I Road Package 01 - Badulla District Uva Province Bridge at 05+932.489 MCR Abutment PDF

I Road Pk.
02 - Rural Roads Package 01 - Badulla District Designed By :

Reconstruction of Bridge at 05+932.489 Indika Kumara (C.Eng.)
Reference Description Output
CONTENTS
1) Introduction
1.1) General
1.2) Geometric details of the bridge deck
1.3) Material data
1.1) Cover to Reinforcement
2) Load Calculations- SuperStructure

2.1) Dead Load
2.2) Superimposed dead loads (SID)
2.3) Traffic Loads
3) Load Combination
3.1) Load factors for combination
3.2) Permanent loads
3.3) Live loads
3.4) Load Combination
3.3) Norminal loads
3.4) Ultimate limit state (ULS) loads
4) Design of abutment
4.1) Calculation of abutment Height
4.2) Geometric details of the abutment
4.3) Lateral earth pressure coiefficent
4.4) Load Calculations on abutment
5) Stability of Abutment
5.1) Capping beam
5.2) First step
5.3) Second step
5.4) Third step
5.5) Fourth step
5.6) Fifith step
5.7) Stability of overall abutment & check for sliding
6) Structural Analysis - abutment

6.1) At service - HA loading (ULS)
6.2) At service - HB loading (ULS)
6.3) Design Shear Force & Bending moment- ULS Condition
6.4) At service - (SLS)
6.5) Design for Bending
6.6) Design for Shear
6.7) Check for crack width
1
I Road Pk. 02 - Rural Roads Package 01 - Badulla District Designed By :
7) Design of wingwall
7.1) Calculation of wingwall Height
7.2) Geometric details of the wingwall
7.3) Lateral earth pressure coiefficent
7.4) Load Calculations on wingwall
8) Stability of wingwall
8.1) initial Step (Step 0)
8.2) First step
8.3) Second step
8.4) Third step
8.5) Fourth step
8.6) Fifith step
8.7) Stability of overall wingwall & check for sliding
9) Structural Analysis - wingwall

9.1) At service - (ULS)
9.2) Design Shear Force & Bending moment- ULS Condition
9.3) At service - (SLS)
9.4) Design bending moment (SLS)
9.5) Design for Bending
9.6) Design for Shear
9.7) Check for crack width
10) Reinforcement Summary

10.1) Abutment
10.2) Wing wall
2
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Bridge at Ch. 05+932.489 of Thissapura Keselpotha Junction to Aadaulpotha UBA

119 road is being reconstructed by NEM Construction (Pvt.) Ltd under project of
Road Investment Program (I-Road 2) Rural Roads Package 01 Badulla District Uva
Province
Mass concrete gravity walls has been selected for both side new abutments & wing
walls considering existing abutment type & geotechnical & geometrical
requirements.
1.2 Geometric Details of the Bridge Deck
According to the geometric design,

Clear span (opening) of bridge = 6.06 m
Bridge Effective Span = 6.56 m
Design width of the bridge = 9.49 m
1m strip is considered for the loading and structural & stability design for the
abutment and wing walls.Foundation is designed separately.
Length of bridge deck

Effective Span
Clear Span
Fig 1.1 Symbols for Typical Bridge Deck
Skew angle = 0 degrees

width of the bridge = 9490 mm
Bridge Span = 6560 mm
Length of bridge deck = 7010 mm
Clear span of bridge = 6060 mm
width of the foot walk = 1500 mm
1.3 Material data
2
BS 5400-4- Concrete strength,fcu = 25 N/mm
1990,Table 3
Mass Concrete Density gc,mass = 23.6 kN/m3
& Cl 4.3.2.2
Concrete Density gc = 25 kN/m3
Concrete Concrete tensile strength,ft = 25x 10%

Bridge design, 2
L.A. Clarck = 2.5 N/mm
3
2
Elastic modulus of concrete Ec = 26 kN/mm
Poisson ratio of concrete = 0.2
2
Yield strength of steel fy = 460 N/mm
2
Elastic modulus of steel Es = 200 kN/mm
BS 8002 - Soil Density, gs = 18 kN/m3

1994,Table 1
Angle of shearing resistance of fill, φ = 35 Degree

Interface (rock -Concrete) friction angle, d = 35 Degree
2
Allowable bearing Capacity (Under Abutment) = 400 kN/m
Allowable bearing Capacity (Under Wing wall) = 400 kN/m2
1.4 Cover to Reinforcement

RDA Bridge
design
manual, Page Considering severe environmental condition,
29 Nominal cover = 45 mm
Hence, Concrete cover all elements = 45 mm
2.0 LOAD CALCULATIONS- SUPER STRUCTURE

2.1 Dead Load
PSC beams (7.01 m)

No of PSC beams = 15 Nos.
2
Cross section area of PSC beams = 0.14 m
Length of PSC beam = 7.01 m
Total Dead load of PSC beams = 0.14 x 25 x 15 x 7.01/(2 x 9.493)
= 19.39 kN/m
Deck slab
Max. deck slab thickness = 150 mm
Dead load of deck slab = 0.15 x 25 x 7.01 x 9.493 / (2 x 9.493)

= 13.14 kN/m (as a UDL)
2.2 Super Imposed Dead Load (SID)
Road Surfacing
Asphalt layer thickness = 50 mm
Density of Asphalt layer = 23 kN/m3
Load intensity = ( 0.05 x 23 )

2
= 1.15 kN/m
4
Foot walk & Hand rail
Footwallk thickness (Approximate) = 225 mm
Total foot walk width = 1.5 x 2
= 3.00 m
Total Dead load of foot walk = ( 0.225 x 25 x 3 x 7.01 )

= 118.3 kN
Total dead load of handrails = 18.0 kN

(approximately)
Hence, load per abutment unit width ,

Footwallk + Handrail = (118.3 + 18 )/ (2 x 9.49)
= 7.2 kN/m
2.3 Traffic Loads

2.3.1 Notional Lanes
BS5400; Carriageway width = 3.3 + 3.19 + 2 x 1.5 Notion. lane

Part2 1978 = 9.49 m
cl 3.2.9.3.1 No of notional lanes = 3 nos. = 3 Nos.
Width of a notional lane = 3.16 m Lane width
= 3.16 m
Note: Conservatively assumed that no pedestrian pavements will provide
BS 5400 2.3.2 HA Live Load

Part 2,1978
Cl 6.2.1 Loaded length = 7.010 m < 30 m
Uniformly distributed load = 30 kN/m per notional lane
BS 5400 Knife edge load (KEL) = 120 kN per notional lane

Part 2,1978
Cl 6.2.2 Full HA +KEL load applied over two notional lane & 1/3 type HA +KEL load
applied over the remaining lane.
The maximum reaction on abutment occurs when the KEL load is near the support.
load per abutment ,
HA (UDL) + KEL = (30 x 2+30 x 1/3 ) x 7.01/2 + (120 x 2 +120 x 1/3)
= 525.35 kN

HA (UDL) + KEL = 525.35/9.49
= 55.4 kN/m
5
BS 5400-2 2.3.3 HB Live Load
1978,Cl 6.3
30 Units of HB loading shall be applied on structures. (neglect dispersion through
RDA bridge slab)
Design .
manual, 2.2.3
Fig 2.1 HB Wheel Load Arrangement
Consider 9.6 m long HB Vehicle for design calculation.
Load per one axle = 30 x 10

= 300 kN
Load per wheel = 300 / 4
= 75 kN
The maximum Reaction on abutment occurs when the load is near the support.
Hence, wheel loads will be placed as shown in figure.
300 kN 300kN 300kN

6.0m
1.8m
AXLE I AXLE II AXLE III
7.01 m
RA RB
Fig 2.2 Axel arrangement for maximum reaction on abutment
Due to length of HB vehicle is 9.6 m,only three axles lie on bridge deck at a time
RA = 900 - (300 x 7.8 + 300 x 1.8)/7.01

= 489.2 kN
RDA bridge HB vehicle is occupy two straddling notional lanes & 1/3 HA+KEL load applied
Design to other notional lane.
manual
Associated HA (UDL)+ KEL = 1/3 x (30 x 7.01/2 +120)

= 75.05 kN
6

RA = (489.2 + 75.05)/ 9.49
= 59.5 kN/m
BS 5400-2 - 2.3.4 Pedestrian Live Load
1978
Cl 7.1
Loaded Length = 7.01 m < 30 m
Nominal pedestrian live load = 5 kN/m2
Total pedestrian load per abutment unit width ,

= 5 x 1.5 x 2 x 7.01 / (9.49 x 2)
= 5.54 kN/m
2.3.5 Traction Forces
2.3.5.1 HA Traction Force
BS 5400-
2:1978 cl-
6.6.1 Nominal load for HA loading = 8 kN/m x loaded length +200 kN
= 256.08 kN/notional lane
Considering unit width of the Abutment ,

RDA B. D.
HA traction = (HA traction / Bridge width) x 0.6
manual-1996,
Cl 2.2.4 = (256.08 x 0.6 / 9.49)
= 16.19 kN/m
2.3.5.2 HB Traction Force
30 units of HB vertical loading shall be applied in conjunction with 30 units of HB
traction.
BS 5400 -
2:21978 Cl-
6.6.2 Total HB load = 10 x 30 x 4 kN
= 1200 kN
HB Traction = 25% of Total nominal HB load

= 1200 x 25%
= 300 kN
RDA Bridge
Design Considering unit width of the Abutment
manual-1996, HB traction = (HB traction / Bridge width) x 0.6
Cl 2.2.5
= (300 x 0.6 / 9.49)
= 18.97 kN
Note: HB traction decreases 25% for checking of HB loading.

Hence, HB traction = 14.23 kN/m
7
3.0 LOAD COMBINATIONS
3.1 Load Factors for Combinations
General, Design load factor (gdes) = gfl x gf3
BS 5400-4
:1990 , Cl 4.2.2
& 4.2.3 gf3 taken as 1.1 for ULS condition & 1.0 for SLS condition.
3.2. Permanent Loads

Dead load- weight of the structure
Superimposed dead load- surfacing
Superimposed dead load- Foot walk +Handrail
Earth Pressure - Vertical
Earth Pressure - Horizontal
3.3 Live Loads

Live load - HA + KEL
Live load - HB
Live Load - Pedestrian
Traction HA
Traction HB
Live load Surcharge
3.4 Load Combinations

Case 1- Permanent Loads and HA+KEL
coeffi.
Load type
ULS SLS
BS 5400-2
:1978 & 2006 Dead Load-Weight of structure 1.27 1.00
Table 1 Superimposed dead load- Surfacing 1.93 1.20
Superimposed dead load- Foot walk & Handrail 1.32 1.00
Earth Pressure - Vertical 1.32 1.00
Earth Pressure - Horizontal 1.65 1.00
Live load- HA + KEL 1.38 1.20
Live Load - Pedestrian 1.65 1.00
Traction HA 1.38 1.00
Live load Surcharge 1.65 1.00
Case 2- Permanent Loads and HB
coeffi.
Load type
ULS SLS
Dead Load-Weight of structure 1.27 1.00
BS 5400-2
:1978 & 2006 Superimposed dead load- Surfacing 1.93 1.20
Table 1 Superimposed dead load- Foot walk & Handrail 1.32 1.00
Earth Pressure - Vertical 1.32 1.00
Earth Pressure - Horizontal 1.65 1.00
Live Load- HB 1.21 1.10
Live load - Pedestrian 1.65 1.00
Traction HB 1.21 1.00
Live load Surcharge 1.65 1.00
8
3.5 Nominal Loads
3.5.1 Vertical Load from Superstructure
Considering unit width of the Abutment
Load Pattern kN/m
Dead load
PSC Beam + Deck slab 32.5
Superimposed dead load

Road Surfacing 4.0
Foot walk +Hand rail 7.2
Live Load
HA +KEL 55.4
HB 59.5
Pedestrian 5.5
Total Vertical Load -V1 (With HA +KEL) 104.6
Total Vertical Load -V2 (With HB) 108.7
Vertical Load -SLS (With HB) 109.5
Vertical Load -Permanent 44.6
3.5.2 Horizontal Load from Superstructure

Load Pattern kN/m
HA traction -HL1 16.2

HB traction- HL2 14.2
3.6 Ultimate Limit state (ULS) Loads

3.6.1 Vertical Load from Superstructure
Considering unit width of abutment
Nominal
Load ULS Load
Load Pattern Load
Factor (kN/m)
(kN/m)
Dead load
PSC Beam + Deck slab 1.27 32.5 41.2
Superimposed dead load

Road Surfacing 1.93 4.0 7.8
Foot walk +Hand rail 1.32 7.2 9.5
Live Load
HA+KEL 1.38 55.4 76.1
HB 1.21 59.5 71.9
Pedestrian 1.65 5.5 9.1
Total Vertical Load -V1(With HA +KEL) 143.7
Total Vertical Load -V2 (With HB) 139.5
9
3.6.2 Horizontal Load from Superstructure
Nominal
Load ULS Load
Load Pattern load
Factor ( kN/m )
(kN/m)
HA traction -HL 1 1.38 16.2 22.3
HB traction- HL 2 1.21 14.2 17.2
10
DESIGN OF ABUTMENT
11
4.0 DESIGN OF ABUTMENT
4.1 Calculation of Abutment height
` Abutment A1
Structural top level = 152.091 m
Footing bottom level = 147.141 m
Height of the abutment = 4.95 m
` Abutment A2
Footing Bottom level = 147.1 m
Height of the abutment = 4.950 m
4.2 Geometric details of the Abutment

Maximum height of abutment = 4.95 m
Design width of the bridge = 9.49 m
Fig 4.1 Symbols for

Typical Gravity Bridge
Abutment
Plinth Thickness = 0.050 m

Back wall Height = 0.300 m
Capping Beam Height = 0.450 m
H0 = 0.750 m
Height - Step 1 H1 = 1.200 m
Height of footing (foundation) H6 = 0.600 m
Total height of wall S Hi = 4.950 m
Width of back wall t1 = 0.200 m

Width of Capping beam T0 = 0.700 m
Width -Step 1 T1 = 1.200 m
Width of footing T6 = 3.100 m
Passive soil height HP = 0.000 m
Foundation Extension Toe side t2 = 0.500 m
Heel side t3 = 0.500 m
12
4.3 Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient
Since Backfill Is horizontal at the abutment & use the wall friction angle as zero
for walls , It is recommended to use Rankine equation to calculate the earth
pressure coefficients,
At active condition, Ka = ( 1- sin(Φ))

BS 8002- ( 1 + sin(Φ))
1994, Eq 16 = 0.270
At Passive condition, Kp = ( 1+sin(Φ))

BS 8002- ( 1 - sin(Φ))
1994, Eq 27 = 3.69
At rest, Ko = 1-sin(Φ)
BS 8002- = 0.43
1994, Eq 10
4.4 Load Calculation on Abutment
4.4.1 Vertical Loads
4.4.1.1 Loads from Super Structure (Nominal Loads)
Vertical & Horizontal Loads from load Case 1 (HA loading)
Vertical load V1 = 104.6 kN

Horizontal load HL1 = 16.2 kN
Vertical & Horizontal Loads from load Case 1(HB alone)
Vertical load V2 = 108.7 kN

Horizontal load HL2 = 14.2 kN
4.4.1.2 Loads from Super Structure (ULS)

Vertical & Horizontal Loads from load Case 1 (HA loading)
Vertical load V1(ULS) = 143.7 kN

Horizontal load HL1(ULS) = 22.3 kN
Vertical & Horizontal Loads from load Case 1(HB alone)
Vertical load V2(ULS) = 139.5 kN

Horizontal load HL2(ULS) = 17.21 kN
4.4.1.3 Dead load

Dead load of the structure and soil weight is calculated step by step for the easiness
of structural analysis
13
Lever Arm
Load Density
Height (m) Width (m) Length (m) Load (kN) from face
Name (kN/m3)
(m)
W1 1.20 1.200 1.00 23.6 33.98 0.60
W2 1.20 1.650 1.00 23.6 46.73 0.83
W3 1.20 2.100 1.00 23.6 59.47 1.05
W4 0.00 0.000 1.00 23.6 0.00 0.00
W5 0.00 0.000 1.00 23.6 0.00 0.00
W6 0.60 3.100 1.00 25 46.50 1.05
W7 0.75 0.500 1.00 18 6.75 0.95

W8 1.95 0.450 1.00 18 15.80 1.425
W9 3.15 0.450 1.00 18 25.52 1.875
W10 0.00 0.000 1.00 18 0.00 0.00
W11 0.00 0.000 1.00 18 0.00 0.00
W12 4.35 0.500 1.00 18 39.15 2.35
W13 0.00 0.500 1.00 18 0.00 0.00
W14 0.30 0.200 1.00 25 1.50 0.60

W15 0.45 0.700 1.00 25 7.88 0.35
Fig 4.2. Dead Loads of

the Steps & Soil Mass
4.4.2 Horizontal Forces
g g
Fig 4.3 Horizontal load distribution.
14
4.4.2.1 Surcharge Pressure
Minimum surcharge Pressure = 10.0 kN/m2
BS 8002-
1994 Cl
3.3.4.1 Surcharge forces at relevant step levels and lever arm value from step bottom
Height Total Unfactored force Lever Arm from step
Steps
(m) height (m) (kN) Bottom (m)
Capping Beam 0.75 0.75 Fq cap 2.03 Lq cap 0.38
Step 1 1.20 1.95 Fq1 5.27 Lq1 0.98
Step 2 1.20 3.15 Fq2 8.51 Lq2 1.58
Step 3 1.20 4.35 Fq3 11.75 Lq3 2.18
Step 4 0.00 0.00 Fq4 0.00 Lq4 0.00
Step 5 0.00 0.00 Fq5 0.00 Lq5 0.00
Foundation 0.60 4.95 Fqf 13.37 Lqf 2.48
4.4.2.2 Lateral Earth Pressure

Earth pressure forces at relevant step levels and lever arm value from step bottom
Active side
Steps
Capping Beam 0.75 0.75 Fe cap 1.37 Le cap 0.25
Step 1 1.20 1.95 Fe1 9.24 Le1 0.65
Step 2 1.20 3.15 Fe2 24.11 Le2 1.05
Step 3 1.20 4.35 Fe3 45.98 Le3 1.45
Step 4 0.00 0.00 Fe4 0.00 Le4 0.00
Step 5 0.00 0.00 Fe5 0.00 Le5 0.00
Foundation 0.60 4.95 Fef 59.54 Lef 1.65
Passive side
Steps
Capping Beam 0.75 0.00 Fp cap 0.00 Lp cap 0.00
Step 1 1.20 0.00 Fp1 0.00 Lp1 0.00
Step 2 1.20 0.00 Fp2 0.00 Lp2 0.00
Step 3 1.20 0.00 Fp3 0.00 Lp3 0.00
Step 4 0.00 0.00 Fp4 0.00 Lp4 0.00
Step 5 0.00 0.00 Fp5 0.00 Lp5 0.00
Foundation 0.60 0.00 Fpf 0.00 Lpf 0.00
4.4.3 Stability checks

. Following stages shall be considered in analyzed in abutment
Stage 1- The completed structure backfilled
Stage 2- The structure, fully backfilled, in service.
a) HA load Condition
b) HB load Condition
15
5. STABILTY OF ABUTMENT
5.1 Capping Beam

For stability calculations moments are taken around point A.
5.1.1 Stability of capping beam- After Back filling

Earth pressure coefficient Ka = 0.27
Kp = 3.69
Lever arm Restoring Overturning

Force (kN)
(m) Moment (kNm) Moment (kNm)
W14 1.50 0.60 0.90 -
W15 7.88 0.35 2.76 -
Fp cap 0.00 0.00 - 0.00
Fq cap 2.03 0.38 - 0.76
Fe cap 1.37 0.25 - 0.34
SM 3.66 1.10
a) FOS Against Overturning = Restoring Moment ( MR)

Overturning Moment (Mo)
= 3.66/1.1
= 3.33 > 1.3
Hence Ok
b) Stress at capping beam bottom
Resultant Vertical force SV = 9.38 kN

Permissible tensile stress sallow = 0.240 N/mm2
RDA Bridge
Design
manual, Cl Distance to vertical resultant from A x = MR - Mo / SV
2.1 = ( 3.66-1.1 ) / 9.38
= 0.273 m
Eccentricity of resultant e = T0/ 2 - x

= 0.7 /2 -0.273
= 0.077 m
width of the section d = 0.700 m

Breadth of the section b = 1.000 m
Second moment of inertias I = bd3/12
Distance to point of interest y = d/2
Section Modulus Z = I/y
= bd2/6
= 0.0817 mm3
16
Direct Stress sd = SV /bd

= 13.4 kN/m2
= 0.013 N/mm2
Bending Stress sb = SV x e /Z
= 8.844 kN/m2
= 0.009 N/mm2
Maximum Stress smax = sd + sb

= 0.013 + 0.009
0.022 N/mm2
Minimum Stress smin = sd - sb

= 0.013 - 0.009
= 0.004 N/mm2
> -0.240
Hence Ok
smin > sallow , Hence Stress is Ok.
5.1.2 Stability of capping beam- at service ( HA loading)
Width of Capping beam = 0.700 m

KP = 3.69

Force (kN)
V1 104.60 0.25 26.15 -
W14 1.50 0.60 0.90 -
W15 7.88 0.35 2.76 -
Fp cap 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Fq cap 2.03 0.38 - 0.76
Fe cap 1.37 0.25 - 0.34
HL1 16.20 0.50 - 8.10
SM 29.81 9.20

= 29.81/9.2
= 3.24 > 1.3
Hence Ok
17
b) Stress at capping beam Bottom
RDA Bridge
Design
Permissible tensile stress sallow = -0.240 N/mm2
manual,
Cl 2.1
SV sd sb smax smin
b (m) d (m) Z (m3) x (m) e (m)
(kN) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1.0 0.700 0.0817 113.98 0.18 0.17 0.1628 0.2361 0.399 -0.0733
smin > sallow ,Hence Stress is Ok
5.1.3 Stability of capping beam- at service ( HB loading)
Width of Capping beam = 0.700 m

Kp = 3.69

Force (kN)
V2 108.70 0.25 27.18 -
W14 1.50 0.60 0.90 -
W15 7.88 0.35 2.76 -
Fp cap 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Fq cap 2.03 0.38 - 0.76
Fe cap 1.37 0.25 - 0.34
HL2 14.23 0.50 - 7.11
SM 30.83 8.21

= 30.83/8.21
= 3.76 > 1.3
Hence Ok
b) Stress at capping beam Bottom
RDA Bridge
Design
manual,
Cl 2.1
smax smin
b (m) d (m) Z SV x e sd sb
(N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1.0 0.700 0.0817 118.08 0.19 0.16 0.1687 0.2291 0.398 -0.0604
18
5.2 First Step
For stability calculations moments are taken around point B.
5.2.1 Stability of Step 1- After Back filling
Width of Step 1 T1 = 1.200 m

Kp = 3.69

Force (kN)
W1 33.98 0.60 20.39 -
W7 6.75 0.95 6.41 -
W14 1.50 0.60 0.90 -
W15 7.88 0.35 2.76 -
Fp 1 0.0 0.00 0.00 -
Fq 1 5.27 0.98 - 5.13
Fe 1 9.24 0.65 - 6.01
SM 30.46 11.14

= 30.46/11.14
= 2.73 > 1.3
Hence Ok
b) Stress at Step 1 Bottom
RDA Bridge
Design
manual,
Cl 2.1
SV sd sb smax smin
b (m) d (m) Z (m3) x (m) e (m)
(kN) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1.0 1.200 0.24 50.11 0.39 0.2 0.0418 0.0448 0.087 -0.003
19
5.2.2 Stability of Step 1- At service ( HA loading)
Width of Step 1 = 1.200 m

Kp = 3.69

Force (kN)
V1 104.60 0.25 26.15 -
W1 33.98 0.60 20.39 -
W7 6.75 0.95 6.41 -
W14 1.50 0.60 0.90 -
W15 7.88 0.35 2.76 -
Fp 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Fq 1 5.27 0.98 - 5.13
Fe 1 9.24 0.65 - 6.01
HL1 16.20 1.70 - 27.54
SM 56.61 38.68

= 56.61/38.68
= 1.46 > 1.3
Hence Ok
RDA Bridge
Design
manual,
Cl 2.1
SV sd sb smax smin
b (m) d (m) Z (m3) x (m) e (m)
(kN) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1.0 1.200 0.24 154.71 0.12 0.48 0.1289 0.3121 0.441 -0.183
20
5.2.3 Stability of Step 1- At service ( HB loading)

Kp = 3.69

Force (kN)
V1 108.70 0.250 27.18 -
W1 33.98 0.600 20.39 -
W7 6.75 0.950 6.41 -
W14 1.50 0.600 0.90 -
W15 7.88 0.350 2.76 -
FP 1 0.00 0.000 0.00 -
Fq 1 5.27 0.975 - 5.13
Fe 1 9.24 0.650 - 6.01
HL2 14.23 1.700 - 24.18
SM 57.63 35.32

= 57.63/35.32
= 1.63 > 1.3
Hence Ok
b) Stress at Step1 Bottom
RDA Bridge
Design
manual,
Cl 2.1
SV sd sb smax smin
b (m) d (m) Z (m3) x (m) e (m)
(kN) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1.0 1.200 0.24 158.81 0.14 0.46 0.1323 0.3041 0.436 -0.172
21
5.3 Second Step
For stability calculations moments are taken around point C.

Kp = 3.69

Force (kN)
W1 33.98 0.60 20.39 -
W2 46.73 0.83 38.55 -
W7 6.75 0.95 6.41 -
W8 15.80 1.43 22.51 -
W14 1.50 0.60 0.90 -
W15 7.88 0.35 2.76 -
FP 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Fq 2 8.51 1.58 - 13.40
Fe 2 24.11 1.05 - 25.32
SM 91.52 38.71

= 91.52/38.71
= 2.36 > 1.3
Hence Ok
RDA Bridge
Design
manual,
Cl 2.1
SV sd sb smax smin
b (m) d (m) Z (m3) x (m) e (m)
(kN) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1.0 1.650 0.4538 112.63 0.47 0.36 0.0683 0.0884 0.157 -0.020
22
5.3.2 Stability of Step 2- At service ( HA loading)

Kp = 3.69

Force (kN)
V1 104.60 0.25 26.15 -
W1 33.98 0.60 20.39 -
W2 46.73 0.83 38.55 -
W7 6.75 0.95 6.41 -
W8 15.80 1.43 22.51 -
W14 1.50 0.60 0.90 -
W15 7.88 0.35 2.76 -
Fp 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Fq 2 8.51 1.58 - 13.40
Fe 2 24.11 1.05 - 25.32
HL1 16.20 2.90 - 46.98
SM 117.67 85.69

= 117.67/85.69
= 1.37 > 1.3
Hence Ok
RDA Bridge
Design
manual,
Cl 2.1
SV sd sb smax smin
b (m) d (m) Z (m3) x (m) e (m)
(kN) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1.0 1.650 0.4538 217.23 0.15 0.68 0.1317 0.3245 0.456 -0.193
23
5.3.3 Stability of Step 2 At service ( HB loading)

Kp = 3.69

Force (kN)
V1 108.70 0.25 27.18 -
W1 33.98 0.60 20.39 -
W2 46.73 0.83 38.55 -
W7 6.75 0.95 6.41 -
W8 15.80 1.43 22.51 -
W14 1.50 0.60 0.90 -
W15 7.88 0.35 2.76 -
Fp 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Fq 2 8.51 1.58 - 13.40
Fe 2 24.11 1.05 - 25.32
HL2 14.23 2.90 - 41.25
SM 118.69 79.97

= 118.69/79.97
= 1.48 > 1.3
Hence Ok
RDA Bridge
Design
manual,
Cl 2.1
SV sd sb smax smin
b (m) d (m) Z (m3) x (m) e (m)
(kN) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1.0 1.650 0.4538 221.33 0.17 0.65 0.1341 0.3171 0.451 -0.183
24
5.4 Third Step
For stability calculations moments are taken around point D.
5.4.1 Stabilty of Step 3- After Back filling

Earth preasure coefficient Ka = 0.27
Kp = 3.69

Force (kN)
W1 33.98 0.60 20.39 -
W2 46.73 0.83 38.55 -
W3 59.47 1.05 62.45 -
W7 6.75 0.95 6.41 -
W8 15.80 1.43 22.51 -
W9 25.52 1.88 47.84 -
W14 1.50 0.60 0.90 -
W15 7.88 0.35 2.76 -
Fp 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Fq 3 11.75 2.18 - 25.55
Fe 3 45.98 1.45 - 66.67
SM 201.80 92.22
a) FOS Against Overturing = Restoring Moment ( MR)

= 201.804/92.219
= 2.19 > 1.3
Hence Ok
RDA Bridge
Resultanat Verticle force SV = 197.62 kN
Design
Permissable tensile stress sallow = -0.240 N/mm2
manual,
Cl 2.1
b
d (m) Z SV x e sd sb smax smin
(m)
1.0 2.100 0.735 197.62 0.55 0.5 0.0941 0.1332 0.227 -0.039
25
5.4.2 Stabilty of Step 3- At service ( HA loading)

Kp = 3.69

Force (kN)
V1 104.60 0.25 26.15 -
W1 33.98 0.60 20.39 -
W2 46.73 0.83 38.55 -
W3 59.47 1.05 62.45 -
W7 6.75 0.95 6.41 -
W8 15.80 1.43 22.51 -
W9 25.52 1.88 47.84 -
W14 1.50 0.60 0.90 -
W15 7.88 0.35 2.76 -
FP 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Fq 3 11.75 2.18 - 25.55
Fe 3 45.98 1.45 - 66.67
HL1 16.20 4.10 - 66.42
SM 227.95 158.64

= 227.95/158.64
= 1.44 > 1.3
Hence Ok
RDA Bridge
Design
manual,
Cl 2.1
b
(m)
1.0 2.100 0.735 302.22 0.23 0.82 0.1439 0.3374 0.481 -0.194
26
5.4.3 Stabilty of Step 3- At service ( HB loading)

Kp = 3.69

Force (kN)
V1 108.70 0.25 27.18 -
W1 33.98 0.60 20.39 -
W2 46.73 0.83 38.55 -
W3 59.47 1.05 62.45 -
W7 6.75 0.95 6.41 -
W8 15.80 1.43 22.51 -
W9 25.52 1.88 47.84 -
W14 1.50 0.60 0.90 -
W15 7.88 0.35 2.76 -
Fp 3 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fq 3 11.75 2.18 - 25.55
Fe 3 45.98 1.45 - 66.67
HL1 14.23 4.10 - 58.32
SM 228.98 150.54

= 228.98/150.54
= 1.52 > 1.3
Hence Ok
RDA Bridge
Design
manual,
Cl 2.1
b
(m)
1.0 2.100 0.735 306.32 0.26 0.79 0.1459 0.3309 0.477 -0.185
27
5.7 Stability of Overall Abutment & Check for Sliding
For stability calculations moments are taken around point G.
5.7.1 Overall Stability - After Back filling
Width of Foundation T5 = 3.100 m

Distance to wall face to foundation face t2 = 0.500 m
Allowble bearing Capacity = 400.0 kN/m2
Kp = 3.69

Force (kN)
W1 33.98 1.10 37.38 -
W2 46.73 1.33 61.91 -
W3 59.47 1.55 92.18 -
W4 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W5 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W6 46.50 1.55 72.08 -
W7 6.75 1.45 9.79 -
W8 15.80 1.93 30.41 -
W9 25.52 2.38 60.60 -
W10 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W11 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W12 39.15 2.85 111.58 -
W13 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W14 1.50 1.10 1.65 -
W15 7.88 0.85 6.69 -
Fp f 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Fq f 3.61 2.48 - 8.93
Fe f 16.08 1.65 - 26.53
SM 484.27 35.46

= 484.27/35.46
= 13.66 > 1.5
Hence Ok
28
b) Stress at foundation Bottom
RDA Bridge
Design
manual,
Cl 2.1
SV sd sb smax smin
b (m) d (m) Z (m3) x (m) e (m)
(kN) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1.0 3.100 1.6017 283.27 1.58 -0 0.0914 -0.0061 0.085 0.097

smax < Allowble bearing capacity ,Hence Stress is Ok
c) Sliding of the structure is checked at the foundation
Force causing sliding = Fqf +Fef

= 19.70 kN
Total vertical force = SV

= 283.27 kN
Concrete- soil interface coefficient Tan(δ') = Tan(2/3 d)

= 0.43
Force against sliding Fr = V x Tan(δ')

= 121.81
F.O.S against sliding = 121.81 / 19.7

= 6.18 > 1.5
Hence OK
29
5.7.2 Overall Stability- At service ( HA loading)
Width of foundation = 3.100 m

Kp = 3.69

Force (kN)
V1 104.60 0.75 78.45 -
W1 33.98 1.10 37.38 -
W2 46.73 1.33 61.91 -
W3 59.47 1.55 92.18 -
W4 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W5 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W6 46.50 1.55 72.08 -
W7 6.75 1.45 9.79 -
W8 15.80 1.93 30.41 -
W9 25.52 2.38 60.60 -
W10 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W11 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W12 39.15 2.85 111.58 -
W13 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W14 1.50 1.10 1.65 -
W15 7.88 0.85 6.69 -
Fp f 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Fq f 3.61 2.48 - 8.93
Fe f 16.08 1.65 - 26.53
HL1 16.20 4.70 - 76.14
SM 562.72 111.60

= 562.72/111.6
= 5.04 > 1.5
Hence Ok
RDA Bridge
Design
manual,
Cl 2.1
SV sd sb smax smin
b (m) d (m) Z (m3) x (m) e (m)
(kN) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1.0 3.100 1.6017 387.87 1.16 0.39 0.1251 0.0937 0.219 0.031
30
Force causing sliding = Fqf +Fef +HL1

= 35.90 kN

= 387.87 kN

= 0.43

= 166.78

= 4.65 > 1.5
Hence OK
31
5.7.3 Overall Stability - At service ( HB loading)
Width of foundation = 3.100 m

Kp = 3.69

Force (kN)
V1 108.70 0.75 81.53 -
W1 33.98 1.10 37.38 -
W2 46.73 1.33 61.91 -
W3 59.47 1.55 92.18 -
W4 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W5 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W6 46.50 1.55 72.08 -
W7 6.75 1.45 9.79 -
W8 15.80 1.93 30.41 -
W9 25.52 2.38 60.60 -
W10 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W11 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W12 39.15 2.85 111.58 -
W13 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W14 1.50 1.10 1.65 -
W15 7.88 0.85 6.69 -
FP f 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Fq f 3.61 2.48 - 8.93
Fe f 16.08 1.65 - 26.53
HL2 14.23 4.70 - 66.86
SM 565.79 102.32

= 565.79/102.32
= 5.53 > 1.5
Hence Ok
RDA Bridge
Design
manual,
Cl 2.1
SV sd sb smax smin
b (m) d (m) Z (m3) x (m) e (m)
(kN) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1.0 3.100 1.6017 391.97 1.18 0.37 0.1264 0.09 0.216 0.036
32
Force causing sliding = Fqf +Fef +HL1

= 33.90 kN

= 391.97 kN

= 0.43

= 168.55

= 4.97 > 1.5
Hence OK
33
6. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - ABUTMENT
6.1 At service - HA loading (ULS)

Kp = 3.69
Factor Lever arm Restoring Moment Overturning
Force (kN)
(gdes) (m) (kNm) Moment (kNm)
V1 (ULS) 143.70 0.75 107.78 -
W1 1.27 33.98 1.10 47.48 -
W2 1.27 46.73 1.33 78.63 -
W3 1.27 59.47 1.55 117.07 -
W4 1.27 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W5 1.27 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W6 1.27 46.50 1.55 91.54 -
W7 1.32 6.75 1.45 12.92 -
W8 1.32 15.80 1.93 40.14 -
W9 1.32 25.52 2.38 79.99 -
W10 1.32 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W11 1.32 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W12 1.32 39.15 2.85 147.28 -
W13 1.32 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W14 1.27 1.50 1.10 2.10 -
W15 1.27 7.88 0.85 8.50 -
FP f 1.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Fq f 1.65 3.61 2.48 - 14.74
Fe f 1.65 16.08 1.65 - 43.77
HL1 (ULS) 22.28 4.70 - 104.72
SM 733.41 163.22
a) Stress at Foundation Bottom
Resultant Vertical force (ULS) SV = 507.81 kN
sb smax smin
Z (m3) SV (kN) x (m) e (m) sd (N/mm )
2
b (m) d (m) 2 2
(N/mm ) (N/mm ) (N/mm2)
1.0 3.100 1.6017 507.81 1.12 0.43 0.1638097 0.1354 0.299 0.028
Base pressure distribution under foundation,
34
t3 t2
y x
s
y s
Width of the foundation L = 3.10 m

Extended length of base t2 = 0.5 m
t3 = 0.5 m
Maximum base pressure smax = 299.24 kN/m2

Minimum base pressure smin = 28.4 kN/m2
Pressure at x-x sx-x = 255.6 kN/m2
Pressure at y-y sy-y = 72.1 kN/m2
Bottom mesh
ULS Bending moment @ x-x M x-x = 255.6 x 0.5 x 0.5/2 + 0.5 x 43.6 x 0.5 x 0.5 x 2/3
= 35.59 kNm
ULS Shear force @ x-x V x-x = 0.5 x (255.6 + 299.25) x 0.5

= 138.7102 kN
ULS Shear force @ 400mm V x-x = 0.5 x (299.25 + 264.3) x 0.1

from face = 28.17704 kN
35
Top mesh
soil load @ y-y W12 = 51.7 kN
Bending moment due to soil load @ y-y = 12.92 kNm
Bending moment due to base pressure = 0.5 x 43.6874559430701 x 0.5 x 0.5 /3+ 28.38 x 0.5 x 0.5/2
@ 5.368 kNm
ULS Bending moment at y-y M y-y = BM base pressure -BMSoil load
= -7.55 kNm
Flexural Stress at Concrete = M/Z

= 6 x 7.55 x 10 6
1000 x 500 2
= 0.13 N/mm2 < Concrete tensile
Sterngth
ULS Shear force @ x-x V x-x = SF base pressure - SFSoil load
= 0.5x (72.1+28.4) x 0.5 - 51.678
= -26.6 kN
BS 5400-4
1990, Shear Stress at Concrete = V x-x / bd
Table 8 = 26.6 x 10 3
1000 x 547
= 0.05 N/mm2 < 0.34 N/mm2
Hence, No top reinforcement required
6.2 At service - HB loading (ULS)
Factor Lever arm Restoring Moment Overturning
Force (kN)
(gdes) (m) (kNm) Moment (kNm)
V2 (ULS) 139.50 0.750 104.63 -
W1 1.27 33.98 1.10 47.48 -
W2 1.27 46.73 1.33 78.63 -
W3 1.27 59.47 1.55 117.07 -
W4 1.27 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W5 1.27 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W6 1.27 46.50 1.55 91.54 -
W7 1.32 6.75 1.45 12.92 -
W8 1.32 15.80 1.93 40.14 -
W9 1.32 25.52 2.38 79.99 -
W10 1.32 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W11 1.32 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W12 1.32 39.15 2.85 147.28 -
W13 1.32 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W14 1.27 1.50 1.10 2.10 -
W15 1.27 7.88 0.85 8.50 -
FP f 1.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Fq f 1.65 3.61 2.48 - 14.74
Fe f 1.65 16.08 1.65 - 43.77
HL2 (ULS) 17.21 4.70 - 80.89
SM 730.26 139.39
36
sb smax smin
Z (m3) SV (kN) x (m) e (m) sd (N/mm )
2
b (m) d (m)
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1.0 3.100 1.6017 503.61 1.17 0.38 0.1624555 0.1185 0.281 0.044
Base pressure distribution under foundation
t3 t2
y x
s
y s
37
t3 = 0.5 m

Bottom mesh
ULS Bending moment @ x-x M x-x = 242.7x0.5x0.5/2 + 0.5x38.2124661810615x0.5x0.5x 2/3
= 33.52 kNm
ULS Shear force @ x-x V x-x = 0.5x (242.7+280.912466181061) x0.5-0.5x0x 18

= 130.90312 kN
ULS Shear force @ 400 mm V x-x = 0.5x (280.912466181061+273.3) x0.1
from face = 27.710623 kN
Top mesh
Bending moment due to base pressure = 0.5x 38.2119297774496 x 0.5 x 0.5 /3 +43.9985015608741x0.5x0.5/
= 7.092 kNm

= -5.83 kNm
= 6 x 5.83 x 10 6
1000 x 500 2
Sterngth
= 0.5x (82.2104313383236+43.9985015608741) x 0.5 - 51.68
= -20.1 kN
BS 5400-4
1990, Shear Stress at Concrete = V x-x / bd
Table 8 = 20 x 10 3
1000 x 547
= 0.04 N/mm2 < 0.34 N/mm2
6.3 Design Shear Force & Bending moment- ULS Condition
For Bottom mesh
Design Bending Moment = 35.6 kNm

Design Shear Force = 138.7 kN
38
6.4 At service -(SLS)
It is observed that maximum vertical load occurs at service-HB loading condition,

Therefore, HB loading- at service only considered for the base pressure
calculations at SLS.

Kp = 3.69
Factor Lever arm Restoring Overturning
Force (kN)
(gdes) (m) Moment (kNm) Moment (kNm)
V1 (Perm) 44.60 0.750 33.45 -
V1 (SLS) 109.50 0.750 82.13 -
W1 1.0 33.98 1.100 37.38 -
W2 1.0 46.73 1.325 61.91 -
W3 1.0 59.47 1.550 92.18 -
W4 1.0 0.00 0.500 0.00 -
W5 1.0 0.00 0.500 0.00 -
W6 1.0 46.50 1.550 72.08 -
W7 1.0 6.75 1.450 9.79 -
W8 1.0 15.80 1.925 30.41 -
W9 1.0 25.52 2.375 60.60 -
W10 1.0 0.00 0.500 0.00 -
W11 1.0 0.00 0.500 0.00 -
W12 1.0 39.15 2.850 111.58 -
W13 1.0 0.00 0.500 0.00 -
W14 1.0 1.50 1.100 1.65 -
W15 1.0 7.88 0.850 6.69 -
Fp f 1.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 -
Fq f 1.0 3.61 2.475 - 8.93
Fe f 1.0 16.08 1.650 - 26.53
SM (Perm) 517.72 26.53
SM (SLS) 566.39 35.46
a) Stress at Foundation Bottom- at SLS

Resultant Vertical force (SLS) SV = 392.77 kN
sd sb smax smin
b (m) d (m) Z (m3) SV (kN) x (m) e (m)
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1.0 3.100 1.6017 392.77 1.35 0.2 0.1267 0.0486 0.175 0.078
b) Stress at Foundation Bottom- at Permanent

Resultant Vertical force (Perm) SV = 327.87 kN
39
sd sb smax smin
b (m) d (m) Z (m3) SV (kN) x (m) e (m)
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1.0 3.100 1.6017 327.87 1.5 0.05 0.1058 0.0106 0.116 0.095
At SLS
t3 t2
y x
s
y s

t3 = 0.5 m

SLS Bending moment @ x-x M x-x = 159.6x0.5x0.5/2 + 0.5x15.7x0.5x0.5x 2/3

= 21.26 kNm
40
At Permanent toads
t3 t2
y x
s
y s

Pressure at x-x sx-x = 113.0 kN/m
2
Perm. Bending moment @ x-x M x-x = 113 x 0.5 x 0.5/2 + 0.5 x 3.41 x 0.5 x 0.5 x 2/3
= 14.41 kNm
6.4.1 Design Bending moment (SLS)
For Bottom mesh
Design Bending Moment (SLS) = 21.3 kNm

Design Bending Moment-(Perm) = 14.4 kN
41
6.5 Design For Bending
The maximum bending moment values at the base are tabulated below. The
calculation procedure to determine the steel requirement for a particular bending
moment (M ) is as follows.
BS 5400 From the equation 1 𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑆 z ……...……………….(1)

Part 4 1.1𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠
5.3.2.3
𝑧= 1− 𝑑 ……...……………….(2)
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑
BS 5400 From (1) and (2),

1
Part 4
5𝑀𝑢 2
5.3.2.3 𝑧 = 0.5𝑑 1 + 1 − < 0.95.d …………..(3)
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
eq.5
BS 5400 Once determining z from (3), A s can be calculated from(1) as follows:
Part 4
𝑀𝑢
5.3.2.3 𝐴𝑆 = ……...……………….(4)
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧
eq.1
equation 2 : 𝑀𝑢 = 0.15𝑓𝑐𝑢 b𝑑2 ……...……………….(5)
BS 5400
Part 4
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 0.15 % 𝑏𝑑 ……...……………….(6)
5.8.4.1 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 0.12 % 𝑏𝑑
BS 5400 ……...……………….(7)
Part 4
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 4 % 𝐴𝑐
5.8.4.2 ……...……………….(8)
42
6.5.1 Reinforcement design of Foundation
6.5.1.1 Steel requirement for bottom mesh -main
Unit Mbottom
M kNm/m 35.6
Φ mm 16
Provide spacing mm 225
t mm 600
Cover mm 45
-2
fy Nmm 460
-2
f cu Nmm 25
d mm 547
z-from (3) mm 1.00 d
Check z ≤ 0.95d 0.95d
z mm 520
A s - from (4) mm2/m 172
A s,min from (7) mm2/m 821
As-provide mm2/m 893
Check Asreq >As-prov OK
Required Bar arrang. T16 @225
2
A s,max from (9) mm /m 24000
Check As,max > As,Provide OK
Moment Resistance Mu from (1) kNm/m 185
Check Mu1 >M OK
Moment Resistance Mr from (5) kNm/m 1122
Check Mu5 >M OK
Provided A s mm2/m T16 @225
6.5.1.2 Secondary reinforcement

BS 5400-4
1990, Provide secondary reinforcement (0.12% bd )
Cl.5.4.8
Bottom
d mm 547
2
As req = 0.12% bd (8) mm /m 656
Φ mm 16
2
As pro mm /m 804
Distribution RF OK
Provided A s T16 @250
43
6.6 Design for Shear
The maximum Shear force values at the base are tabulated below. The notations are
as per given in the code.
BS 5400
𝑉
Part 4; 1990 Shear stress at v , , 𝑣= ………………………..(9)
Cl 5.3.3.1
𝑏𝑑
But check for .………..(10)
𝑣 < 0.75 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑜𝑟 4.75𝑁/𝑚𝑚`2
Allowable shear stress = 𝜀𝑠 𝑣𝑐 ………………….(11)
The depth factor εs can be calculated,
1/4
𝜀𝑠 = 500/𝑑 or 0.7 whichever is greater ……..(12)
The ultimate shear stress in the concrete can be calculated using the equation,
1
1
0.27 100𝐴𝑆 3
𝑣𝑐 = 𝑓𝑐𝑢 3
𝛾𝑚 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 ..………………(13)
BS 5400
Part 4; 1990 The enhanced shear stress is 𝜀𝑠 𝑣𝑐 x 2𝑑Τ𝑎𝑣 …………..(15)
Cl 5.3.3.3
BS 5400 at any cross section additional longitudinal reinforcement Asa, is required in the tensile
Part 4; 1990 zone such that, 𝑉
Cl 5.3.3.1 𝐴𝑠𝑎 ≥ …………………..(16)
2(0.87𝑓𝑦 )
6.6.1 Shear check of the Foundation
Unit Vtoe Vtoe
V kN/m 138.7 28.2
Φ mm 16 16
Provide spacing mm 225 225
**t at face of wall mm 600 600
d mm 547 592
-2
v (10) Nmm 0.25 0.05
-2
f cu Nmm 25 25
1/2 -2
0.75 (f cu ) or 4.75 Nmm 3.75 3.75
Check v < 0.75(f cu ) 1/2 OK OK
εs (13) 0.978 0.959
2
As-provide mm /m 894 894
ϒm 1.25 1.25
v c (14) Nmm-2 0.35 0.34
ε s v c (12) Nmm-2 0.34 0.33
2
v'= εs v c mm /m 0.34 0.33
Check v' < 0.75(f cu ) 1/2 OK OK
Check v < v' OK OK
Shear r/f ? No need No need
44
6.7 Check for Crack width
Crack width calculation is one of the serviceability requirement. is expected under

service loads, due to the low tensile strength of concrete.
BS5400 Design crack width is given in following equation
Part4 ; 1990
3𝑎𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑚
5.8.8.2 …………………..(17)
1 + 2 𝑎𝑐𝑟 − 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 / ℎ − 𝑑𝑐
eq.24
Fig 6.1 Strain in the section under SLS
BS5400 𝐸𝑆 ……..(18) Where Ec(long term) is taken as half the short term value.
𝛼𝑒 =
Part4 ; 1990 𝐸𝐶
4.3.2.1 𝑑𝑐 1/2 …………….(19) (From eqvilibrium)
= 𝛼𝑒 𝜌 1 + 2/𝛼𝑒 𝜌 −1
𝑑
𝜌 = 𝐴𝑠 /𝑏𝑑 ………………….(20)
………………….(21)
𝑍 = 𝑑 − 𝑑𝑐 /3
45
Fs b
ec fc
d dc
Fc = (0.5*fc*b*dc)
Neutral Axis
h =a' z
As Fs =(fs*As)
es
e1
Section Strain Stress/Force
Fig.6.2 Strain diagram
𝑀
𝜀𝑠 = ………………….(22) ( from eqvilibrium)
𝑑 − 𝑑𝑐 /3 𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠
𝑎′ − 𝑑𝑐
𝜀1 = 𝜀𝑠 ………………….(23) ( from fig. 6.2)
𝑑 − 𝑑𝑐
BS5400 Then εm can be calculated from following equation

Part4 ; 1990 𝜀𝑚 = 𝜀1 - ∆𝜀 ,But not greater than e1 …………….(24)
5.8.8.2
3.8𝑏𝑡 ℎ (𝑎 ′ −𝑑𝑐 ) 𝑀𝑞 ………..…..(25)
eq.25 Where, ∆𝜀 = 1− x 10−9
𝜀𝑠 𝐴𝑠 (ℎ−𝑑𝑐 ) 𝑀𝑔
Fig.6.3 Schematic diagram for acr
From the above Figure,

1ൗ ∅
𝑎𝑐𝑟 = 𝑑2 + 𝑎12 2 − …….……..(26)
2
Then from the equation (17), design crack width can be calculated.
6.7.1 Crack width Calculations
6.7.1.1 Crack width of Foundation
46
Unit Bottom
M - (SLS) kNm/m 21.3
Mg - (Perm) kNm/m 14.4
Mq kNm/m 6.9
Φ mm 16
h mm 600
a1 mm 112.5
C nor mm 45
d1 mm 53
a cr (26) mm 116.36
α e (18) 15.39
2
As-provide mm /m 894
d mm 549
ρ (20) 0.0016
d c /d (19) 0.198
dc mm 108.70
z = d-d c /3 (21) mm 512.77
ε s (22) 0.00024
ε 1 (23) 0.00027
a' mm 600
De (25) 0.0056
εm (24) -0.00530
steel stress f S,max N/mm2 48
2
Concrete stress f C,max N/mm 0.79
BS 5400-4 Check f C,max < 0.5 f cu OK
1990,Table 2 Check f S,max < 0.75 f y OK
Crack width (17) mm Uncracked
Check with 0.25mm OK
47
DESIGN OF WINGWALL
48
7.0 DESIGN OF WINGWALL
7.1 Calculation of wing wall height
` Wing wall -LHS

Height of the Wing wall = 5.4 m
` Wing wall -LHS

Height of the Wing wall = 5.4 m
For analysis and design , Wing wall height is considered as 5.4 m from bottom of
the footing
7.2 Geometric details of the Wing wall
Maximum height of Wing wall = 5.400 m

Wing wall Length = 4.00 m
Note : wing wall length shall be adjusted to suit the site condition.
Fig 7.1 Symbols for Typical Gravity Bridge Wing wall
49
General section dimensions used in the design are mentioned below. Ground level,
high flood level, inlet & outlet levels are provided in relevant structural &
geometrical drawings.

Height of footing H6 = 0.60 m
Total height of wall S Hi = 5.40 m

Width of footing T6 = 2.800 m
Passive Soil height HP = 0.000 m
Foundation Extension Toe side t2 = 0.500 m

Heel side t3 = 0.500 m
7.3 Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient

Since Backfill Is horizontal at the Wing wall & use the wall friction angle as zero
for walls , It is recommended to use Rankine equation to calculate the earth
pressure coefficients,
At active condition,
Ka = ( 1- sin(Φ))
( 1 + sin(Φ))
= 0.27
At Passive condition,
Kp = ( 1+sin(Φ))
( 1 - sin(Φ))
= 3.69
At rest,
Ko = 1-sin(Φ)
= 0.43
50
7.4 Load Calculation on Wing wall
7.4.1 Vertical Loads

74.1.1 Dead load
Dead load of the structure and Soil weight is calculated step by step for the
easiness of structural analysis
Fig 7.2. Dead Loads of the Steps & Soil Mass
Lever Arm
Load Density
Height (m) Width (m) Length (m) Load (kN) From face
Name (kN/m3)
(m)
W0 1.20 0.600 1.00 23.6 16.99 0.30
W1 1.20 1.000 1.00 23.6 28.32 0.50
W2 1.20 1.400 1.00 23.6 39.65 0.70
W3 1.20 1.800 1.00 23.6 50.98 0.90
W4 0.00 0.000 1.00 23.6 0.00 0.00
W5 0.00 0.000 1.00 23.6 0.00 0.00
W6 0.60 2.800 1.00 25 42.00 0.90
W7 1.20 0.400 1.00 18 8.64 0.80

W8 2.40 0.400 1.00 18 17.28 1.20
W9 3.60 0.400 1.00 18 25.92 1.60
W10 0.00 0.000 1.00 18 0.00 0.00
W11 0.00 0.000 1.00 18 0.00 0.00
W12 4.80 0.500 1.00 18 43.20 2.05
W13 0.00 0.000 1.00 18 0.00 0.00
51
7.4.2 Horizontal Forces
g g
Fig 7.3 Horizontal load distribution.
7.4.2.1 Surcharge Pressure
BS 8002- Minimum Surcharge force applicable for earth retaining structures will be applied
1994 Cl to the Wing wall with relevant lateral earth pressure coefficient.
3.3.4.1
Minimum surcharge Pressure = 10.0 kN/m2
Surcharge forces at relevant step levels and lever arm value from step bottom

Steps
Step 0 1.20 1.20 Fq cap 12.00 Lq cap 0.60
Step 1 1.20 2.40 Fq1 24.00 Lq1 1.20
Step 2 1.20 3.60 Fq2 36.00 Lq2 1.80
Step 3 1.20 4.80 Fq3 48.00 Lq3 2.40
Step 4 0.00 0.00 Fq4 0.00 Lq4 0.00
Step 5 0.00 0.00 Fq4 0.00 Lq4 0.00
Foundation 0.60 5.40 Fqf 54.00 Lqf 2.70
52
7.4.2.2 Lateral Earth Pressure
Earth pressure forces at relevant step levels and lever arm value from step bottom
Active side
Steps
Step 0 1.20 1.20 Fe cap 12.96 Le cap 0.40
Step 1 1.20 2.40 Fe1 51.84 Le1 0.80
Step 2 1.20 3.60 Fe2 116.64 Le2 1.20
Step 3 1.20 4.80 Fe3 207.36 Le3 1.60
Step 4 0.00 0.00 Fe4 0.00 Le4 0.00
Step 5 0.00 0.00 Fe5 0.00 Le5 0.00
Foundation 0.60 5.40 Fef 262.44 Lef 1.80
Passive side
Steps
Capping Beam 0.00 0.00 Fp cap 0.00 Lp cap 0.00
Step 1 0.00 0.00 Fp1 0.00 Lp1 0.00
Step 2 0.00 0.00 Fp2 0.00 Lp2 0.00
Step 3 0.00 0.00 Fp3 0.00 Lp3 0.00
Step 4 0.00 0.00 Fp4 0.00 Lp4 0.00
Step 5 0.00 0.00 Fp5 0.00 Lp5 0.00
Foundation 0.00 0.00 Fpf 0.00 Lpf 0.00
Lateral earth pressure on the structure will be applied with the relevant lateral earth
pressure coefficient
7.4.3 Stability checks
. Following stages shall be considered in analyzed in Wing wall
Stage 1- The completed structure backfilled
53
8. STABILTY OF WINGWALL
8.1 Initial Step (Step 0)

For stability calculations moments are taken around point A.

KP = 3.69

Force (kN)
W0 16.99 0.30 5.10 -
FP cap 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Fq cap 3.24 0.60 - 1.94
Fe cap 3.50 0.40 - 1.40
SM 5.10 3.34

= 5.1/3.34
= 1.53 > 1.3
Hence Ok

Permissible tensile stress sallow = 0.240 N/mm2
RDA Bridge
Design
manual, Cl Distance to vertical resultant from A x = MR - Mo / SV
2.1 = ( 5.1-3.34 ) / 16.99
= 0.104 m
Eccentricity of resultant e = T0/ 2 - x

= 0.6 /2 -0.104
= 0.196 m
width of the section d = 0.600 m

Breadth of the section b = 1.000 m
Second moment of inertias I = bd3/12
Distance to point of interest y = d/2
Section Modulus Z = I/y

= bd2/6
= 0.0600 mm3
54
Direct Stress sd = SV /bd

= 28.317 kN/m2
= 0.028 N/mm2
Bending Stress sb = SV x e /Z
= 55.501 kN/m2
= 0.056 N/mm2
Maximum Stress smax = sd + sb

= 0.028 + 0.056
0.084 N/mm2
Minimum Stress smin = sd - sb

= 0.028 - 0.056
= -0.028 N/mm2
> -0.240
Hence Ok
smin > sallow , Hence Stress is Ok.
55
8.2 First Step
For stability calculations moments are taken around point B.

KP = 3.69

Force (kN)
W0 16.99 0.30 5.10 -
W1 28.32 0.50 14.16 -
W7 8.64 0.80 6.91 -
FP 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Fq 1 6.48 1.20 - 7.78
Fe 1 14.00 0.80 - 11.20
SM 26.17 18.97

= 26.17/18.97
= 1.38 > 1.3
Hence Ok
RDA Bridge
Design
manual,
Cl 2.1
b SV sd sb smax smin
d (m) Z (m3) x (m) e (m)
(m) (kN) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1.0 1.000 0.1667 53.95 0.13 0.37 0.054 0.1187 0.173 -0.065
56
8.3 Second Step

KP = 3.69

Force (kN)
W0 16.99 0.30 5.10 -
W1 28.32 0.50 14.16 -
W2 39.65 0.70 27.75 -
W7 8.64 0.80 6.91 -
W8 17.28 1.20 20.74 -
FP 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Fq 2 9.72 1.80 - 17.50
Fe 2 31.49 1.20 - 37.79
SM 74.66 55.29

= 74.66/55.29
= 1.4 > 1.3
Hence Ok
RDA Bridge
Design
manual,
Cl 2.1
d (m) Z (m3) x (m) e (m)
(m) (kN) 2 2
(N/mm ) (N/mm ) (N/mm ) (N/mm )
2 2
1.0 1.400 0.3267 110.88 0.17 0.53 0.0792 0.1783 0.258 -0.099
57
8.4 Third Step

KP = 3.69

Force (kN)
W0 16.99 0.30 5.10 -
W1 28.32 0.50 14.16 -
W2 39.65 0.70 27.75 -
W3 50.98 0.90 45.88 -
W7 8.64 0.80 6.91 -
W8 17.28 1.20 20.74 -
W9 25.92 1.60 41.47 -
Fp 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Fq 3 12.96 2.40 - 31.10
Fe 3 55.99 1.60 - 89.58
SM 162.01 120.68

= 162.01/120.68
= 1.3 > 1.3
Hence Ok
RDA Bridge
Design
manual,
Cl 2.1
d (m) Z (m3) x (m) e (m)
(m) (kN) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1.0 1.800 0.54 187.78 0.22 0.68 0.1043 0.2364 0.341 -0.132
58
8.7 Stability of Overall wingwall & Check for Sliding
For stability calculations moments are taken around point F.
8.7.1 Overall Stability - After Back filling
Width of Foundation T5 = 2.800 m

Distance to wall face to foundation face t2 = 0.500 m
KP = 3.69

Force (kN)
W0 16.99 0.80 13.59 -
W1 28.32 1.00 28.32 -
W2 39.65 1.20 47.58 -
W3 50.98 1.40 71.37 -
W4 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W5 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W6 42.00 1.40 58.80 -
W7 8.64 1.30 11.23 -
W8 17.28 1.70 29.38 -
W9 25.92 2.10 54.43 -
W10 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W11 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W12 43.20 2.55 110.16 -
W13 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
Fp f 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Fq f 14.58 2.70 - 39.37
Fe f 70.86 1.80 - 127.55
SM 424.86 166.91

= 424.86/166.91
= 2.55 > 1.3
Hence Ok
b) Stress at Foundation Bottom
RDA Bridge Resultant Vertical force SV = 272.98 kN

Design Permissible tensile stress sallow = -0.240 N/mm
2
manual, Allowble bearing Capacity (under Wingwall) = 400.0 kN/m2

Cl 2.1
sd sb smax smin
b (m) d (m) Z (m3) SV (kN) x (m) e (m)
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
1.0 2.800 1.3067 272.98 0.94 0.46 0.0975 0.0951 0.193 0.002
59
Force causing sliding = Fqf +Fef

= 85.40 kN
Total vertical force = V

= 272.98 kN

= 0.43

= 117.38

= 1.4 > 1.3
Hence OK
60
9. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS -WINGWALL
9.1 At service - ULS

KP = 3.69

Force (kN)
W0 1.27 16.99 0.80 13.59 -
W1 1.27 28.32 1.00 35.97 -
W2 1.27 39.65 1.20 60.42 -
W3 1.27 50.98 1.40 90.64 -
W4 1.27 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W5 1.27 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W6 1.27 42.00 1.40 74.68 -
W7 1.32 8.64 1.30 14.83 -
W8 1.32 17.28 1.70 38.78 -
W9 1.32 25.92 2.10 71.85 -
W10 1.32 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W11 1.32 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W12 1.32 43.20 2.55 145.41 -
W13 1.32 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
Fp f 1.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Fq f 1.65 14.58 2.70 - 64.95
Fe f 1.65 70.86 1.80 - 210.45
SM 546.16 275.40
3 SV sd sb smax smin
b (m) d (m) Z (m ) x (m) e (m) 2 2 2
(kN) (N/mm ) (N/mm ) (N/mm ) (N/mm2)
1.0 2.800 1.3067 351.43 0.77 0.63 0.1255 0.1693 0.295 -0.044
smin > sallow , Hence stress is OK
Minimum pressure < 0 ,tension pressure cannot be generated between underside

of base. Therefore, Bearing pressure distribution illustrate in following diagram.
61
Design of
Structural
Elements,
W.M.C.
McKenzie, Cl
5.16.8
M L smax smin
SV (kN) e (m) B (m) Lb (m) 2
(kNm) (m) (kN/m ) (kN/m2)
351.43 0.63 221.24 2.80 1.0 2.31 304.09 0.0
Base pressure distribution under foundation,
t3 t2
y x
l0
Lb
y
s s
62

t3 = 0.5 m

Bottom mesh
BS 5400-4
1990, ULS Bending moment @ x-x M x-x = 238.3 x 0.5 x 0.5/2 + (304.09 - 238.3) x 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 x 2/3
Table 8 = 35.27 KNm/m
ULS Shear force @ x-x V x-x = 0.5 x (304.09 + 238.3) x 0.5

= 135.598 KN/m
ULS Shear force @ 400mm = 27.78 KN/m
63
Top mesh
Bending moment due to base pressure = 0.5 x 1.3 x 0.5 x 0.5/3

= 0.05 kNm

= -14.20 kNm

= 6 x 14.2 x 10 6
2
1000 x 500
Sterngth
= 1.3 x 0.5 x 0.5 - 57
= -56.7 kN
Shear Stress at Concrete = V x-x / bd

= 56.7 x 10 3
1000 x 547
= 0.10 N/mm2 < 0.34 N/mm2
9.2 Design Shear Force & Bending moment- ULS Condition
For Bottom mesh
Design Bending Moment = 35.3 kNm

64
9.3 At service -(SLS)
It is observed that maximum vertical load occurs at service-HB loading condition,

Therefore, HB loading- at service only considered for the base pressure calculations
at SLS.

KP = 3.69

Force (kN)
W0 1.0 16.99 0.80 13.59 -
W1 1.0 28.32 1.00 28.32 -
W2 1.0 39.65 1.20 47.58 -
W3 1.0 50.98 1.40 71.37 -
W4 1.0 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W5 1.0 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W6 1.0 42.00 1.40 58.80 -
W7 1.0 8.64 1.30 11.23 -
W8 1.0 17.28 1.70 29.38 -
W9 1.0 25.92 2.10 54.43 -
W10 1.0 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W11 1.0 0.00 0.50 0.00 -
W12 1.0 43.20 2.55 110.16 -
Fq f 1.0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fq f 1.0 14.58 2.70 - 39.37
Fe f 1.0 70.86 1.80 - 127.55
SM (Perm) 424.86 127.55
SM (SLS) 424.86 166.91
a) Stress at Foundation Bottom- at SLS
Resultant Vertical force (SLS) SV = 272.98 kN
sd sb smax smin
b (m) d (m) Z (m3) SV (kN) x (m) e (m) 2 2 2
(N/mm ) (N/mm ) (N/mm ) (N/mm2)
1.0 2.800 1.3067 272.98 0.94 0.46 0.0975 0.0951 0.193 0.002
b) Stress at Foundation Bottom- at Permanent
Resultant Vertical force (Perm) SV = 272.98 kN
sd sb smax smin
b (m) d (m) Z (m3) SV (kN) x (m) e (m) 2 2 2
(N/mm ) (N/mm ) (N/mm ) (N/mm2)
1.0 2.800 1.3067 272.98 1.09 0.31 0.0975 0.0649 0.162 0.033
65
At SLS
t3 t2
y x
s
y s

t3 = 0.5 m

SLS Bending moment @ x-x M x-x = 158.6x0.5x0.5/2 + 0.5x34x0.5x0.5x 2/3

= 22.66 kNm
66
At Permanent toads
t3 t2
y x
s
y s

Perm. Bending moment @ x-x M x-x = 139.25 x0.5x0.5/2 + 0.5x23.2x0.5x0.5x2/3

= 19.34 kNm
9.4 Design Bending moment (SLS)
For Bottom mesh
Design Bending Moment (SLS) = 22.7 kNm

Design Bending Moment-(Perm) = 19.3 kN
67
9.5 Design For Bending
The maximum bending moment values at the base are tabulated below. The
calculation procedure to determine the steel requirement for a particular bending
moment (M ) is as follows.
BS 5400 From the equation 1 𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑆 z ……...……………….(1)

Part 4
1.1𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠
5.3.2.3 𝑧= 1− 𝑑 ……...……………….(2)
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑
BS 5400 From (1) and (2),
1
Part 4
5𝑀𝑢 2
5.3.2.3 𝑧 = 0.5𝑑 1 + 1 − < 0.95.d …………..(3)
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
eq.5
BS 5400 Once determining z from (3), A s can be calculated from(1) as follows:
Part 4
𝑀𝑢
5.3.2.3 𝐴𝑆 = ……...……………….(4)
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑧
eq.1
equation 2 : 𝑀𝑢 = 0.15𝑓𝑐𝑢 b𝑑2 ……...……………….(5)
BS 5400
Part 4
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 0.15 % 𝑏𝑑 ……...……………….(6)
5.8.4.1 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 0.12 % 𝑏𝑑
BS 5400 ……...……………….(7)
Part 4
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 4 % 𝐴𝑐
5.8.4.2 ……...……………….(8)
Part
5.3.
eq.5
BS 5
Part
5.3.
eq.1
68
9.5.1 Reinforcement design of Foundation
9.5.1.1 Steel requirement for bottom mesh
Unit Mbottom
M kNm/m 35.3
Φ mm 16
t mm 600
Cover mm 45
-2
fy Nmm 460
-2
f cu Nmm 25
d mm 547
z-from (3) mm 1.00 d
Check z ≤ 0.95d 0.95d
z mm 520
A s - from (4) mm2/m 170
A s,min from (7) mm2/m 821
Check Asreq >As-prov OK
Required Bar arrang. T16 @225
2
A s,max from (9) mm /m 24000
Check As,max > As,Provide OK
Moment Resistance Mu from (1) kNm/m 185
Check Mu1 >M OK
Moment Resistance Mr from (5) kNm/m 1122
Check Mu5 >M OK
Provided A s mm2/m T16 @225
9.5.1.2 Secondary reinforcement

BS 5400-4
1990, Provide secondary reinforcement (0.12% bd )
Cl.5.4.8
d mm 547
As req = 0.12% bd (8) mm2/m 656
Φ mm 16
As pro mm 894
Distribution RF OK
Provided A s T16 @225
69
9.6 Design for Shear
The maximum Shear force values at the base are tabulated below. The notations are
as per given in the code.
BS 5400
𝑉
Part 4; 1990 Shear stress at v , , 𝑣= ………………………..(9)
Cl 5.3.3.1
𝑏𝑑
But check for 𝑣 < 0.75 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑜𝑟 4.75𝑁/𝑚𝑚`2 .………..(10)
Allowable shear stress = 𝜀𝑠 𝑣𝑐 ………………….(11)
The depth factor εs can be calculated,
1/4
𝜀𝑠 = 500/𝑑 or 0.7 whichever is greater ……..(12)
The ultimate shear stress in the concrete can be calculated using the equation,
1
1
0.27 100𝐴𝑆 3
𝑣𝑐 = 𝛾𝑚 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑓𝑐𝑢 3
..………………(13)
BS 5400
Part 4; 1990 The enhanced shear stress is 𝜀𝑠 𝑣𝑐 x 2𝑑Τ𝑎𝑣 …………..(15)
Cl 5.3.3.3
BS 5400 at any cross section additional longitudinal reinforcement Asa, is required in the
Part 4; 1990 tensile zone such that, 𝑉
Cl 5.3.3.1 𝐴𝑠𝑎 ≥ …………………..(16)
2(0.87𝑓𝑦 )
9.6.1 Shear check of the Foundation
Unit Vtoe
V kN/m 135.6
Φ mm 16
d mm 547
v (10) Nmm-2 0.25
f cu Nmm-2 25
0.75 (f cu ) 1/2 or 4.75 Nmm-2 3.75
Check v < 0.75(f cu ) 1/2 OK
εs (13) 0.978
ϒm 1.25
v c (14) Nmm-2 0.35
ε s v c (12) Nmm-2 0.34
v'= εs v c mm2/m 0.34
Check v' < 0.75(f cu ) 1/2 OK
Check v < v' OK
Shear r/f ? No need
70
9.7 Check for Crack width
Crack width calculation is one of the serviceability requirement. is expected under

service loads, due to the low tensile strength of concrete.
BS5400 Design crack width is given in following equation
Part4 ; 1990 3𝑎𝑐𝑟 𝜀𝑚
5.8.8.2 …………………..(17)
1 + 2 𝑎𝑐𝑟 − 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 / ℎ − 𝑑𝑐
eq.24
Fig 6.1 Strain in the section under SLS
BS5400 𝐸𝑆 ……..(18) Where Ec(long term) is taken as half the short term value.
𝛼𝑒 =
Part4 ; 1990 𝐸𝐶
4.3.2.1 𝑑𝑐 1/2 …………….(19) (From eqvilibrium)
= 𝛼𝑒 𝜌 1 + 2/𝛼𝑒 𝜌 −1
𝑑
𝜌 = 𝐴𝑠 /𝑏𝑑 ………………….(20)
………………….(21)
𝑍 = 𝑑 − 𝑑𝑐 /3
Fs b
ec fc
d dc Fc = (0.5*fc*b*dc)
Neutral Axis
h =a' z
As Fs =(fs*As)
es
e1
Section Strain Stress/Force
Fig.6.2 Strain diagram
𝑀 ………………….(22) ( from eqvilibrium)

𝜀𝑠 =
𝑑 − 𝑑𝑐 /3 𝐸𝑠 𝐴𝑠
𝑎′ − 𝑑𝑐
𝜀1 = 𝜀𝑠 ………………….(23) ( from fig. 6.2)
𝑑 − 𝑑𝑐
BS5400 Then εm can be calculated from following equation
Part4 ; 1990 𝜀 = 𝜀 - ∆𝜀 ,But not greater than e1 …………….(24)
𝑚 1
5.8.8.2
eq.25 Where, 3.8𝑏𝑡 ℎ (𝑎 ′ −𝑑𝑐 ) 𝑀 ………..…..(25)
∆𝜀 = 𝜀𝑠 𝐴𝑠 (ℎ−𝑑𝑐 )
1 − 𝑀𝑞 x 10−9
𝑔
71
Fig.6.3 Schematic diagram for acr
From the above Figure,

1ൗ ∅
𝑎𝑐𝑟 = 𝑑2 + 𝑎12 2 − …….……..(26)
2
Then from the equation (17), design crack width can be calculated.
9.7.1 Crack width Calculations
9.7.1.1 Crack width of Foundation
Unit Bottom
M - (SLS) kNm/m 22.7
Mg - (Perm) kNm/m 19.3
Mq kNm/m 3.32
Φ mm 16
h mm 600
a1 mm 112.5
C nor mm 45
d1 mm 53
a cr (26) mm 116.36
α e (18) 15.39
d mm 549
ρ (20) 0.0016
d c /d (19) 0.198
dc mm 108.70
z = d-d c /3 (21) mm 512.77
ε s (22) 0.00025
ε 1 (23) 0.00028
a' mm 600
De (25) 0.0085
εm (24) -0.00817
steel stress f S,max N/mm2 50
2
BS 5400-4 Concrete stress f C,max N/mm 0.82
1990,Table 2 Check f C,max < 0.5 f cu OK
Check f S,max < 0.75 f y OK
Crack width (17) mm Uncracked
Check with 0.25mm OK
72
10.0 REINFORCEMENT SUMMARY
10.1 Abutment
Element Location Reinforcement

Foundation Bottom-Main T16 @225
600 mm Bottom-Secondary T16 @250
10.2 Wing wall
Element Location Reinforcement

Foundation Bottom-Main T16 @225
600 mm Bottom-Secondary T16 @225
73

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I Road Pk.

02 - Rural Roads Package 01 - Badulla District Designed By :

2) Load Calculations- SuperStructure

6) Structural Analysis - abutment

9) Structural Analysis - wingwall

10) Reinforcement Summary

Bridge at Ch. 05+932.489 of Thissapura Keselpotha Junction to Aadaulpotha UBA

1.2 Geometric Details of the Bridge Deck

According to the geometric design,

Length of bridge deck

Fig 1.1 Symbols for Typical Bridge Deck

Skew angle = 0 degrees

1.3 Material data

Concrete Concrete tensile strength,ft = 25x 10%

BS 8002 - Soil Density, gs = 18 kN/m3

Angle of shearing resistance of fill, φ = 35 Degree

1.4 Cover to Reinforcement

Hence, Concrete cover all elements = 45 mm

2.0 LOAD CALCULATIONS- SUPER STRUCTURE

PSC beams (7.01 m)

Max. deck slab thickness = 150 mm

Dead load of deck slab = 0.15 x 25 x 7.01 x 9.493 / (2 x 9.493)

2.2 Super Imposed Dead Load (SID)

Load intensity = ( 0.05 x 23 )

Total Dead load of foot walk = ( 0.225 x 25 x 3 x 7.01 )

Total dead load of handrails = 18.0 kN

Hence, load per abutment unit width ,

2.3 Traffic Loads

BS5400; Carriageway width = 3.3 + 3.19 + 2 x 1.5 Notion. lane

BS 5400 2.3.2 HA Live Load

BS 5400 Knife edge load (KEL) = 120 kN per notional lane

Hence, load per abutment unit width ,

Fig 2.1 HB Wheel Load Arrangement

Consider 9.6 m long HB Vehicle for design calculation.

Load per one axle = 30 x 10

300 kN 300kN 300kN

Fig 2.2 Axel arrangement for maximum reaction on abutment

RA = 900 - (300 x 7.8 + 300 x 1.8)/7.01

Associated HA (UDL)+ KEL = 1/3 x (30 x 7.01/2 +120)

Hence, load per abutment unit width ,

Total pedestrian load per abutment unit width ,

Considering unit width of the Abutment ,

HB Traction = 25% of Total nominal HB load

Note: HB traction decreases 25% for checking of HB loading.

3.2. Permanent Loads

3.3 Live Loads

3.4 Load Combinations

Case 2- Permanent Loads and HB

Load Pattern kN/m

Superimposed dead load

3.5.2 Horizontal Load from Superstructure

Load Pattern kN/m

HA traction -HL1 16.2

3.6 Ultimate Limit state (ULS) Loads

Superimposed dead load

4.2 Geometric details of the Abutment

Fig 4.1 Symbols for

Plinth Thickness = 0.050 m

Width of back wall t1 = 0.200 m

At active condition, Ka = ( 1- sin(Φ))

At Passive condition, Kp = ( 1+sin(Φ))

Vertical load V1 = 104.6 kN

Vertical & Horizontal Loads from load Case 1(HB alone)