Group 2

Members:

Feliciano, Christien Froi F Santos, Fatima Pioquid, Melvin

Santiago, Romelee P. Buenaventura, John Carlo Fiel, Jeremie Nicole

Jacinto, Stella Marie C. Gasgonia, Richanne C.

Santos, Aira Mae H. Espinosa, Jayson F.

KABANATA 3: TUGON NG MGA PILIPINO SA HAMON NG KOLONISASYON

NG MGA KASTILA.

A. First Encomiendas Assigned In The Philippines (1576)

By the decree of King Philip in 1558; the Philippines, more particularly Cebu,
was broken up in smaller lands (Encomiendas) and distributed to loyal Spanish landlord
called Ecomienderos
There were three kinds of Encomiendas
a. the Royal Encomiendas, belonging to the King
b. the Ecclesiastical Encomiendas, belonging to the Church
c. Private Encomiendas, belonging to private individuals
At first, the natives paid eight reales as a tribute. This amount was increased to ten reales
in 1589 by order of King Philip II.
The king also received reales from each tribute each encomiendero received from his
encomienda.
 Situado
o The total amount of the tributes intended for the king was kept as a fund to
pay the expenses for the country’s defense
The size of an encomienda was determined in two ways:
 by the number of people living in it
 by the value of the land
 The Ecomienderos were required by law to perform the following duties:
a. to give protection to the natives
b. to help the missionaries convert the natives to Christianity
c. to promote education
The Friars tried to protect the Filipinos from the greed and abuses of the encomienderos
by
1. Preaching from the pulpits against encomiendero abuses
2. Writing letters and memorials to the King of Spain in which they reported the abuses
of the encomienderos
3. Refusing to absolve the encomienderos from their sins.
The Filipinos grew lazy, seeing that the ecomienderos were interested only in
getting rich. They reasoned that “it is useless to work too hard for a living if the fruits of
our work would only go to the payment of excessive tributes to the ecomienderos.” This
attitude was encouraged by the friars who told them that the abandonment of their labors
would free from injustice.

B. Decree Of King Philip III On Forced Labor (1609)

Polo

 The free labor all male Filipinos from 18 to 60 years of age were required to give to
the Spanish regime.
 This labor was for 40 days a year, reduced to 15 days in 1884.
 It can be building roads and bridges, constructing public buildings and churches,
cutting timber in the forest, working in shipyards, and serving the Spanish military
expeditions.

Polista

 One who rendered forced labor

Exemption to polo

 The members of the principalia (town aristocracy).

 Rich Filipinos annually paid the Falla,
 o a sum amounting to seven pesos
 The local officials
 Schoolteachers

C. KUDARATS SPEECH TO THE LAKE MOROS OF LANAO

What have you done? Do you realize what subjection would reduce you to? A toilsome under
the Spaniards! Turn you’re your eyes to the subject nations and look at the misery to which such
glorious nations had been reduced to. Look at the Tagalogs and Visayans! Are you better than
them? Do you think that the Spaniards consider you of better stuff? Have you not seen how the
Spaniards trample them under their feet? Do you not see every day how they are obliged to work
at the oars and the factories with all their rigors? Can you tolerate anyone with a little Spaniards
blood to beat you up and grasp the fruit of your labor? Allow yourselves to be subjects (today)
and tomorrow you will be at the oars; I at least will be a pilot, the biggest favor they will allow a
chief. Do not let their sweet words deceive you; their promise facilitates their deceits, which,
little by little, enable them to control everything. Reflect on however the minor promises to the
chiefs of other nationalities were not honored until they became masters of them all. See now
what is being done to these chiefs and how they are led by a rod.

D. THE RELIGIOUS REVOLT OF TAPAR 1663

 Tapar, a native of the island of Panay, who wanted to establish a religious cult in
the town of Oton. The new cult religion he made was based in Christianity and
called himself as “God Almighty” and paraded in women’s garb. He attracted
some followers with his stories about his frequent conversations with a demon.
The Spanish priest, Fr. Francisco de Mesa, opposed the religious movement and
was killed. Tapar and his men were killed in a bloody skirmish against Spanish
and colonial foot soldier troops and their corpses were impaled on stakes.
 Their corpses were carried back to the port of Iloilo, then fastened to bamboo
poles in the Halawod (Jalaur) River to be fed on by crocodiles.
  The woman who was named as the group's "Blessed Virgin Mary" (Maria
Santisima) was mercilessly impaled on a bamboo stake and placed strategically at
the mouth of the Laglag (now Dueñas) River to be eaten also by crocodiles.
 By 1664, as claimed by the Spaniards, peace had returned to Oton. (Agoncillo
1979, Zaide 1957).
E. AGRARIAN UPRISINGS
 Between 1745 and 1746, the Filipino tenants, embittered by their agrarian
bondage, rose in arms and fought for the ownership of their lands. Hostilities were
particularly violent in the towns of Lian, Nasugbu, Taal, Hagonoy, Taguig, San
Mateo, and Cavite. The revolts were suppressed, but the Filipino tenants never
forget their agrarian grievances.
 Filipino landowners in Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, and Laguna revolted against
Spanish rule.
 Their revolt was due to the land grabbing by Spaniards who took over their
ancestral lands.
 Lian and Nasugbu
o The first spark of revolt.
o The Filipinos in this towns demanded the return of their land occupied by
the Spanish priest. The Filipinos burned the local churches, looted the
convents, and ruined the ranches of the priest.
 After some battles, the leaders were shot and exiled. Others were pardoned after
they surrendered.
 King Philip IV ordered the priest to return the stolen land to the Filipinos. But the
Spanish priest appealed the case and later won.
 During American Era – American authorities bought the friar lands owned by
religious orders. The land were subdivided and sold to Filipino farmers.

KABANATA 4: ANG HIMAGSIAKN AT ANG PAGSILANG SA RUPUBLIKA NG

PILIPINAS
A. Ang Dapat Mabatid Ng Mga Tagalog By Andres Bonifacio
Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog ay may tatlong parte: Liwanag, Dilim, at
Liwanag
Liwanag
o Nagsasabi na may panahon ng “Liwanag” bago dumating ang mgaKastila
o Ang katagalugan dati ay pinamumunuan ng mga tagalog ngayon ay ang mga
Kastila ang nakikinabang ditto
o Sabi ng mga kastila ay pagiginhawain nila ang ating buhay at sinumpa nila gamit
ang kanilang mga dugo (Pacto de Sangre ni haring Sikatuna at ni Legaspi na
pinakakatawan ng hari sa Espanya)
Dilim
 Ang panahon ng pagdating ng mga Kastila
o Ang kanilang mga pangako ay puro kasinungalingan
o Inimulat ang mga Pilipino sa maling pagsampalataya at isinadlak sa lubak
ng kasamaan ang kapurihan ng Bayan
o Namamatay ang mga bata sa kanilang murang edad
o Nagpaalipin ang mga Pilipino
o Inilayo ang Pilipino sa kanilang mga pamilya.
Liwanag / Liwanag ng Katotohanan
 Ang panahon nadapat ay puntahan ng Pilipinas
o Sinabi niyang ang itinuturo ng katwiran ay walang ibang maantay kundi’t
lalong kahirapan, kataksilan, kaalipustahan at kaalipinan sa ilalim ng mga
kastila.
o Ayon kay bonifacio ay dapat asahan ang mga sarili at huwag antayin sa
iba ang kanilang kabuhayan
o Ayon sa kanya dapat ipakilala na ang mga Pilipino ay may sariling
damdamin, may puri, may hiya at pagdadamayan.
o Dapat ipakita sa mga Kastila ang mga pinaghirapan ng 300 taon
o Dapat daw idilat ang bulag na kaisipan at ipakita ang tunay na lakas para
magkaroon ng tagumpay at kaginhawaan ang Bayan
 o Dapat daw ay “katwiran” o rason ang sundin ng bayan, at mag-
kaisangloob laban sa kasamaan sa bayan.

B. Pagibig Sa Tinubuang Lupa By Andres Bonifacio

Stanza 1:

Sinabi niya na ang pagmamahal sa bayan ang pinakamagandangpagmamahal.

Stanza 2:

Lahat ng tao ay nagnanais na ipuri ang kanilang bansa sapagkat angbansa nila ay
may integridad at dangal

Stanza 3-5:

Ang mga taong mapagmahal, ay gagawin lahat para sa bayan, kahitna sarili nilang
dugo, yaman o kahit na ano, pati buhay ay ibibigay paralang sa bayan. Ayon kay
Bonifacio, ang inang bayan ay tila kinalimutan nang sikat ng araw. Hindi na ito na-
aarawan (parang sinasabing wala nangpag-asa).

Stanza 6-8:

Ang bayan daw na ito ay ang lugar kung saan tayo’y ipinanganak at kung saan
tayo ililibing. Ang mga taong nawalay sa bayan ay walang mas inaasam kundi ang
makita ulit ang tinubuang lupa. Ayon sa kanya’y okaylang na magdusa at mamayat
basta’t alang-alang sa Bayan.

Stanza 9-12:

Sinabi ni Bonifacio na ang pagmamahal ng mga Pilipino sa inangbayan ay

sobrang laki na kung may panganib ay hindi sila magaatubiling tumulong. Sinasabi
niyang ang tunay na kaligayahan at langit ang isang bayang malaya dahil pinagtanggol ng
kanyang mga tao hanggang kamatayan.

C. Kalayaan
  Ang Kalayaan ay talagang nasa pagkatao na ng bawat isa ito ay ang kakayahang
umisip o gumawa ng mga bagay na gusto o iniibig gawin ng isang tao basta siya ay
hindi nakakasira o nakakatapak ng damdamin ng iba.
 At ito ang dahilan kung bakit tayo ang pinaka naiiba sa lahat ng nilalang dahil hindi
kagaya ng mga hayop na tinatalian at hindi makapag sabi ng kanilang gusto o iniibig
gawi tayo ay nagagawa natin ang gusto nating ibigin at nasasabi ang gusto nating
iparating o ipahayag.
 Pero kaakibat ng Kalayaan ng isang indibidwal na makapag sabi ng kanilang iniibig
at di iniibig ay ang reponsibilidad sa tawag ng kabutihan at kasamaa.
 Dahil din sa Kalayaan kaya natuto tayong magbigay puri sa likha ng bawat tao,
mangatwiran, at mga palayaw.

ANAK NG BAYAN

o Nakakatawa na ang bunga ng pinaghirapan ng mga Anak ng Bayan ay napupunta

lamang sa Namamahala at Pamahalaan (Gobyerno) na dahil sa pagkahumaling sa
kapangyarihan ay nakakalimot sa kanilang buong lakas, kalakhan at kataasang
ipinatatanghal ay galling naman sa kampon ng mga taong kanilang inalipusta,
inaapi at ibinabaon sa hirap.

 Ngunit hindi laging tama ang bawat Kalayaan na ating pinapahayag. Minsan ang
bawat salitang lumabas sa ating mga bibig ay pawang kasinungalngan at nasasabi
natin dahil tayo ay nabubulag sa galit o kaya naman ay may naguudyok sa atin na
sabihin ang ganitong mga salita na nangagaling sa isang traydor. Ang Kalayaan ang
siyang pinakahaligi at ang sinumang mangahas na sumira at tumibag ng haligi ay
dapat wasakin at ubusin.
 Sinasabi din dito na bumuti ang mga tao simula ng nagkaroon ng Kalayaan.
Halimbawa nalamang sa mga hayop, lalo na sa ibon ang namamatay kung ikukulong
dahil sa pakawala ng kanilang Kalayaan.
 Hindi magkakaroon ng katwiran kung wala ang Kalayaan at kung ang umiibig at
nagpapakamatay sa dakilang kadahilanan ng Kalayaan ay umiibig at nagpapakamatay
sa kadahilanan ng Maykapal.
  Bakit ang tagalog ay kulang kulang na apat na raang taon namuhay sa kaalipinan na
pinagtipunang kusa ng lahat ng paghayop, pagdusta, at pag-api ng kasakliman at
katampalasan ng kastila?
 Dahil kanyang itinakwil at pinayurakan ang kalayaang ipinagkaloob ng Maykapal
upang mabuhay sa kaginhawaan; at dahil dito nga’y Nawala sa mga mata ang ilaw at
lumayo sa puso ang kapatak mang ligaya.

D. Ang Kartilya Ng Katipunan

Kartilya ng Katipunan

- Served as the guidebook for new members of the organization, which laid out the group’s
rules and principles. The first edition of the Kartilya was written by Andres Bonifacio
and Emilio Jacinto will later pen a revised Decalogue.

The Katipunan Code of Conduct

1. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade,
if not a poisonous weed.
2. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue.
3. It is rational to be charitable and love one's fellow creature, and to adjust one's conduct,
acts and words to what is in itself reasonable.
4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in knowledge,
wealth and beauty are to be understood, but not superiority by nature.
5. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.
6. To the honorable man, his word is sacred.
7. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not time lost.
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field.
9. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets.
10. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the children, and if the guide
leads to the precipice, those whom he guides will also go there.
11. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful companion who
will share with thee the penalties of life; her (physical) weakness will increase thy interest
in her and she will remind thee of the mother who bore thee and reared thee.
12. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and sisters, that do not
unto the wife, children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor.
13. Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose is aquiline, and his color
white, not because he is a *priest, a servant of God, nor because of the high prerogative
that he enjoys upon earth, but he is worth most who is a man of proven and real value,
who does good, keeps his words, is worthy and honest; he who does not oppress nor
consent to being oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his fatherland, though he be born
in the wilderness and know no tongue but his own.
14. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, the longed-for sun of Liberty shall rise
brilliant over this most unhappy portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse everlasting
joy among the confederated brethren of the same rays, the lives of those who have gone
before, the fatigues and the well-paid sufferings will remain. If he who desires to enter
(the Katipunan) has informed himself of all this and believes he will be able to perform
what will be his duties, he may fill out the application for admission.
E. Ang Tao'y Magkakapantay

Patungkol Saan ang Sanaysay?

 Ang sanaysay na ito na ginawa ni Emilio Jacinto ay pumapatungkol sa pantay na

pagtingin sa bawat isa kung saan ay gusyo niyang ipaalam sa lahat na hindi
dahilan kung ano ang kulay maputi o maitim walang pinagkaiba ang mayaman sa
mahirap walang pinagkaiba ang lahat pare parehong ang hangin na ating
pimagsasaluhan.Para kay Emilio ang hindi makatarungan ay ang hindi tamang
pagtrato marahil sa estado ng isang tao kayat siya ang nagiging biktima ng
kawalan ng hustisyang mabuhay ng malaya.

Sa Paanong paraan naihayag ni Emilio Jacinto ang kanyang "Point of view" o

punto sa sanaysay?

 Inilhad ni Emilio Jacinto ang kanyang sariling pananaw sa paraang tuwid at

direktang paghahayag ng kawalan ng pagkakapantay pantay kung saan ay
mababasa mo agad ang nais niyang iparating at sa paraang gumamit din sya ng
malalalim na uri ng salita ng sa gayon ay maipakita niya rin ang kailaliman ng
kanyang sanaysay.
 Ano ang iyong opinyon o kuro-kuro ukol sa nabasa?

 Para saakin at sa lahat ng nakabasa ng akdang ito tunay na ang Taoy talagang
magkakapantay pantay ginising nito ang mga isip at pananaw ng mga mambabasa
at alisin ng tuluyan saatin ang hindi tamang pagtrato sa ating kapwa.Akin ding
natutunan na ang Pagkakaroon ng Pantay na pagtingin ay liwanag at hustisya sa
bawat isa saatin at ito ang daan sa mapayapang pamumuhay natin dito sa
mundong ating ginagalawan kung walang maapi ay wala rin ang kasakimang
mangyayari.
F. Ang Pagibig
Patungkol saan ang akdang "Ang Pag-ibig"?
 Itoy pumapatungkol na ang Pagibig ang ugat ng lahat ng dito sa mundo kung bakit
may mayaman at mahirap kung bakit may buhay may namamatay at nabanggit din
sa akda na ag paghihirap raw ang siyang dahilan kung bakit tayo umiibig.
Ano ang nais ng manununlat na iparating sa mga makakabasa nito?
 Nais ng may akda na iparating sa mambabasa na kung walang pag ibig raw sa
ating mga puso ang bayan ay magkakagulo ang pagkakaisay magagapi ang
kawalan ng pag ibig ay siya rin daw ang magiging ugat ng paghahari ng dilim at
ng kasakiman.Nais ng may akda na ang lahat ng bagay sa mundo ang kaibuturan
ay pagibig kung ang lahat ay nagiibigan walang gulo at paghihirap na
makakamtan.
Ano ang naging Pananaw ng may akda ukol sa nabasa?
 Ang naging pananaw ng may akda sa kanyang sanaysay siya naging tuwiran sa
kanyang gustong iparating ang pagibig ay tunay na mahalaga at dapat maghari
sating mga nabubuhay sa mundo na kahit raw minsan ang kadayaan ay
nagaanyong pagibig sa huli ay pagibig pa rin ito.
G. Ang Bayan At Ang Mga (Gobyerno) Pinuno

Patungkol saan ang akdang

 Ang akdang ito ay pumapatungkol sa pagitan ng mga anak ng bayan at

namamahala o ulo ng bayan kung saan ay inihayag na bilang anak ng bayan ay
 maging matalino sa pagpili ng taong iluluklok sa pwesto at nilang ulo ng bayan ay
tungkulin mong maging tagatupad ng mga batas para sa kapakinabangan ng
bayan.

Bakit isinulat ito ng may akda. Ano ang kanyang layunin?

 Sinulat ito ng may akda na kung saan ay ipinakita at inihayag niya ang
responsibilidad bilang anak ng bayan tungkulin natin na makapili ng isang taong
mamumuno sa ating inang bayan na may kakayahan sa pagpapatakbo at uunahin
ang kapakinabangan ng bayan kaysa pansarili, bilang ulo ng ating bayan ay
tungkulin mong ilagay ang bayan sa susunod na hakbang at hindi hilahin.Nais ng
manunulat na maging maalam sa pagpili sa tatayong ulo ng ating bayan naway
malaman natin na sa tamang pagpili ng iluluklok ay Kakayahan dapat at hindi ang
kanyang karangyaan.

Pananaw ng manunulat sa pagsulat ng akdang ito?

 Ang manunulat ay may malinaw na layunin sa kanyang isinulat kanyang

tiningnan ang tunay na reyalidad ng nangyayari sa ating bayan tama nga ba ang
taong pinili nating mamuno sating bayan?kung ganon bakit ang daming pagsisi at
siraan ang nagaganap sa ngayon ang daming "sana hindi nalang siya"at "bakit ba
siya pa" kung naging matalino at mapagobserba lang sana tayo sa una ay hindi
dapat natin nararanasan ang hirap at panghihinayang para sa ating bayan.
H. Fr. Mariano Gil Narrates The Discovery Of Katipunan

Father Mariano Gil was the parish curate of Tondo, Province of Manila. He was one of the
friars who had earlier warned the Spanish civil authorities on the existence of a secret
society. He informed the police authorities that this society, with the aim to kill all Spaniards
in the country, had been recruiting members. But the Spanish civil authorities did not listen to
him until a Katipunero by the name of Teodoro Patiño came to see him one afternoon.
Patiño had visited his sister in an orphanage in Mandaluyong w hich was then a suburb of
the province of Manila. Having quarreled with another Katipunero, Patiño told his sister
about the Katipunan and its aims. The sister cried when she heard about the aims of the
society. She told the Madre Portera of the orphanage about it. The latter advised Teodoro
Patiño to tell father Mariano Gil all about the Katipunan. Acting on this advice, Patiño went to
see father Gil that afternoon of August 19, 1896; and revealed to him what he knew about the
plans of the Katipunan. Father Gil immediately rushed to the headquarters of the Manila Police
and informed the officers regarding Patiño’s revelation. In the printing shop of the daily
newspaper, Diario de Manila, Father Gil, the police and the owner of the newspaper, found
some Katipunan receipts and other pieces of evidence pointing to the existence of the
secret society. Patiño told Father Gil that the pieces of evidence were genuine. As such, the
police was convinced and toavert a possible rebellion, they raided many houses in Manila
and the suburbs looking for alleged members of the Katipunan. That night of August 19, the
police arrested many innocent Filipinos.
Rumors about a secret revolutionary society had long been in circulation, although no
solid evidence could be found to support them. The big break as far as the Spanish authorities
was concerned, came on August 19, 1896 when a KKK member, Teodoro Patiño told his sister
Honoria about the existence of the Katipunan. Patiño was a worker in the printing press of Diario
de Manila. Honoria was then living with nuns in a Mandaluyong orphanage.
The information upset Honoria so much that she told the orphanage’s Mother Superior, Sor
Teresa de Jesus, what her brother had revealed. Sor Teresa suggested they seek the advice of
Father Mariano Gil, the parish priest of Tondo.

After hearing Patiño’s revelations, Father Mariano Gil-accompanied by several Guardias

Civiles immediately searched the premises of Diario de Manila and found evidence of the
Katipunan’s existence. The governor general was quickly informed. The printing press was
padlocked and hundreds of suspected KKK members were arrested. -Continue to Cry of Pugad
Lawin & Andres Bonifacio's Execution.

I. Halalan Sa Kapulungan Ng Tejeros(Pagpipisan Ng Sagguniang Magdiwang At

Magdalo
 The Katipunan is split into two factions with different aims:
o Magdiwang Faction ni Mariano Alvarez
 Kepp the Katipunan
  Baesd on Noveleta, Cavite
o Magdalo Faction ni Baldomero Aguinaldo
 Establish a new government
 Based on Kawit, Cavite
 The Tejeros convention aimed to unite the factions and decide the faith of the
Katipunan
 Bonifacio agreed in forming a new government and accept and respect the
winners
 The result of the election:
o PRESIDENT: EMILIO AGUINALDO
o SECRETARY OF STATE: MARIANO TRIAS
o SECRETARY OF WAR: ARTEMIO RICARTE
o SECRETARY OF JUSTICE: EMILIANO RIEGO DE DIOS
o SECRETARY OF INTERIOR: ANDRES BONIFACIO
o SECRETARY OF FINANCE: ENRIQUE PACHECO
 Daniel Tirona opposed the position of Andres Bonifacio for he is not from Cavite
and is not educated. Bonifacio was hurt and asked Tirona to take back what he
said. Tirona never did.
 Bonifacio left and declared the election as null but most of the Katipunan still
respected the election
J. Apolinario Mabini, The Philippine Revolution
 The book is a detailed recount of the revolution in the eyes of Apolinario Mabini.
 The manifesto declared his reason in surrendering to the americans
o The reason is surrendering is inevitable and also want to avoid any more
uprising.
o He believed that their pledges to the American government would be met:
 That the sovereignty of the Americans to the Philippines is
imposed rather than sought.
 The cessation of the hostilities depends on the treatment of the
Americans to the Filipinos.
  that Spain, in prohibiting in the Philippines the organization of
associations or political parties to prevent their becoming
spokesmen of the desires of the people, fomented the organization
of partisan bands, and, in proscribing the Liga Filipina,  opened the
way for the Katipunan
 that any colonial regime, which does not know how to adjust itself
to the needs aroused by the ever increasing culture of the colonized
and by their ever easier and more intimate intercourse with
civilized countries, encourages the separation of the colony and, at
the same time, political corruption and decadence in the
metropolis.
 The GOMBURZA, wanting the friars to stick to missionary mission and retake
control over parishes, was executed wrongly because the friars made it look like
the priests would use this time to plan a rebellion against the government.
 The start of LA SOLIDARIDAD was mentioned
o The periodical recount, in great detail, the suffering of the Filipinos and
the injustice in the political condition in the country.
o The periodical made it clear to give the sentiments of the Filipinos in
wanting to have the blessings of the benefits of the civilization.
o The periodical wanted the govern men to be more civil rather than military
and that the power of the governor be in accordance to the law.
 The novels of Dr. Jose Rizal became the warning for both Filipinos and Spaniards
that the revolution would rise if the Spaniards continue to ignore the wants of the
Filipinos.
o Noli Me Tanghere

Ibarra was scion of a wealthy family of a Spanish and Filipino blood coming back
to the Philippines. He knowing little about the country his answer Elias when Elias, as the
representative for the oppressed and persecuted, appealing to him to help them to mitigate
their fate is to wait for the right time. As a promised to his childhood sweetheart, Ibarra
undertake at his own cost the construction of public works much needed in the town, such
as a good building for a public school which the parish priest could not allow and
slandered the name of Ibarra. Ibarra was to be tortured to death but was warned by Elias
and thus escaped.

o El Filibusterismo

Ibarra returned as a jeweler and won over the friendship of the governor of Cuba.
He dedicated his whole self in the campaign of subversion. His plan was to take the
abuses to the extreme so that the native’s rage would grow and cause a revolution. While
the revolution in happening, he planned to rescue Maria Clara but his plan was
discovered. Pursued and mortally wounded, Ibarra took refuge in father Florentino, who
made him see the error of his ways. Shortly thereafter, overcome by sorrow and remorse
because he had not spent his time on useful benefactions, Ibarra died. Father Florentino,
to whom Ibarra had left a chest filled with jewels, threw into the sea all the wealth which
had been the cause and origin of untold sufferings so that it might cease to work evil,
calling instead on the virtuous youths ready to offer the sacrifice of their pure and
stainless blood to obtain from heaven the salvation of the native land.

o The revolution of 1896 and the events leading to this event were also
clearly discussed. It was believable to a certain extent as that Mabini was
part of the group which hoped to continue the original objectives the La
Liga Filipina.
o The account of the start of the Philippine-American War was quite
credible, as it was known that he was involved in an advising capacity to
the blooming revolutionary/dictatorial government at that time. His
extensive commentaries on this part show the extent of his participation in
these events (excluding military activities, of course).
o Mabini criticized the premature declaration of Philippine independence,
the actions of the congress at the time and the eventual failure of
Aguinaldo against the invading Americans
o Mabini narrated the fate of Antonio Luna in a Personal way and criticized
Aguinaldo for not seeing the worth of Luna in the war.
 o The book ended with Mabini hoping that Aguinaldo would redeem
himself and his failures
o Towards the last lines, we see another piece of optimism, with Mabini
hoping for “…the mutual reconciliation of Americans and Filipinos.”
K. Mabini Blames Aguinaldo For End And Fall Of The Revolution

Apolinario Mabini, one of our greatest heroes, was a beacon of light against the shadows
that fell on the First Republic and led to its end. The pages of his Guam memoirs reveal his
bitterness and disappointment with Emilio Aguinaldo, whom he served as the closest and most
trusted adviser until others wormed their way into Malolos, caught the ear of the President, and
worked for Mabini’s fall a year from taking office.

Not mincing words, Mabini blamed Aguinaldo for the death of Andres Bonifacio and
Antonio Luna:

“Bonifacio’s death had plainly shown Mr. Aguinaldo’s immeasurable ambition for
power, and the personal enemies of Luna by means of clever intrigues exploited this weakness to
ruin him. If Aguinaldo, instead of killing Luna, had supported him with all his might, it should
be too much presumption to say that the revolution would have triumphed; but I have not the
least doubt that the Americans would have a higher idea of the courage and military capacity of
the Filipinos. If Luna were alive, I am certain that the deadly blow given by General Otis would
have been checked or at least avoided in time, and Aguinaldo’s incapacity in the military
command would not have been clearly demonstrated. Moreover, to get rid of Luna, Aguinaldo
availed himself of the same soldiers the former had punished for breach of discipline then.
Aguinaldo killed the discipline, destroying his own army. With Luna its firmest support, the
revolution fell, and the ignominy of the fall, weighing entirely upon Aguinaldo, caused his moral
death, a thousand times bitterer than the physical one; then Aguinaldo ruined himself,
condemned by his own actions. That is the way Providence punishes great crimes.”

To contextualize the memoir, the Mabini licking his wounds in Guam was not the same
as the Little President literally in the corridors of power. Mabini didn’t have a cell phone and left
a paper trail. On Feb. 26, 1899, Mabini advised Aguinaldo to discipline the Kawit soldiers
insubordinate to Luna. Aguinaldo’s inaction toward his townmates prompted Luna to resign, so
Mabini advised discipline. “In these calamitous times, we need military dictatorship, not to
control the people, but above all, to suppress the abuses of the army, and nobody can do this but
you the Chief. If we have the people on our side we can be sure that we shall triumph, if not
today, tomorrow, or the day after. If we do not have the people with us, we shall perish.”

A week later, on March 6, 1899, Mabini informed Aguinaldo of Luna’s abuses: He

published an edict stating he could shoot anyone without due process, as he did with a Chinese in
Bocaue; he crossed into the jurisdiction of other generals, causing disunity. “If an educated
person cannot understand what powers he has, how much less an ignorant [person]? Please make
him understand these things so that we shall have no conflicts,” wrote Mabini.

In a postscript, Mabini added: “If you can replace him the better.” Next day, March 7,
1899, Mabini advised Aguinaldo not to offer Luna the portfolio of undersecretary of war:

“We need for that post someone who understands office work, the organization of the
army, and the laws governing war. He might tangle up the organization, which will be worse…
If he is not good for the army, the less he will be for the office, because he is a despot. This is a
sort of warning. I have already given you to understand long ago that he does not know the
organization and the function of a war office. He is a chemist and knows something about
trenches, but he will not do for politics and law.

Expecting Luna to resign, Mabini drafted a reply and sent it to Aguinaldo — “just in case
you decide to accept said resignation and you have no answer in readiness. I leave everything in
your hands.” He recommended a replacement: “It is up to you to decide on Luna’s irrevocable
resignation… you should appoint another, and you should give the direction of the defense work
in this part of Polo to Don Ambrosio, he being your Chief of Staff, so that there will be no
friction and trouble afterwards.”

Mabini’s letters to the President show that the road to nationhood is more complicated
than that summarized in textbook history, which leaves out important lessons on how power
attracts conflicting interests and corrupts those who wield it. Mabini warned us to heed the
lessons of history, bought with so much suffering, but unfortunately nobody reads him.

L. Declaration Of Philippine Independence

 The Philippine Declaration of Independence occurred in Kawit, Cavite on 12 June 1898
where Filipino revolutionary forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty
and independence of the Philippine islands from Spanish colonization after the latter was
defeated at the Battle of Manila Bay on 1 May 1898 during the Spanish-American War. It was
declared a national holiday and was witnessed by thousands of people who gathered in Kawit to
witness the historic event.

The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared and written by Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista in Spanish, who also read the said declaration. A passage in the Declaration
reminds one of another passage in the American Declaration of Independence. The Philippine
Declaration was signed by ninety-eight persons, among them an American army officer who
witnessed the proclamation. The Act declared that the Filipinos “are and have the right to be free
and independent,” and that the nation from ”this day commences to have a life of its own, with
every political tie between Filipinas and Spain severed and annulled”.

The event saw the National Flag of the Philippines, designed by General Aguinaldo and made in
Hongkong by Mrs. Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo and Delfina Herboza unfurled for the
first time. This was followed by the performance of the “Marcha Filipina Magdalo” now known
as “Lupang Hinirang”, the National Anthem. The composer, Julian Felipe. was a music teacher
from Cavite. The lyrics to the anthem were sourced a year after from the poem of Jose Palma
entitled “Filipinas”.

General Aguinaldo explained the symbolism of the Filipino flag. Each of the three colors has an
appropriate meaning:

a. the lower red stripe represents patriotism and valor

b. the upper blue stripe signifies peace, truth and justice
c. the white triangle stands for equality

The three stars indicate the three geographical areas of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. The eight
rays of the sun refer to first eight provinces of Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan,
Laguna, Batangas and Cavite which took up arms against Spain and were placed under martial
law by the Spaniards at the start of the Philippine Revolution in 1896.

REFERENCES
Philippine Embassy Webmaster(2008). Ehe Declaration of Philippine Independence on 12 June
1898. Retrieve from the Philippine Embassy website: http://www.philippine-
embassy.de/bln/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=536&lang=en

Magdalo(2016). Heneral Emilio Aguinaldo: Mga Gunita Ng Himagsikan: Halalan sa

Kapulungan ng Tejeros: Pagpipisan ng Sangguniang Magdiwang at Magdalo ni Emilio
Aguinaldo. Retrieved from the Magdalo 1897 blogspot:
http://magdalo1897.blogspot.com/2016/02/pagpipisan-ng-sangguniang-magdiwang-at.html

Pransism(2011). “The Philippine Revolution” by Apolinario Mabini: An Appreciation. Retrieved

form the Pransis Em Pilipinas blogspot:
http://pransisempilipinas.blogspot.com/2011/07/philippine-revolution-by-apolinario.html

Guerrero, L. Ma.(1969). THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION, BY APOLINARIO MABINI

Translated into English by Leon Ma. Guerrero. Retrieved from the Malacanang governmental
website: http://malacanang.gov.ph/8143-the-philippine-revolution-by-apolinario-mabini/

Funcheta, H.(2007). Bridging the Gap: The Tapar uprising in Oton, Iloilo. Retrieved from the
News Today website:
http://www.thenewstoday.info/2007/02/09/the.tapar.uprising.in.oton.iloilo.html

Salirickandres(2016). Liwanag At Dilim. Retrieved from Salirickandres Altervista website:

https://salirickandres.altervista.org/liwanag-at-dilim/?fbclid=IwAR1RGLQBi7wRJufiI-
IPSULDYSsS05OUjtsR8uqOQP82KyDgYV3hoSDf66A