribes
d. Lumnay and Madulimay
2. What is main reason why Awiyao got married to Madulimay?
a. Lumnay has a severe disease
b. Lumnay has another man
c. Lumnay cannot bear a child
d. Lumnay is irresponsible

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3. What type of conflict does Awiyao encounter?
a. Man vs. Man
b. Man vs. Nature
c. Man vs. Himself
d. Man vs. Society
4. What is the literary approach used in story?
a. Formalistic and Marxist Approach
b. Gender and Biographical Approach
c. Biographical and Historical Approach
d. Psychological and Sociological Approach
5. What did Awiyao gave to Lumnay after they talk that night?
a. House and lot
b. Farm
c. Money
d. Beads
6. It is consist of language, religion, beliefs, laws and other items that have no
physical existence.
a. Material Culture
b. Non-material Culture
c. Culture
d. Non-culture
7. An approach that goes by a dictum “Culture teaching through literature”
a. Biographical Approach
b. Historical Approach
c. Marxist Approach
d. Cultural Approach
8. A type of approach that views literature as a reflection of an author’s life and time
or of the characters.
a. Biographical Approach
c. Sociological Approach
d. Formalist Approach
9. This approach is close to the morality of literature, to question of ethical goodness
or badness.
a. Cultural Approach
b. Formalist Approach

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c. Historical Approach
d. Biographical Approach
10. This approach is viewed to elucidate “reacting-response” which is considered as
something very personal and relative.
a. Moralistic Approach
b. Impressionistic Approach
c. Sociological Approach
For questions ( 11-14)
Researchers suggest that there are creatures that do not know light means at the
bottom of the sea. They don’t have eyes or ears, they can only feel. There is no day or
night for them. There are no winters, no summers, no sun, no moon and no stars, It is
as if a child spent its life in darkness in bed, with nothing to see or hear. How
different our won life is! Sight shows us the ground beneath our feet and the heavens
above us- the sun, the moon, and starts, shooting stars, lighting, and the sunset. It
shows us day and night. We are able to hear voices, the sound of the sea, and music.
We feel, we taste, and we smell. How fortunate we are!
11. Judging from the passage, we can say that this story is mainly about__________.
a. How changes in the season are perceived by the deep-sea-creatures
b. The superiority of human beings over some creature in terms of senses
c. Life of sea creatures at the bottom of the sea
d. The differences among creatures of the earth and those of the sea
12. We discover that the sea creatures in the story____________.
a. Live in the darkness because no light reaches to the bottom
b. Hear the sounds of the ocean
c. Do not hear the sound of sea as they are accustomed to it
d. Have no sense of hearing as well as sight does not hear the sounds of sea as
they are accustomed to it.
13. In the passage a child in darkness is likened to___________.
a. A deaf child unaffected by the environment
b. A sea creature with no seeing or hearing ability
c. A perfect sleeper, for there is no sound around to hear
d. Someone who lives there are no reasons

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14. What type of approach is present in the passage?
a. Psychological Approach
b. Sociological Approach
c. Impressionistic Approach
For questions 15-18
Any criminal justice system is an apparatus that society uses to enforce the standards of
conduct necessary to protect individuals and the community. It operates by apprehending,
prosecuting, convicting, sentencing these member of the community who violate the
basic rules of group existence. The action taken against law breakers is designed to serve
three purposes beyond the immediately punitive one. It removes dangerous people from
the community; it deters others from criminal behaviour it gives society an opportunity to
attempt to transform lawbreaker into law-abiding citizens.
15. We understand from the passage that the basic aim of criminal justice
is__________.
a. Educate lawbreakers
b. To define socially accepted behaviour
c. To renew, as necessary, the traditions and customs of society
d. The protection of society and its individuals
16. According to passage, prosecution is____________.
a. Actually the removal of lawbreakers from the community
b. Not to be considered the vital part of the criminal justice system
c. One of the stages in the operation of criminal justice
d. Considered with the transformation of criminal justice
17. It is pointed out in the passage that one of the effects of the criminal justice
system is to__________.
a. Investigate the reasons behind criminal behaviour
b. Take immediate action against the community
c. Prevent the enforcement of capital punishment
d. Give guidelines for group existence
18. What type of approach is present in the passage?
a. Sociological Approach
b. Marxist Approach
c. Cultural Approach

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d. Psychological Approach
19. In this approach it see literature both reflection and a product of times and
circumstances in which it is written.
a. Historical Approach
b. Biological Approach
c. Cultural Approach
d. Biographical Approach
During those years, seeing an American in our town was like seeing a man from
other planet. You had to rub your eyes hard to see if you were dreaming or no.
And if you weren’t, it was still hard to believe.
20. Which of the following sentences is a hyperbole?

a. There was an American in our town
b. I saw an American on the street
c. Seeing an American was like seeing a man from another planet
d. One seldom saw an American in those years
21. Which of the following sentences is an exaggeration?

a. I did not speak
b. I told my father about Mike’s promise
c. My heart was overflowing with gladness and it smiled.
d. You have to rub your eyes hard to see if you were dreaming or no.
22. “Parting is such a sweet sorrow”. What literary device is being used?
a. Personification
b. Simile
c. Oxymoron
d. Synecdoche
Someone once said, “Never follow a crowd if you want the crowd to follow you”.
What this really means is that people who follow the crowd do so without thinking for
themselves. They see what others are doing and then copy them. To be a leader, a
person has to think for himself and not to do something just because other does it.
23. You can tell that_____.
a. “copy cats” don’t make good leader.
b. all followers think for themselves.
c. good leaders follow the crowd.
d. There are more leaders than followers.
Cancer is a growth, and since growth is an essential part of life itself, it would be

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expected that cancer would be found in all living things. Such indeed is a fact. The
disease is universal in scope. It develops in all strata of plant and animal life. It has
existed at least since the beginning of recorded history and affects men impartially
—wherever they live and whatever their race or colour or level of culture or
material progress. Cancer is not a special disease of civilization, except in so far as
civilization enables more people to live longer and except as civilization introduces
certain carcinogenic agents.
24. The main idea of the selection is_____.

a. Cancer is found in all living things.
b. Cancer is found in plants.
c. Civilized living contributed to cancer.
d. Cancer is essential part of the life itself.
25. Which of the following statements may be deleted from the selection?
a. Cancer is not a special disease of civilization
b. Such indeed is the case.
c. Cancer is growth.
d. It affects men impartially.
26. What is the author’s purpose for writing the selection?

a. To enumerate the effects of cancer.
b. To explain the nature of cancer.
c. To convince people not to be afraid of cancer.
d. To warn people about cancer.
When we think of flowers, we think of those we gather to make a bouquet. We think

of roses, tulips, and carnations. We rarely think of flowers as food. Yet people eat
flowers today, as they have for thousands of years. Brussels sprouts, cauliflower,
and broccoli are really flowers. The blossoms of plants are not merely decorations
for our homes.
27. What does the story mention?

a. just one use flower
b. ten flowers
c. only six flowers
d. two uses of flowers
Come One, Come All
Who: Anyone who is a kid at heart
What: Sand castle contest
Where: Sunset Beach
When: August 8
Why: To have fun and win a trip to Hawaii
How: Bring pails and shovels, and let your imagination go!
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28. The author’s main purpose is to…

a. describe
b. explain
c. entertain
d. persuade
The chain of food leads back to plants. All food, if you trace it back, comes from
plants. Much of our food comes from animals. But the hog that gives the meat and
the hen that lays the egg are eaters of plant food. No matter what you eat, you must
thank the plants.
29. You can tell that without any plants…

a. Our animals would be thin.
b. There would be no life.
c. People would eat animals.
d. Life would be about the same.
Best Friends
My best friend, Rajini, and I have a lot in common. We were both born on June 24
in India. I was born in the old city of Delhi. Rajini was born in New Delhi, the
capital. Our families moved to the United States when Rajini and I were two years
old.
Rajini and I are in the fourth grade at the starbrook School. She has Mr. Saxon. I
have Ms. Ortega. After school, we take dance together. We have also the same piano
teacher. I study classical piano. Rajini studies jazz.
At home, I have two older brothers. Rajini has a younger sister. Our fathers are
both engineers. My mother is an architect, whereas Rajini’s mother is a writer. Our
families live in the same apartment building. We are not allowed to have dogs and
cats in our building. Rajini, though, does have a gold fish.
Some people think that Rajini and I are sisters. We are both tall and thin and have
short black hair. Only I, however, wear glasses. If I take them off, It’s hard to tell us
apart.
30. How is Rajini like Adina?

a. She was also born in Delhi, India.
b. She also likes jazz.
c. Her birthday is also June 24.
d. She also wears glasses.
31. Which of these tells one thing the girls have in common?

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a. Both are in fourth grade.
b. Both have the same classroom teacher.
c. Both attend brook school.
d. Both study classical piano.
32. Adina compared her looks to Rajini’s by saying…

a. No one can ever tell them apart.
b. Both of them have brown hair.
c. Both of them are short and thin.
d. People think that they are sisters.
33. In what way are the girls different?

a. Adina has two older brothers, and Rajini has an older sister.
b. Adina’s mother is an architect, and Rajini’s mother is an engineer.
c. Adina lives in the city, but Rajini lives in a small town.
d. Adina does not have a pet, but Rajini does.
Just For Laugh
What do you call a grouchy person at the beach?
34. The
-A sand crab.
author’s
What did the ocean say to the sand? main
-Nothing; it is waved. purpose
is…
a. describe
b. explain
c. persuade
d. entertain
35. “Kill me not for I want to see the world”. What problem can be drawn from the
particular line?
a. Birth
b. abortion
c. pregnancy
d. Conception
Achilles was a famous Greek warrior during the Trojan war. He was the son of the
sea goddess Thetis. When Achilles was an infant, Thetis dipped him into the magical
water of the River Styx. Thus, every part of Achilles’ body was protected from
harm, except from one spot. This weak spot was the heel by which Thetis had held
him.
When Achilles was young, he had to make a difficult choice. He could choose either

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a long and ordinary life, or a short, but heroic one. Achilles chose the second.
Achilles grew up to be brave warrior and a loyal friend. But he was also famous for
his bad moods. In one battle, Achilles got into an argument. He stomped off the
battlefield. While he was gone, his best friend, Patroclus, was killed by the Trojan
hero Hector. Achilles was filled with guilt and rage. He killed Hector. Hector’s
brother, Paris, heard about the death and immediately sought revenge.
36. What probably happen to Achilles?

a. He remained safe from harm.
b. Paris killed him by wounding him in the heel.
c. He killed Paris.
d. He refused to fight ever again.
37. How might things have been different if Achilles had not left the battlefield?
a. Achilles might still be living today.
b. Patroclus probably would have killed Hector.
c. Patroclus might have died.
d. Paris would have become Achilles’ friend.
Did you ever wonder how many bones there are in your body? It is strange to think
that an infant’s body has more bones than an adult’s. A baby may have 30 bones.
As the child grows older, some of the bones grow together. The growing together
process, however, is not the same for everyone.
38. It is likely that many adults have:

a. weak bones
b. very strong bones
c. a different number of bones
d. no bones
Someone once said that for every minute we spend in anger we lose sixty seconds of
happiness. Everyone knows how it feels when he is very angry. I t certainly isn’t any
fun at all to have this feeling. Those sixty seconds that could have been spent in
happiness are gone forever.
39. What conclusion can be drawn from the selection?

a. Can’t be angry.

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b. Can’t be angry and happy at the same time.
c. Are angry only for six seconds.
d. Like to get angry.
For questions 40-43.
I felt a Funeral, in my Brain,

And Mourners to and fro
Kept treading – treading – till it seemed
That Sense was breaking through –
And when they all were seated,
A Service, like a Drum –
Kept beating – beating – till I thought
My mind was going numb –
And then I heard them lift a Box
And creak across my Soul
With those same Boots of Lead, again,
Then Space – began to toll,
As all the Heavens were a Bell,
And Being, but an Ear,
And I, and Silence, some strange Race
Wrecked, solitary, here –
And then a Plank in Reason, broke,

And I dropped down, and down –
And hit a World, at every plunge,
And Finished knowing – then –
- Emily Dickinson
40. What is the literary approach that was used in the passage?
a. Critical Approach
b. Biographical Approach
c. Historical Approach
d. Psychological Approach
41. For who does Emily Dickinson wrote this passage?
a. For her friends
b. For her family
c. For her loved ones
d. For her pet
42. What does the “I felt a funeral, in my brain means?

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a. Literally built a funeral in her brain
b. Her brain died and she create a funeral service for it
c. It’s hard for an individual to be strong and put a funeral service together
for someone they were close too.
d. Emily numbs herself to the pain. Her heart was still being, but she felt as if
she died as well
43. Who is the speaker in the poem?
a. Second Person Point of View
b. First person Point of View
c. Third Person Point of View
d. Readers
A Rose for Emily
by William Faulkner
There was a girl named Emily Griersons. She was born as respectable lady in a white
background. After her father died. She just became introvert and hide herself into her
house. She just live with her servant “Tobe”. Two years later he met Homer Baron.
Baron was a Northamber laborer. Miss Emily loved him at the first sight. Homer
Baron interested with her too, but it did not mean he wanted to marry her. Knowing if
Homer Baron was not a married man, then she bought arsenic. In that day Baron and
Miss Emily had a dinner together. That was the last neighbors saw Miss Emily and
Baron together. Yearly Miss Emily became older, she also ignored to pay the taxes,
and she finally died when she was 74 years old. The second day after she died, her
cousins entered her house; nobody entered her house except her servant. Until they
found a room that full of dust, dirty and moldy. They were really surprised when they
saw a man skeleton laid on the bed. Who is he? Finally we can know if Homer was
killed by Emily with arsenic, when they had dinner in those evening. She took
Homer’s dead body into her room and she slept with the dead body for 40 years until
she died. The only person who knew that is her servant, but he never told anybody.
After Miss Emily died, he suddenly disappeared.
44. Who lost her mind because of old age and decay?
a. Tobe
b. Baron
c. Miss Emily
d. Miss Emily & Homer
45. What type of poison did Miss Emily gave to Homer?
a. Arsenic
b. Injection
c. Tablet

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d. Napthalene Balls
46. What type of conflict does Miss Emily encounters?
a. Man vs. Herself
b. Man vs. Man
c. Man vs. Society
d. Man vs. Nature
47. What type of approach that was used in the story?
a. Formalist Approach
c. Biographical Approach
48. What does “A Rose for Emily” means?
a. Someone gave a rose to Emily
b. Someone dearly love Emily
c. Emily died that’s why she had a rose in her tomb.
d. Like a flower we will get older and decay especially when we will not take
care of our self.
49. What type of point of view does William Faulkner use in the story?
a. Third Person Point of View
b. First Person Point of View
c. Second Person Point of View
d. Both A and C
50. What did Miss Emily do to Homer’s body?
a. Chop it
b. She took Homer’s dead body into her room
c. Both B and D
d. She slept with the dead body for 40 years until she died
ANSWER KEY
TEST I.
1. C 11. A 21. B 31. D 41. D

2. D 12. B 22. C 32. B 42. C
3. C 13. D 23. C 33. A 43. D

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4. C 14. D 24. B 34. D 44. B
5. C 15. A 25. C 35. B 45. C
6. B 16. B 26. D 36. C 46. A
7. D 17. C 27. B 37. D 47. A
8. C 18. D 28. D 38. D 48. C
9. A 19. B 29. C 39. D 49. C
10. D 20. A 30. C 40. A 50. A
TEST II.
1. C 11. D 21. C 31. A 41. B

2. D 12. 22. C 32. C 42. D
3. A 13. A 23. A 33. C 43. D
4. B 14. D 24. C 34. B 44. B
5. A 15. B 25. D 35. B 45. A
6. B 16. C 26. D 36. D 46. C
7. A 17. D 27. B 37. B 47. C
8. D 18. A 28. D 38. C 48. A
9. C 19. C 29. A 39. B 49. D
10. B 20. C 30. C 40. A 50. B
TEST III.
1. B 11. C 21. B 31. C 41. A

2. B 12. B 22. D 32. C 42. D
3. C 13. B 23. C 33. D 43. B
4. D 14. B 24. C 34. C 44. C

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5. A 15. C 25. A 35. B 45. D
6. A 16. D 26. C 36. A 46. B
7. C 17. A 27. D 37. A 47. B
8. A 18. D 28. D 38. C 48. A
9. A 19. A 29. B 39. D 49. C
10. D 20. B 30. B 40. B 50. D
TEST IV.
1. D 11. B 21. C 31. C 41. D

2. C 12. C 22. B 32. B 42. C
3. D 13. B 23. B 33. D 43. A
4. B 14. B 24. B 34. A 44. C
5. B 15. D 25. D 35. B 45. B
6. A 16. C 26. A 36. C 46. B
7. B 17. B 27. B 37. D 47. C
8. B 18. C 28. C 38. A 48. C
9. D 19. B 29. D 39. A 49. B
10. B 20. D 30. C 40. B 50. C
TEST V.
1. B 11. B 21. C 31. C 41. C

2. C 12. D 22. C 32. D 42. D
3. D 13. B 23. A 33. D 43. D
4. C 14. B 24. D 34. D 44. C

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5. D 15. D 25. B 35. B 45. A
6. B 16. B 26. B 36. B 46. A
7. D 17. A 27. D 37. A 47. A
8. A 18. B 28. D 38. B 48. D
9. C 19. A 29. B 39. A 49. B
10. B 20. C 30. C 40. B 50. D

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RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES- MARBEL, INC.

21st CENTURY LITERATURE

Prepared by: EMILYN W. KUYAN, LPT

21st Century Literature Reviewer SY. 2020-2021

RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES- MARBEL, INC.

Topic I: Various Dimensions of Philippine Literary history from Pre-colonial to

Periods of Philippine Literature……………………………………………....... 4

Important key points…………………………………………………………. 13

Important key points…………………………………………………………… 30

Topic III: Study and Appreciation of literary texts from the

Regions in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao……………………………………..... 41

21st Century Literature Reviewer SY. 2020-2021

RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES- MARBEL, INC.

Important key points…………………………………………………………….. 50

Topic IV: Literary genres, traditions and forms from different

Asian Literature ……………………………………………………………………… 64

Important key points……………………………………………………………... 76

Topic V: Basic textual and contextual reading approach....................................... 89

Important key points……………………………………………………………... 94

VARIOUS DIMENSIONS OF PHILIPPINE LITERARY HISTORY FROM PRE-

Periods of Philippine Literature

21st Century Literature Reviewer SY. 2020-2021

RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES- MARBEL, INC.

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE during Pre- historic period

- The Catholic book of prayers and doctrines.

Examples of written literature:

- Biag ni lam-ang (Ilocano)

 Alamat (Legend)- This is presented as history but is

21st Century Literature Reviewer SY. 2020-2021

RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES- MARBEL, INC.

 Kwentong Bayan (Folk tales)- This is a characteristically

 Pabula (Fables)- This features animal characters or

 Epic (Epiko) – This narrative poem celebrates the

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE during Spanish Colonial Period

 Magellan is the one who discovered Philippines

Literature under Spanish Colonial Period

21st Century Literature Reviewer SY. 2020-2021

RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES- MARBEL, INC.

 RIZAL AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES

21st Century Literature Reviewer SY. 2020-2021

RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES- MARBEL, INC.

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR

21st Century Literature Reviewer SY. 2020-2021

RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES- MARBEL, INC.

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE during American period

 The US established a civil government in 1901. Free public education was

- American defeated Spaniards in Spanish-American War which resulted in

Literature during this period:

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE during Japanese period

 On December 8, 1941, the Japanese attacked Manila. On

 In October 1943 the Japanese declared the Philippines

21st Century Literature Reviewer SY. 2020-2021

RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES- MARBEL, INC.

 The Japanese surrendered formally on September 2, 1945

 During the occupation, publications were censored by the

 The Tagalog short story reached its maturity during the

21st Century Literature Reviewer SY. 2020-2021

RAMON MAGSAYSAY MEMORIAL COLLEGES- MARBEL, INC.

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE during Contemporary period

THE REBIRTH OF FREEDOM (1946-1970)

THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD