Introduction of Wind Mills

Historical Development of wind power

Factors effecting the distribution of wind

Challenges of Wind Power
Classification of Wind Turbines
Horizontal axis Turbines
Various components of horizontal axis Wind mill
Vertical Axis wind Turbines
Various components of horizontal axis Wind mill
Advantages of vertial axis machines
Darious Rotor verticalaxis wind turbine
Magnus vertical axis wind turbine
Performance Characteristics
Wind farm
Performance of wind Turbine

UNIT - III

Wind Energy

Introduction of Wind Mills: Moving air is called wind. Wind is derived from solar radiation.
Due to uneven heating of solar energy 2% of solar flux that reaches earth surface is convertwd into
wind energy.
During the day time, Air over the earths surface heats up faster than the air over the oceans. Hot air
expands and rises while cool air from oceans rushes to fill the space, creating local winds. At night
the process is reversed as air cools more rapidly over land than water over offshore land causing a
breeze. At the equator pressure is low due to greater heating, causing winds to blow from
subtropical belts towards the equator. The axial rotation of earth induces centrifugal force which
throws equatorial air to the upper atmosphere. Wind energy captures the natural wind in our
environment and converts the air’s motion into mechanical energy. Wind is caused by differences
in atmospheric pressure. Wind speeds vary based on geography, topography and season. As a result,
there are some locations better suited for wind energy generation than other. In general, wind
speeds are higher near the coast and offshore since there are fewer objects like vegetation,
mountains and buildings to slow them down.

With the raise of energy shortage and environment pollution, the increase and use of renewable
energy become more significant. The wind energy as a class of renewable energy is forthcoming to
the surrounding environment and has huge amount of resource. Windmills have been used for
numerous centuries for pumping water and milling grain. In current years there has been a
stimulation of attention in wind energy and attempts are in progress all over the world to initiate
lucrative wind energy conversion systems for this renewable and environmentally benign energy
source. In developing countries, wind power can play a major role for water supply and irrigation
and electrical generation. This concise gives a general overview of the resource and of the
technology of extracting energy from the wind. Therefore, people have paid more and more
attentions on the researches on wind energy technologies, especially on improving the performance
of the wind turbine which is the principal equipment for power generation. The efficiency of any
wind energy conversion system is described in terms of its power coefficient, Cp. Design
parameter choice is critical for optimizing wind turbine performance. For any fixed diameter there
are various parameters influencing energy production: rotor rotation velocity, blade number, airfoil
chord distribution and longitudinal blade twist. Although the horizontal axis wind turbine is popular
for large scale power generation now, the vertical axis wind turbine as another important kind of
wind turbine is a good choice for small scale power generation. Small wind turbines have largely
adopted the three bladed, low solidity design philosophy of large utility-scale wind turbines.
Increasing the number of blades has been shown theoretically to increase the aerodynamic
efficiency of a wind turbine. An increase in aerodynamic efficiency could have the potential to
decrease the overall cost of energy from a small wind-energy conversion system (WECS) . The
major factors involved in deciding the number of blades includes the effect on power coefficient,
the design TSR (tip-speed ratio), the means of yawing rate to reduce the gyroscopic fatigue. Solidity
greatly affects the performance of the horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) such as power
coefficient, rotor shaft torque and power extracted by the wind turbine.

The mechanism used to convert air motion into electricity is referred to as a turbine. A turbine is a
large structure with several spinning blades. These blades are connected to an electro- magnetic
generator that generates electricity when the wind causes the blades to spin.
Traditionally, this energy was used for milling grain and pumping water, but today it is most
commonly used to create electricity. Wind energy is becoming an increasingly importantl part of
the global electricity supply mix.
A major advantage of wind is that it is a clean and renewable form of energy. Its production of
electricity has no direct carbon emissions or air pollutants and does not consume water. Wind also
has relatively low operations and maintenance costs after initial construction.
However, wind energy also faces several challenges. Wind speeds can vary throughout the day and
year,causing intermitancy issues for power grids.
The price tag of wind power has traditionally been higher than conventional electricity
generationsources, though the wind cost curve has declined significantly in recent years. NIMBY
concern such as land use, noise and bird disruption have also been raised in certain areas.

Historical Development of wind power: The harnessing of wind energy dates back to 4000 BC,
Egyptians used wind to drive their boats in the Nile river. By the tenth century the wind mills were
being used to grind grains in Iran and AFGHANISTAN. Skilful Iranians introduced wind mills in
China to raise the water for irrigation and sea water for production of salt. Wind energy reached
western Europe via the Arbs and wind can be used in many ways. In 1954, Daniel Halladay in US
introduced wind pump. Wind mills are used for irrigation, sawing timber, extracting oil from oil
seeds, polishing stones.

In West Indies wind mills are used to crush the sugarcane.

In 1880, P La cour from Denmark, used windmill to generate electricity.
In 1929, French engineer Darrieus at Bourget built an aerogenerator.
In 1974, NASA constructed wind generator of 100 KW.
In 1987, US firms manufactured 2.5 KW generator.
Europian and Asian countries like Denmark, Germany, China and India are entered into
manufacture of 200 MW wind generators.
In 2004, India ranked 5th after Germany, USA, Spain, and Denmark in terms of wind power
generation.

Origin of Winds : The origin of winds traced due to uneven heating of earth’s surface due to sun.
This may lead to circulate all over the globe wide spread by producing Planetary winds or local
winds.
Planetary Winds: The primary force for planetary winds to be developed due to differential
heating of earth at equator and polar region. In tropical region , the net gain of heat to due solar
radiation, and in polar regions there is net loss of heat. Earth’s atmosphere has to transport heat
from tropics to poles. Ocean currents are responsible for tansferring of around 30% of heat.

Spinning of the earth about its axis produces a coriolis force which is responsible for deviation of
air currents towards the west. Between 300N & and 300S, heated air at equator rises and is replaced
by cooler air coming from the north and south. This is known as Hadley circulation of wind.
Hadley air rising towards equator from north to equator and from south to equatoe is shown in
Fig.3.1 Due to the coriolis force these winds move towards the west. These air currents are also
known as trade winds because of their use in sailing ships for trades in past.

Fig.3.1: Hadley Air circulation

The wind near the equator slowly rises upwards rather than moving westward. Between 30 0 N &
700 N western winds are present. These winds form a wavelike circulation, transferring cold air
southward and warm air northward in the northern hemisphere and vice versa in the southern
hemisphere. This is known as Rossby circulation of wind.

Ferrel Circulation: Ferrel cell, model of the mid-latitude segment of Earth’s wind circulation,
proposed by William Ferrel (1856). In the Ferrel cell, air flows poleward and eastward near the
surface and equatorward and westward at higher altitudes; this movement is the reverse of the
airflow in the Hadley cell. Ferrel’s model was the first to account for the westerly winds between
latitudes 35° and 60° in both hemispheres. The Ferrel cell, however, is still not a good
representation of reality because it requires that the upper-level mid-latitude winds flow westward;
actually the eastward-flowing surface winds become stronger with height and reach their maximum
velocities around the 10-km (6-mile) level in the jet streams.

Local winds: Uneven winds are responsible for local winds. These winds are produced due to two
mechanisms
1. Defferential heating of land surface and water bodies due to solar radiation.
2. During the day time solar energy is converted into sensible thermal energy on the land surface
and quickly increases its temperature. Whereas on water bodies it is partly consumed in evaporating
water and only partly absorbed to cause increase in temperature. The land mass becomes hotter than
water which causes differential heating of air above them. As a result, cool, heavier air blows from
the water towards the land. At night the direction of the wind is reversed as landmass cools to sky
more rapidly than the water. This is the mechanism of shore breeze.

The second mechanism of local winds is differential heating of slops on the hill sides and that of
low lands. The slope heats of during the day and cools down during the night more rapidly than the
low land. This causes the heated air to rise along the slope during the day and relatively cool air to
flow down at night.

Factors effecting the distribution of wind: Several factors are responsible for distribution of wind
energy on the surface of the earth. Wind results due to the motion of air or movement of air. Few
factors are responsible for distribution of wind energy on the surface of the earth. Presure gradient
is main factor of air movement. On global basis the primary forcing function causing surface
winds from poles to equator in a convective circulation. Solar radiation heats the air near the
equator. As the air gets heated its density decreases and moves up. The air at the surface is
displaced by cool air which is higher density and higher pressure air flowing from the poles. In
upper atmosphere near the equator the air thus tends to flow back towards the poles and away from
equator. The net result is a global convective circulation with surface winds from north to south in
northern hemisphere. Some factors are globally responsible and some are locally responsible for air
movement.. Both global and local factors influence the availability of the wind energy of particular
site. These factors vary site to site.
1. On planetary level, mountain masses influence the circulation of the wind.
2. Surface roughness or friction, owing to the resistance that different elements of the earth surface
offer to air circulation affects the nature of the wind. Hills, trees, buildings and similar obstructions
influence air flow.
Friction effect is less on smooth areas such as seas or large open areas and more in rough urban
areas. There were high wind speeds near the seashore.
Local winds are effected by climatic disturbances such as draught or thunder clouds. Wind speed
also increases by passing through the narrow mountain gaps.
Wind storage: In practical, wind turbine can not be operated at very high or low wind speeds.
Due to this, power generated is stored. It can be stored in batteries and in agricultural operational
operations it can be stored as hot water or can be stored in a volume of compressed air.
Characterics of wind Energy: It is freely available in nature.
It is renewable source of energy.
It does not cause any pollution like coal.
It is clean in nature and mostly available in many offsore, onshore remote areas.
Earth receives vast wind energy which is cost effective.
The reliable wind power generation used for water pumping and applications. Favourable winds
are available only in few locations away from the cities, forests etc.
Wind energy is unsteady, irregular, intermittent, erratic and sometimes dangerous.
The direction of wind changes and never remains same or constant.
Nature of wind: The nature, behavior and structure of the wind varies from site to site on the
climatic region, geometry of the locality and surface conditions of the terrain around the site.
The fluctuations of wind velocity over wide range of frequencies and amplitudes due to turbulence
caused by mechanic mixing of lowest of atmosphere by surface roughness are known as gusts. A
sudden strong rush of wind is known as gust.

Sources of Wind Energy

Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the
sun, the irregularities of the earth surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are modified
by the earth terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative cover. This wind flow, or motion energy, by
modern wind turbines, can be used to generate electricity.
The components of wind turbine are shown in Fig. 3.2.

Fig. 3.2: The components of wind turbine

Potential of Wind Energy: Global wind power has doubled over last 3 years, which now accounts
for 2% of the world’s electricity production, and as much as 20% in some countries. It is estimated
that 13% of the worlds land area has wind speeds greater than 6.9 m/s at commercial wind turbine
heights, this could theoretically produce 40 times the world's current electricity production.

Critics claim that wind power cannot replace conventional power sources since these still need to be
available for when the wind isn’t blowing, and these are expensive to keep in reserve and waiting on
part load, reducing overall energy efficiency.
Challenges of Wind Power : Wind power must still compete with conventional generation sources
on a cost basis. Depending on how energetic a wind site is, the wind farm might not be cost
competitive. Even though the cost of wind power has decreased dramatically in the past 10 years, the
technology requires a higher initial investment than fossil-fueled generators.

Good wind sites are often located in remote locations, far from cities where the electricity is
needed. Transmission lines must be built to bring the electricity from the wind farm to the city.
However, building just a few already-proposed transmission lines could significantly reduce the
costs of expanding wind energy.

Wind resource development might not be the most profitable use of the land. Land suitable for wind-
turbine installation must compete with alternative uses for the land, which might be more highly
valued than electricity generation.

Turbines might cause noise and aesthetic pollution. Although wind power plants have relatively little
impact on the environment compared to conventional power plants, concern exists over
the noise produced by the turbine blades and visual impacts to the landscape.

Turbine blades could damage local wildlife. Birds have been killed by flying into spinning turbine
blades. Most of these problems have been resolved or greatly reduced through technological
development or by properly siting wind plants.

Fig.3.3: Group of wind turbines power plant

This aerial view of a wind turbine plant shows how a group of wind turbines can make electricity for
the utility grid. The electricity is sent through transmission and distribution lines to homes,
businesses, schools, and so on. Group of wind turbines power plant is shown in Fig.3.3. View
the wind turbine animation to see how a wind turbine works or take a look inside.

Classification of Wind Turbines: Wind turbines are classified as two types. They are classified
based on the orientation of axis of rotation of their rotors. They are : 1. Horizontal axis and 2.
Vertial axis wind turbines. In horizontal axis turbine rotor axis is kept horizontal and aligned
parallel to the wind direction of stream. In vertical axis turbine , the rotor axis is vertical and fixed,
and remain perpendicular to the wind stream. Wind turbines have blades, sails, buckets fixed to
central shafts. These turbines are used to grind seeds or generate electrical power. Wind turbines
further may be classified as lift and drag type. Slow speed turbines are driven by drag force acting
on the rotor. The torque at the rotor shaft is high which is used for water pumps. For slower
turbines, a greater blade area is required and to fabricate blades curved plates are used.
High speed wind turbines utilize lift force to move the blades. Faster turbines require airofoil type
blades to minimize adverse effect of drag force. Aerofoil types blades used to fabricate. The
thickness to chord ratio should be more to produce to high fift relative to drag. Lift type turbines
produce more energy than drag type turbine. Therefore, lift type turbines more suitable than drag
type turbines.
Horizontal axis turbines are mounted on towers. There are wind forces on towers. In design both
upwind and down wind locations have been used so that tower design is an essential aspect of
overall system design.

1. Horizontal axis Turbines: The rotor of the horizontal axis wind turbine rotates around a
horizontal axis, and during working, the rotating plane is vertical to the wind direction. The blades
of the wind turbine are installed perpendicularly to the rotating axis, and form a certain angel. The
number of the blades depends on the function of the wind turbine. The wind turbine with more
blades is often called as the Low-speed Wind Turbine, and when it works at low speed, it will gain
a high ratio of utilization of the wind and a high torque.
The wind turbine with fewer blades is often named as the High-speed Wind Turbine, and when it
works at high speed Depending on the different relative position of the rotor and tower, the
horizontal axis wind turbine can be divided into the Upwind Wind Turbine and the Downwind
Wind Turbine. The rotor rotates before the tower facing the wind, and this kind is known as the
Upwind Wind Turbine, while if the rotor is installed on the tower following the wind, this kind can
be addressed as the Downwind Wind Turbines. The upwind and down wind turbines are shown in
Fig.3.4.

Fig.3.4: Upwind and down wind turbines

They are further classified as 1. Multi blade rotor 2. Propeller type horizontal axis one blade and
two blade type 3. .horizontal axis Dutch type 5. Sail type
Horizontal axis multiblade rotor: This type is fabricated from the curved sheet metal blades. The
width of the blades is increased outwards from inner centre. The inner smaller width ends are fixed
on a circular rim. They are also welded near their outer to another rim to provide a stable support.
The horizontal axis multiblade rotor is shown in Fig. 3.5. The number blades may be 12 to 18. The
metal may be aluminium. Rotors should have high strength to weight ratio. They should have
resistance to 60 km/hr wind speeds. They should have good power coefficient. The roters should
have high starting torque.

Fig. 3.5: Horizontal axis multiblade rotor

Propellertype horizontal axis one blade and three blade type: The propeller rotor comprises
one, two or three aerodynamic blades made from strong and light weight material such as fibre
glass reinforced plastics. The rotor diameter rotor may vary from 3 m to 25 m. The blade is
designed by using aerodynamic shape and same theory. Bldes are mounted on a rigid hub and
larger blades cause root bending moments due to the gravity and sudden shifts in wind directions. If
it is single blade type horizontal axis wind mill, counter weights must be used because counter
weight cost is less than blade. Horizontal axis one blade and two blade type is shown in Fig. 3.6
Fig3.6: Horizontal axis one blade and three blade type

Propeller type horizontal axis Dutch Type wind mill : It is the oldest design. The blades are
made from an array of wooden slats which feather at high wind speeds. The dutch type wind mill
is shown in Fig.3.7.
 Fig.3.7: Dutch type wind mill

Sail Type: It is recent origin. The blade surfaces are made from cloth nylon or plastics as a mast
and pole or sail wings. There is a variation in the number sails used. The sail type blade is shown in
Fig.3.8.

Fig.3.8: The sail type blade

Various components of horizontal axis Wind mill: The horizontal axis wind is having following
components. They are 1. Turbine blades, 2. Generators, 3. Yaw system, 4. Hub , 5. Nacelle, 6.
Towers.

Turbine Blades : Epoxy composites and glassfibre are used in manufacture of turbine blades. To
reduce the air friction the blades are slightly twisted from outer tip. Modern turbines have two or
three blades having airfoil type cross section. The horizontal axis wind turbine is also known as
propeller type wind turbine.
Generator : The type of generators used areeither or constant speed or variable speed generators.
Variable speed generators are expensive and inaccurate and are not used in common practice.
There are different types of constant speed generators also among which synchronous induction
and permanent magnet types are used.
Yaw System: Yaw system controls the position of nacelle around the vertical axis. Hence by using
yaw system the position of nacelle is adjusted such that it faces the wind. The yaw system is
provided at the base of the nacelle.
Hub: The control part of the rotor where all the blades are connected is called hub. The
mechanism for pitch angle control is provided in the hub.
Nacelle: It houses the engine of aircraft, rotor brakes, gear box, generator and electrical switch
gear and control. The swich gear and control block performs the protection and control of the
system. It is placed on the top of the tower.
Towers : The towers may be four types. They are : 1.truss tower, 2.pole tower, 3. Reinforced
concrete tower and 4. Built up shell tube tower
The most preferred tower is trusstower because it is proved and widely adaptable. The parts
of truss tower are stiff, low cost, readily available and transported easily.The shell tube towers are
competitive with truss towers. Truss tower is designed to withstand the wind load even if they
occur frequently over a short period. The minimum height for small wind energy conservation
system is 10 merters and maximum height is 60 meters.
Overcoming of fluctuating power generation of wind mill: A wind mill is a machine used for
wind energy conversion. A wind turbine converts the kinetic energy of the wind’s motion into
mechanical energy transmitted bythe shaft and a generator converts their mechanical energy into
electrical energy. The energy produced does not have steady power or strength on on the account of
random occurrence of wind. This create many problems in the utilization of wind energy for
generation of electricity. As the intensity of wind blow changes from hour to hour and minute to
minute the period of load demand does not coincide with the times at which high winds blows.
Sometimes wind blows very fast and sometimes no wind. Hence, some form of storage is required
during no wind or no demand period. Hence there are some storage methods. They are; 1.Battery
storage, 2. System with mechanical and solar storage, 3. Mechanical and chemical storage and
4.Power direct feed to Main bus bar.

Onsite domestic unit with battery sorage: The power storage range is 2 to 5 k w. The schematic
arrangement of battery storage unit is shown in Fig 3.9. The d. c. output of wind machine is
fed to the batteries through voltage regulator. A. part of d.c. output from batteries is converted
into a. c. and fed to load which requires a.c. energy such as radios, TV sets and motor appliances
and part of the dc is directly fed to the appliances which requires d.c. energy light, appliances
tools.

Fig. 3.9: Domestic unit with Battery Storage

Advantages: Both a.c. and d.c. supplies can be fed to consumers depending on the requirement
and utility.
Disadvantages: 1. Power storage range is low i. e. 2 to 5 k w, 2. It rquires voltage regulators and
inverters.

Mechanical and solar storage: A beautiful schematic diagram of a mechanical and solar storage
system is shown in Fig. 3.10. Aconstant frequency generator is used which generates a. c. power
which is directly fed fed to the consumer. A surplus energy is stored in the form of solar source
input and flywheel input and this store energy can be used during night and no wind periods.

Advantages: The stored energy can be used whenever required i.e. during night and no wind
periods.
Disadvantages: Requires extra equipments to store surplus energy likesolar storage.1. Power
storage range is low i. e. 2 to 5 k w, 2. It rquires voltage regulators and inverters.

Vertical Axis wind Turbines : With vertical axis wind turbines the rotational axis of the turbine
stands vertical or perpendicular to the ground. As mentioned above, vertical axis turbines are
primarily used in small wind projects and residential applications. Vertical-Axis-Wind-Turbine
This niche comes from the OEM’s claims of a vertical axis turbines ability to produce well in
tumultuous wind conditions. Vertical axis turbines are powered by wind coming from all 360
degrees, and even some turbines are powered when the wind blows from top to bottom. Because of
this versatility, vertical axis wind turbines are thought to be ideal for installations where wind
conditions are not consistent, or due to public ordinances the turbine cannot be placed high enough
to Vertical axis wind turbines are three three types. They are: Savanieus , Darrenieus and Magnus
effect type. These wind turbines are known as panemones. They run at all wind speeds. Different
shapes of vertical axis wind turbines use drag forces to turn their rotors. These turbines have high
starting torque. They have higher solidity. They have low tip-to-wind speeds lower power outputs
per given rotor size, weight and cost. Vertical axis wind turbines are known as drag devices. Their
Tip Speed Ratios (TSR) are below unity. They are less efficient than lift devices. The main
advantage of wind turbine is that they do not turn into wind stream as wind direction changes.
Their operation is independent of wind direction. They will run for all wind speeds. Hence they are
also known as panemones. They have lower power coefficient at high tip speed ratios. These
vertical axis wind turbines are more difficult to control strong winds. The transmission and
generator are on ground rather than at the top of a tall tower.

Important features of vertical axis wind turbines: 1. They react to any kind of wind direction and
there is no need of any yawing equipment to turn rotor into wind.
2. They require less structural support because heavy components like gear box and generator are
located at ground level.
3. The blades do not turn end over end.
4. The rotor is not subjected to continuous cyclic gravity loads.
5. Fatigue induced loads problem is not there in vertical axis wind turbine but is a big problem in
horizontal axis wind turbines.
Savious rotor : It is a simple vertical axis wind turbine. It is invented by S J Savonious in 1920
Finland. It is a low velocity wind turbine. It consists of two identical hollow semi cylinders fixed to
a vertical axis. The inner side of two half cylinders face each other to have an S shaped cross
section. These semi circular drums are mounted to vertical axis perpendicular to wind direction.
There will be gap between the drums at the axis. The drums are arranged to get S shape. It is
arranged in such a way that edges of each of opposite cylinder should be at the center of other to
get S shape. The Savonious rotor and its stream flow is shown in Fig.

The ratio of height to diameter of the machine can be varied. It is less than 3 to 1. The power
coefficient of S rotor is low. It can be improved by changes in design, number,and arrangement of
vanes. Vertical axis wind turbine is shown in Fig.3.9.
Fig.3.9: Vertical axis wind turbine

Characteristcs of Savonius Rotor wind turbine: It is a self starting one, low speed one and it has
low efficiency.

Advantages of vertial axis machines: With its vertial axis system it eliminates power
transmission system from rotor to axis. It works at low speeds 8 km/hour but horizotal or propellar
type needs 16 km/hour.
It has low weight than propellar type turbine. It is a stable wind turbine because its gear box and
generator are mounted at ground.
It has less cost.
Yaw and pitch controls are not needed.
It has simple structure and easy to manufacture.
Maintenance and tower cost is less than the

Disadvateges: It is not useful for tall intallations.

It is a solid machine which needs lot of metal.

Darious Rotor vertical axis wind turbine: This rotor has 2 or 3 thin curved blades of flexible
metal strips. It looks like an egg beater. It works in direction of wind. Both the ends of wing are
attached to the vertical shaft as shown in Fig. It can be installed close to the ground. With this one
can eliminate the cost of tower structure. When blade moves across the wind lift force is created
with maximum torque. This rotor was designed by French engineer G . J.M Darius in 1925. It is
used for decentralized electricity generation. In india at BHEL Hyderabad, and NAL Bangalore R
and D of the Darious wind energy are in progress. This type of wind mills are already in use in
Canada. It is a vertical axis machine with efficient aerofoil intercepts large area with small blde
area. It has greater advantage as propeller type. It minimizes the bending stresses because of good
support of blades. Darious Wind turbine is shown in Fig3.10.
 Fig3.10:Darious wind turbine

Magnus vertical axis wind turbine : It cinsists of spinning cylinders. When cylinders are spun
in wind stream translational forces are produced perpendicular to the wind stream by Magnus
effect as shown in Fig.3.11.
.

Fig.3.11: Magnus Effect

Performance Characteristics
Aerodynamics deals deals with movement of solid bodies through air. In wind turbines,
aerodynamics provides a method to explain the relative motion between airfoil and air. Airfoil is
cross section of wind turbine blade. When wind passes over wind turbine blade over longer
distance over upper surface, cerating low pressure area above the airfoil and high pressure on
bottom surface. The pressure differences between the top and bottom surfaces results in a forcce
called aerodynamic force is called lift. The blades can move in aplane with hub as centre. The lift
force causes rotation about the hub. Thus wind turbine converts wind linear kinetic energy into
rotary mption. In addition to the lift force, drag force is perpendicular to the lift force which acts on
the blade which impedes rotor rotation.

Air flows over solid bodies, several drag force acting can be seen on trees, electric towers, but lift
force developed by aircraft wings can be seen, dust particles in awind storm, blades motion in
turbine.

Drag: It is a resistance of body experiencind when afluid moves over it. Flood water washes away
animals, vehicles, and buildings. Wind storm, and hurricane knocks down transmission towers,
trees, sweeps away catamaran and ships. These are undesirable examples of drag forces. The
force on flowing fluid exerts in the direction of flow is called drag force. Drag may bring some
undesirable effect of friction in space vehicles when they are entering int earths atmosphere. Hence
reduction of drag is the basic engineering approach associated with reduction in fuel consumption
in automobile,aircrafts and submarines.

However, friction is having some useful effects. Friction acts to help as a life saver in brakes of
an automobile.
Similarly, the drag force is useful in safe landing with a parachute.

Lift: A body is immersed is immersed in water, normal force is exerted on it. A flowing fluid
exerts a tangengential shear force on the surface. Both of these forces have two forces, the force
along the flow directionj is drag force, and force acting perpendicular to force is known as lift
force. The lift force moves the body upward direction. The relative magnitudes of these forces is
depends on the shape of the objects. Straemlined objects experinces less drag than the blunt object.

The upward force is caused by lift force causes rotation of the wind turbine rotor. Good aerofoils
can have a lift force of 30 times greater than drag.

Based on lift and drag wind turbines are classified slow speed turbines which are run by drag
forces. For slower turbines , a greater area is required. It uses curved plates.

Lift Turbines: High speed turbines utilise lift forces

(ii) V8 = Free-stream velocity (m/s)
(iii) V= Local velocity (m/s)
(iv) ω = Angular Velocity (rad/s)
(v) λ = Tip Speed Ratio = ω.r/v
(vi) r = Rotor radius (m)
(vii) D = Turbine Diameter (m)
 INTERACTION OF WIND AND ROTOR

Wind Farm

A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same location used to produce electricity. A large
wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines and cover an extended area of
hundreds of square miles, but the land between the turbines may be used for agricultural or other
purposes. A wind farm can also be located offshore.
Wind farms are created when multiple wind turbines are placed in the same location for the purpose
of generating large amounts of electric power. Due to rising energy prices and the resultant search
for alternatives, there are now thousands of wind farms in many countries around the world. There
is still a lot of controversy surrounding the pros and cons of wind power and its local impact. The
articles listed on this page explore news and information about wind farms.

Performance of wind Turbine: A small scale horizontal axis wind turbine model setup was placed
on the top of the building at Energy Centre, MANIT Bhopal. A multi-bladed prototype turbine rotor
has been designed which a modified design of hub to enable variable blade capabilities for 2,3,4,5
and 6 blade configurations and the weight of hub have been reduced many time than of other hub
material. In this paper the data are as number of rotor blades, solidity, power coefficient, rotor shaft
torque and power extracted by the wind turbine by the experiment for this model.

Wind Shear : The wind speed increases with height above the ground. Increase in wind speed
with elevation h above the ground level is called wind shear.
Wind rose:

A wind rose is a graphic

tool used by meteorologists
to give a succinct view of
how wind speed and
direction are typically
distributed at a particular
location.
Wind roe ia graphical tool
to a short view of how
wind speed and direction
are distributed at a
particular location.

Wind rose:
Saddle:
Khale:
Wake: The free wind interact with the turbine rotor, the wind transfers part of its energy into the
rotor and the speed of the wind decreases to a minimumleaving a trail of disturbed wind called
wake.

Rotor swept area: The rotor swept area depends upon the chord of rotor blade and it can be
increase by increasing the chord of blades. The rotor swept area greatly affects the size and
performance of horizontal axis wind turbine.
Rotor swept area, A = πR2 Where, R =radius of rotor (length of blade)

Solidity: Solidity is usually defined as the percentage of the circumference of the rotor which
contains material rather than air. High-solidity machines carry a lot of material and have coarse
blade angles.
Solidity, σ = N A/πR2 Where N is blade number, C is blade chord (m), R is wind turbine radius
(m). It is clear that solidity can be altered by changing either the turbine radius to blade chord ratio
or by changing the number of blades. Here, we prefer to alter the solidity by changing the number
of turbine blades. The radius of the model of HAWT considered for calculation in this study was
0.61meter. A centre hub with the radius of 0.13meter was also included in radius of the rotor set.
The solidity, blade chord and number were decided respectively shown in Tab. 1

Table 1. PARAMETERS OF THE MODEL

S. No Number of blades Blade Chord Solidity
1 2 0.5 10
2 3 0.5 15
3 4 0.5 20
4 5 0.5 25
5 6 0.5 30

Wind power: The power available in wind, is equal to the kinetic energy associated with the mass
of moving air. Although the power available is proportional to the cube of wind speed, the power
output has a lower order dependence on wind speed. This is because the overall efficiency of the
windmill changes with wind speed.
Wind power, P = 0.5ρAV 3 where, ρ= Air density, A= Rotor swept area, V= Speed of free wind.

Tip Speed Ratio: The tip speed ratio is defined as the ratio of the speed of the extremities of a
windmill rotor to the speed of the free wind. It is a measure of the 'gearing ratio' of the rotor. Drag
devices always have tip-speed ratios less than one and hence turn slowly, whereas lift devices can
have high tip-speed ratios and hence turn quickly relative to the wind. It is shown in Fig. 3.12
 Non dimensional velocity factor
Fig. 3.12: Relation between lift devices and drag devices

Fig.3.13: Relation between Power coefficient and tip speed ratio

Tip speed ratio Ratio curve. Tip speed ratio = λ = Blade tip speed / wind speed = R Ω /V

Ω = rotational speed in radians /sec, R = Rotor Radius, V = Wind “Free Stream” Velocity The
proportion of the power in the wind that the rotor can extract is termed the coefficient of
performance (or power coefficient or efficiency; symbol Cp) and its variation as a function of tip
speed ratio is commonly used to characterise different types of rotor.

Rotor shaft torque: The interference factor, A is defined as the fractional wind speed decrease at
the wind turbine. For maximum output of turbine, A = 1/3.

The speed of rotor, ω = 2π ns/60 where ω= Rotor speed in radian/sec, ns =Rotor speed in rpm
The proportion of the power in the wind that the rotor can extract is termed the coefficient of
performance (or power coefficient or efficiency; symbol Cp) and its variation as a function of tip
speed ratio is commonly used to characterise different types of rotor.

Mechanical torque developed . Tm = PR/V

Maximum torque coefficient, CT = CPλ P

The maximum torque produced at the shaft, Tsh = Tm × CT

Power extracted by the wind turbine is- P = ω × Tsh

Less number of blades turbines will give more speeds which gives more wind power. The
relation between tip speed ratio starting torque is shown in Fig. 3.14.

Fig. 3.14: Relationship between tip speed ratio and starting torque of wind turbine

The tip speed ratio variation with solidity is shown in Fif.3.15

.
 Fig.3.15: Relationship between tip speed ratio and solidity

Effect of number of blades on solidity: It is shown in the graph that as the number of blades on
the rotor increases, the rotor blade material increased and solidity of wind turbine increased
proportionally. The higher rotor solidities require a lower angular velocity to obtain the maximum
amount of power produced for a certain wind speed. Moreover, a slight reduction in rotor efficiency
with the increase of rotor solidity can be observed. The relationship between number of blades and
solidity is shown in Fig.316.

Fig.316: Graph between the solidity and number of blades.

Effect of solidity on the rotor speed: The present work investigates the influence of the solidity of
wind turbine on the rotor speed. This shows that as the solidity of wind turbine increases, the rotor
speed get reduced. The rotor speed for this model is highest for two blade and for the solidity of 10
%. The turbines with high solidity have the advantage of enabling the rotor to start rotating easily
because more rotor area interacts with the wind initially.The relationship between solidity and rotor
speed is shown in Fig.3.17.

Fig.3.17: Graph between the solidity and rotor speed .

Effect of solidity on the rotor shaft torque: The following graph shows the effect of solidity on
the rotor shaft torque. As the solidity of turbine increases the rotor shaft torque also increases. This
is because the more area of rotor strikes with wind. By increasing the turbine solidity; it increases
the static torque coefficient. High solidity HAWT turbine has a self-starting capability, because it
has higher static torque coefficient than the low solidity turbines. The relationship between solidity
and shaft torque is shown in Fig.3.18.

Fig.3.18: Graph between the solidity and rotor shaft torque

Effect of solidity on power extracted by the wind turbine: The following graph shows that as
the solidity of the wind turbine increases, the power extracted by the wind turbine also increases.
The power extracted by the wind turbine is maximum for the solidity of 30% for this model. The
peak power appears to be augmented with increasing the solidity till σ = 0.25; then, the peak seems
to be decreased with further increasing the solidity from σ = 0.25 to σ = 0.5. Moreover, the blade
speed range, in which the power can be generated, is considerably reduced with increasing the
solidity. The relationship between solidity and power coefficient is shown in Fig.3.19.

Fig.3.19: Graph between the solidity and power extracted by the wind turbine.

Effect of solidity on power coefficient This is shown in the graph that as the solidity of wind
turbine increases, the power coefficient of turbine also increases. The study shows that the greatest
power coefficients result from increased blade number and greater rotor solidity, both of which
contribute to the added torque that improves cut-in wind speed. Consequently there is a maximum
value of Cp of 59.3% although in practice real wind rotors have maximum Cp values in the range
of 25%-45%. The theoretical results predict a 30% increase in Cp going from a 3 bladed rotor to 12,
at equal solidities of 0.27. Even at σ = 0.14, an increase from 3 to 6 blades provides 10% greater Cp

By changing blade numbers and solidity, the relationship between solidity, blade number, and
power coefficient, rotor speed, shaft torque and power extracted by turbine was explored
numerically for 2 to 6 number of blades. Rotor speed varied moderately with changes in blade
number and solidity. The power coefficient, Cp varied strongly with solidity and blade number. All
of the studies shows that an increase in blade number and solidity increased power coefficient, rotor
shaft torque and power extracted by turbine while the rotor speed get decreased with increase in
solidity. This is also clear from the study that when solidity is low, torque is low and rotor speed is
high. When solidity is high, torque is high and rotor speed is low. For reasons of rotor speed, rotor
shaft torque and power extracted by the turbine, the three blade horizontal axis wind turbine design
is most suitable. The number of the blades of a turbine has great impact on its performance. Thus
the three blade rotor is the most important and most visible part of the wind turbine.

Calculation of Maximum Power of Wind Turbine:

Wind turbines extract energy from wind stream by converting the kinetic energy of the wind to the
rotational motion required to operate an electric generator. By virtue of kinetic energy, the velocity
of flowing wind decreases. The mass of the air which passes through the rotor is affected and
remain separate from the air which does not pass through the rotor. It is shown in Fig 3.20 in which
upstream and down stream alongwith rotor front.

Upstream Down Stream

Fig 3.20: Upstream and downstream

P = atmospheric wind pressure
Pu = pressure on upstream of wind turbine
Pd = pressure on downstream of wind turbine
V = atmospheric wind velocity
Vu = velocity of wind upstream of wind turbine
Vd = velocity of wind downstream of wind turbine before wind front reforms and regains the
atmospheric level.
Vb = Velocity of wind at blades
A = area of blades
M = mass flow rate of wind
ρ = air density

The kinetic energy of wind stream passing through the turbine rotor is

2
KE = 1/2M V b

and M = ρA V b
3
Hence, KE = 1/2 A V b
The force on disc of the rotor can be expressed as
F = (Pu - Pd ) A

The force on the can be expressed as change of momentum per unit time from upstream to
downstream winds,

F = M(Vu – Vd)

Applying the Bernaullis theorem equation to upstream and downstream sides

2 2
P+½ρ V u
= Pu + ½ ρ V b

2
Pd + ½ ρ V b
= P + ½ ρ V d2
From the above two Bernaullis upstream and downstream equations, we get

From Force Equation and momentum Equation, We get

2 2
(Pu - Pd ) A = M(Vu – Vd) = ρ A Vb (Vu – Vd) = ½ ρ ( V u
- V d
)

Hence Vb = (Vu +Vd )/2

In a wind turbine system Steady Flow Work W, is equal to the difference kinetic energy between
upstream and down stream of the turbine for unit mass flow, M = 1, therefore ,

W = (KE)u – (KE)d

2 2
= ½( V u
- V d
)

The power output P of the wind turbine is the rate of work done , using mass flow rate
equation
2 2
P = 1/2M( V u
- V d
)

2 2 2 2
= 1/2 ρ AVb ( V V u
-
d
) = ½ ρ A (Vu + Vd)/2 (V V ) u
-
d
2 2 3 2 2
= I/4 ρ A (Vu + V )(V - V
d ) = ¼ ρ A ( V +V V - V V
u d d u d d u
For maximum turbine P, differentiate above equation with respect to Vd and equate zero
2 2
dP/d Vd = 0 = 3 V d
+2 V V u d
- V u

The above quadratric equationhas two solutions , V d

= V u
/3 and

V d
= V u

For power generation . V d

< V u
, So we can have only V d
= ( V u
)/3

3
Therefore, Pmax = 8/27 ρ A V u
3 3
= (8x2)/27x ½ ρ A V u
= 0.593 (½ ρ A V u
)

3
But total power in wind stream is Ptotal = 1/2ρ A V u

Pmax = 0.593X Ptotal

Maximum theoretical efficiency is also called as power coefficient Cp, It is also defined as
ratio of maximum output power to total power available in the wind.

Hence , power coefficient Cp = Pmax/Ptotal = 0.593

Is is also called as Bitz limit

Thrust on wind turbine Rotor:

 The turbine extracts wind energy, causing the difference in momentum of the air stream
between the upstream and downstream sides as shown in Fig.3.26.

Fig.3.26: Wind flow across turbine and axial thrust on rotor.

2
Fx = ½ ρA ( Vu2 - V d
)

2
= ½ ρ π/4 D2 ( Vu2 - V ) d
2
= ρ π/8 D2 ( Vu2 -V )
d

For maximum output V d

= V u
/3

Fxmax = ρ π/8 D2 ( Vu2 - Vu2 /9 )

= ρ π/ D2 Vu2 /9

For designing wind energy turbines, a large axial force can be obtained using large
diameter Turbines. The upper limit can be optimized by structural design of turbine with
economy.

Process of Electricity Generation

Wind power converts the kinetic energy in wind to generate electricity or mechanical power. his is
done by using a large wind turbine usually consisting of propellers; the turbine can be connected to
a generator to generate electricity, or the wind used as mechanical power to perform tasks such as
pumping water or grinding grain.
As the wind passes the turbines it moves the blades, which spins the shaft. There are currently two
different kinds of wind turbines in use, the Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) or the Vertical
Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT). HAWT are the most common wind turbines, displaying the
propeller or ‘fan-style’ blades, and VAWT are usually in an ‘egg-beater’ style.

Converting Wind to Mechanical energy

Wind is converted by the blades of wind turbines. The blades of the wind turbines are designed in
two different ways, the drag type and lift type. Drag type: this blade design uses the force of the
wind to push the blades around. These blades have a higher torque than lift designs but with a
slower rotating speed. The drag type blades were the first designs used to harness wind energy for
activities such as grinding and sawing. As the rotating speed of the blades are much slower than lift
type this design is usually never used for generating large scale energy.
Lift type: most modern HAWT use this design. Both sides of the blade has air blown across it
resulting in the air taking longer to travel across the edges. In this way lower air pressure is created
on the leading edge of the blade, and higher air pressure created on the tail edge.

Creating Electricity from Wind

To create electricity from wind the shaft of the turbine must be connected to a generator. The
generator uses the turning motion of the shaft to rotate a rotor which has oppositely charge magnets
and is surrounded by copper wire loops. Electromagnetic induction is created by the rotor spinning
around the inside of the core, generating electricity.
Distribution of Electricity
The electricity generated by harnessing the wind’s mechanical energy must go through a
transformer in order increase its voltage and make it successfully transfer across long distances.
Power stations and fuse boxes receive the current and then transform it to a lower voltage that can
be safely used by business and homes.

Advantages of Wind Power: Wind energy offers many advantages, which explains why it's one of
the fastest-growing energy sources in the world. Research efforts are aimed at addressing the
challenges to greater use of wind energy. Read on to learn more about the benefits of wind power. 
Wind power is cost-effective. Land-based utility-scale wind is one of the lowest-priced energy
sources available today, costing between two and six cents per kilowatt-hour, depending on the wind
resource and the particular project’s financing. Because the electricity from wind farms is sold at a
fixed price over a long period of time (e.g. 20+ years) and its fuel is free, wind energy mitigates the
price uncertainty that fuel costs add to traditional sources of energy.
Wind creates jobs. The U.S. wind sector employed more than 100,000 workers in 2016, and wind
turbine technician is one of the fastest-growing American jobs of the decade. According to the Wind
Vision Report, wind has the potential to support more than 600,000 jobs in manufacturing,
installation, maintenance, and supporting services by 2050.
Wind enables U.S. industry growth and U.S. competitiveness. Wind has an annual economic impact
of about $20 billion on the U.S. economy, The United States has a vast domestic resources and a
highly-skilled workforce, and can compete globally in the clean energy economy.
It's a clean fuel source. Wind energy doesn't pollute the air like power plants that rely on combustion
of fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, which emit particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur
dioxide—causing human health problems and economic damages. Wind turbines don't produce
atmospheric emissions that cause acid rain, smog, or greenhouse gases.
Wind is a domestic source of energy. The nation's wind supply is abundant and inexhaustible. Over
the past 10 years, cumulative wind power capacity in the United States increased an average of 30%
per year, and wind now has the largest renewable generation capacity of all renewables in the United
States.
It's sustainable. Wind is actually a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the heating of the
atmosphere by the sun, the rotation of the Earth, and the Earth's surface irregularities. For as long as
the sun shines and the wind blows, the energy produced can be harnessed to send power across the
grid.
Wind turbines can be built on existing farms or ranches. This greatly benefits the economy in rural
areas, where most of the best wind sites are found. Farmers and ranchers can continue to work the
land because the wind turbines use only a fraction of the land. Wind power plant owners make rent
payments to the farmer or rancher for the use of the land, providing landowners with additional
income. Some of wind energy of advantages and disadvantages are given below.
1. High net energy yield.
2. Renewable and free.
3. Very clean source of energy and relatively cheap.
4. No pollution (air or water) during operation.
5. Long operating life. And sustainable.
6. Low operating/maintenance costs.
7. Can be quickly built; not too expensive.
8. Now almost competitive with hydro and fossil fuels.
9. Land can be used for other purposes.
10. Can combine wind and agricultural farms.
11. It will not emit any kind of particulate matter such as NOx, SOx and COx.
12. It will create lot of jobs.
13. Wind turbines don’t produce atmospheric emissions that cause acid rain or greenhouse gasses.
14. Wind is actually a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the heating of the atmosphere by
the sun, the rotation of the Earth, and the Earth's surface irregularities. For as long as the sun shines
and the wind blows, the energy produced can be harnessed to send power across the grid.

Disadvantages : These are primarily local land use, noise and visual pollution. Electricity

from wind energy must be stored in batteries. Wind turbines are a potential threat to wildlife such
as birds and bats. Deforestation to set up a wind farm creates an environmental impact. Noise is a
complaint with many wind farms that are close to communities. 1. Energy storage issues.
2. An intermittent source of energy; need backup (eg stored energy) for low-wind days
3. Or must be connected to the electrical grid
4. Only practical in areas that are windy enough
5. Visual pollution
6. Danger to birds
7. New (slow turning) designs largely eliminate this problem
8. Low energy density of wind.
9. Must use large areas of land.

Stalling of wind Mill: Lift forces act perpendicular to air flow and drag forces are act in the
direction of air flow. The change in velocity produces a pressure differences across the lifting
surface. Due to this pressure difference a force is produced that begins to act on the high
pressure side and moves to low pressure side of the lifting surface which is called an aerofoil.
Agood aerofoil has high lift/drag ratio. The lift increases as the angle formed at the junction of the
aerofoil and air stream becomes less and less acute, up to the pint where the angle of air flow on
the low pressure side become excessive. When this happens the air flow breaks away from low
pressure side. Due to lot of turbulence lift decreases and drag increases quite substantially, this
phenomenon is called stalling. To increase stalled performance a wind turbine blade needs to 4/
unction with as much lift and as little drag as possible because drag dissipates energy. Because
lift does not involve anything more complex than deflecting the airflow, it is usually an efficient
process. The desidn of each wind turbine specifies the angle at which the aerofoil should be set to
achieve maximum lift to drag ratio.
 Speeds and controls: Various speeds and controls are cut-in- wind speed, cut-out- speed, yaw
control and performance.
cut-in- wind speed: The cut-in- speed is the minimum wind speed at which the brakes are released
and prime mover starts rotating. After coupling the generator starts generating of power. It is the
lower wind speed limit for the turbine to operate safely through the generator.
cut-out –wind speed : The cut-out-wind speed is the maximum wind speed above which the
turbine or prime mover starts rotating at a speed beyond their limits. He wind speed above cut-out
wind speed affects the mechanical capacity which may be be hazardous. It is the upper speed limit
beyond which the turbine operation would be unsafe.
Yaw control: Yaw control is to make the rotor to face the wind by controlling the nacelle about the
vertical axis. The yaw control syste+70m keeps directing the rotor in the direction of wind in
small wind turbines, the yaw control is achieved using atail vane and in large turbines a
servomechanism operated by a wind direction sensor.

Performance of wind mill: Coefficient of performance of a wind mill is the ratio of rotor power
delivered to the maximum wind power available.
Coefficient of performance
Cp = Rotor output power (P)/ Maximum wind power available (Pt)
= P / (1/2ρAV3).
Where ρ = density of air (1.2 kg/m3)
A = swept aera (m2 )
V= velocity of wind (m/s)
Problems or impacts of Wind energy: 1. Noise Pollution In wind turbine various noises are
arised. These noises may be from gear boxes, aerodynamic effect noises and turbine blade noise
produced during the operation turbine. These noises effect the health and comfort.of nearby
residents.
Electromagnetic Interference: Wind turbines reflect electromagnetic radiations and cause
disturbances when the turbines are located nearby radio and television stations.

Shadow Flicker: When the blades of turbine rotates,they obstruct the light beams continuously,
which results in flickering effect. This effect causes irritation to the eyes.
Impact on the vegetation: There will be an impact on the vegetation, as the wind turbines require
more land.
Bird Collision: The collision of birds with rotating blades causes loss of their lives.

Breaking of Blades: The sudden breaking of blades is unsafe to the surrounding people.

Adverse Effect: The turbines produce adverse effect which cause turbulence to the weather
conditions.

Potential of Wind Energy: The Indian government has released a fresh estimate of the wind
energy potential in the country. The National Institute of Wind Energy, formerly the Centre of Wind
Energy Technology, recently announced that the total onshore wind energy potential in the country
is 302 GW determined at a hub height of 100 meters.
 The fresh estimates are six-times the wind energy potential determined at a 50 meter hub height, and
three-times the potential estimated at a hub height of 80 metres.

The new estimates are in-line with the latest technology of wind turbines and towers available in the
Indian market. The new assessment methodology also takes into account the actual land
availability, with land features categorised into three ranks — wasteland, cultivable land, and forest
land. Of the total estimated 302 GW potential, 153 GW is available in wasteland, 146 GW in
cultivable land, and 3 GW in forest land. Installed wind energy capacity statewise is shown table

Installed wind capacity by state as of 31 March 2018

S. No State Total capacity (MW)

1 Tamil Nadu 8,197
2 Gujarat 5,613
3 Maharashtra 4,784
4 Karnataka 4,509
5 Raajasthan 4,298
6 Andhra Pradesh 3,963
7 Madhya Pradesh 2,520
8 Telangana 101
9 Kerala 53
10 Others 4
Total 34,043

The overall ranking of the states across the three wind potential estimates remains the same. Gujarat
has the largest potential, accounting for about 28% or over 84GW followed by Karnataka with 56
GW and Maharashtra with 45 GW.

This study may be seen as an exercise to attract fresh investments in the wind energy sector. Of late,
the solar power sector in India has hogged the investor limelight with ambitious goals and regulatory
backing. The wind energy sector has been awaiting an impetus of its own, and the launch of the
National Wind Energy Mission has been long delayed, but will now hopefully lead to competitive
auctions, implementation of large-scale wind energy parks, and opening up of the offshore wind
energy market.

Wind power Projects in India shown in Table :

S No State name Number of
Projectcs
1 1 Andhra Pradesh
5.4
 
2 2 Gujarat 1 7.3
   
3 3 Karnataka 7.1
    
4 4 Kerala 2.0
   
5 5 Madhya Pradesh 0.6
   
6 6 Maharashtra 8.4
   
7 Rajasthan 6.4
   
8 Tamil Nadu 19.4
   
9 9 West Bengal 1.1
   
10 Others 3.3
   
11 TOTAL 71.0

Wind Energy in Global Position : The global wind power industry has experienced exceptional
growth for over a decade, mainly boosted by soaring wind power installation capacities from the
world’s largest wind energy producing countries. With the growing demand for alternative and eco-
friendly energy around the world, wind power has emerged to become one of the most cost-
effective renewable energy sources with low carbon emissions. Therefore, many of the world’s
major countries have been rapidly investing and increasing the capacity of their wind power
installations in recent years. While the wind power installations continue to grow globally, the
world’s top 10 largest wind energy producing countries, namely China, USA, Germany, India,
Spain, UK, France, Brazil, Canada and Italy are expected to maintain their dominance in the global
wind power industry in the near future, due to their high newly installed capacities year on year.

Global Wind Power Energy Industry Analysis:   Wind power, alongside with solar thermal, PV
systems, and hydroelectricity, are currently the most common renewable energy sources in the
world. How is wind energy produced? Wind power is generated by kinetic energy from wind that is
converted into mechanical power or electricity via wind turbines, therefore its clean, sustainable,
low in cost and does not produce any carbon dioxide emissions. According to a recent market report
from Report Linker, the global wind energy market size increased from approximately US$24
Billion in 2006 to over US$100 Billion in 2016, growing at a CAGR of 15.6%. During 2017-2025,
the wind power market size is expected to grow to over US$110 Billion.  

When it comes to wind power capacity, the World Wind Energy Association reports that the global
wind power capacity by the end of 2017 reached 539,291 Megawatts (MW). The new installations
of wind power capacity reached 52,552 megawatts globally in 2017. All wind turbines installed by
end of 2017 can cover more than 5% of the global electricity demand. For many countries, wind
power has become a pillar in their strategies to phase out fossil and nuclear energy. In 2017,
Denmark set a new world record with 43% of its power coming from wind. An increasing number
of countries have reached a double-digit wind power share, including Germany, Ireland, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden or Uruguay.  
 So where are wind turbines located and which country produces the most wind energy? China is
currently leading the chart of the highest wind energy producing country in the world, representing
over 35% of the world’s total wind power capacity. In 2017, China installed an additional 19
Gigawatts (gw) of wind power capacity and maintained its undisputed position as the world’s
largest wind power market, with a total cumulated wind capacity of 188 Gigawatt by the end of
2017. Meanwhile, some of the major Chinese wind turbine makers, such as Goldwind, United
Power, and Envision Energy are nowadays also among the top 10 wind turbine manufacturers in the
world.  

Other largest wind power producing countries include the USA (6.8 Gigawatt added in 2017,
reaching 89 Gigawatt in total), Germany (6.1 Gigawatt added in 2017, overall 56 Gigawatt), India
(4.6 Gigawatt added, 32.9 Gigawatt total capacity) United Kingdom (3.3 Gigawatt new, 17.9
Gigawatt total), Brazil (2 Gigawatt new, 12.8 Gigawatt total) and France (1.7 Gigawatt new, 13.8
Gigawatt total) etc. Here is a comprehensive look at the top 10 largest wind energy producing
countries in the world by newly installed capacity and cumulative capacity so far.  Wind Turbine
Manufacturers in the UK Leading the industry in 2018.

Top 10 Largest Wind Energy Producing Countries by Newly Installed Capacity in 2018
S No Rank Country Newly Installed Share in the
in 2018 (MW) world (%)
1 1 C China 1 9,660 37
2 2 UUSA 7,017 13
3 3 GGermany 6,581 12
4 4 UUK 4,270 8
5 5 I India 4,148 8
6 6 B Brazil 2,022 4
7 7 F France 1,694 3
8 8 T Turky 766 1
9 9 S Souuth Africa 618 0.9
10 10 F Finland 535 0.9

 
Source: Global Wind Energy Council  
Top 10 Largest Wind Energy Producing Countries by Cumulative Installed Capacity by End-2017
 
China has emerged as the largest wind power producer and the driving force behind the global
wind power capacity growth since the mid-2000s. In 2014, China added a record-breaking 23.35
gigawatts of new wind power capacity, raising its cumulative capacity to almost 115 gigawatts. In
recent years, China has increased its investments in the renewable energy sector with a focus on
wind power. By the end of 2017, China has installed a total 188,392 mw wind power capacity,
making it the world’s largest wind energy producing country once again. In order to further meet its
domestic wind power demand, China aims to install another 10 GW of offshore wind power
capacity by 2020.

  The USA is the world’s second-largest wind power producer by capacity, with a total installed
capacity nearly 89.1GW at the end of 2017. As the end of 2017, the country had over 52,000
commercial wind turbines operating in 41 states plus Guam and Puerto Rico, and it already
announced plans to build 11 new wind farms across seven states in the US, with a total capacity of
3.38GW in 2018.

With an installed capacity of 56.1GW in 2017, Germany is the third largest wind energy producer
in the world. In September 2017, German energy regulator Bundesnetzagentur (BNA) launched a
tender for 1GW of onshore wind capacity. The country plans to increase its installed wind capacity
through tenders for 2.8GW per year from 2017 to 2019.  
The Promising Efforts of Renewable Energy Investments in India Future of the Top 10 Largest
Wind Energy Producing Countries in the World  

As the global demand for renewable energy continues to grow, the capacity of wind power
installations is expected to steadily rise around the world over the next few years. The goal is
simple as the percentage of wind energy used in the world increases; by 2030 wind power could
supply up to 19 percent of the world’s electricity,  and that number could grow to 25-20 percent by
2050. The world’s largest top wind energy producing countries will likely further increase their
investment in wind turbine installations, as well as more intense Research & Development activities
towards wind energy technologies, efficiency and wind turbine management software etc. It is
forecast that the global additions of new wind power capacity will be 689 GW over the next 10
years, which will bring the cumulative installations to 1,160 GW by the end of 2027, and these top
10 wind energy producing countries will remain as the main driving force for the future growth. 

Short Questions:

Problems 1: A wind turbine is working at atmospheric pressure and temperature of 15 oC has a

speed of 10 m/s. It has a diameter of 10 m is operating at 5 rpm with maximum efficiency 40%.
Calculate 1. The total power density in wind stream, 2. Maximum power density, 3. Total actual
power density 4. The power output of the turbine 5. The axial thrust of on the turbine
.
Solution: 1. Total power density = 0.5xρxV3 where ρ is density of air = 1.226 and V is speed of
turbine = 10 m/s 0.5x1.226x103 = 613 W/m2.

2. Maximum Power density = Pmax /A = 8/27 X ρ X V3 = 8/27 X 1.226 X 103 = 363 W/m3
3. Actual Power density = Efficiency X Total power Density = 0.4 X 613 = 245.2 W/m2
4. Power output , P = Actual Power density X Area = 0.245 x π x D2 /4 = 0.245x π 10x10/4 =
19.33 kw

5. Axial Thrust = Fx(max) = π x ρ x D2 xV2/9 = 1. 226 x100 x 100 x π / 9 = 4278 N.

Problems 2: A horizontal axis rotor turbine is having a speed of 15 m/s. The rotor has a
diameter 80 m which 3 blades to the hub. Find the rotational speed of turbine.

Solution: Rotor diameter = 80 m, R = 40 m

Speed V = 15 m/s , Number of blades n = 3. Tip Speed Ratio = λ = 4 x π/n = 4x π/3 =
4.188
Tip Speed Ratio for optimum output = λ = Rω/V = 4.188 = 40 x ω/15
ω = 15 x 4.188/40 = 1.57
If N is rotor speed in rpm, ω = 2 π xN/60 = 1.57
N = 1.57x60/2 π = 15
For optimum energy extraction, the rotor should be maintained 15 rpm.

Problems 3: The wind speed of turbine is 10 m/s at atmospheric pressure. Calculate total power
density in wind stream and total power produced by a turbine of 100 m diameter with an
efficiency of 40% by taking air density of 1.226

Solution: i) Total power density = Total power /A = 0.5xρxV3 where ρ is density of air =
1.226 and V is speed of turbine = 10 m/s , i) Total power density = 0.5x1.226x103 =
613 W/m2.

ii) Total power produced = Efficiency x power x Area

= 40/100 x 613 x π/4 (100)2 x 1/1000 = 1924.8 kw

Problems 4: Calculate solidity of wind turbine, when number blades of wind tusbine are 24, and
blade width is 0.35 m wide of each and Rotor radius is 3 m.

Solution : The solidity of wind turbine is defined as ratio of blade width to circumference.
σ = Nxb/πxR
where N = no. of blades
b = blade width = 0.35
R = Rotor radius 3 m
σ = Nxb/πxR = 24x0.35/(3.14x3) = 0.446
The solidity represents the fraction of swept area of rotor.
Problems 5:

1-The amount of energy available in the wind at any instant is proportional to ___ of the wind
speed. D
(A) Square root power of two
(B) Square root power of three
(C) Square power
(D) Cube power
2-Wind energy is harnessed as ______ energy with the help of windmill or turbine. A
(A) Mechanical
(B) Solar
(C) Electrical
(D) Heat
 
3-Winds having following speed are suitable to operate wind turbines. A
(A) 5 – 25m/s
(B) 10 – 35m/s
(C) 20 – 45m/s
(D) 30 – 55m/s
 
4-The following is (are) the classification of winds C
(A) Global wind
(B) Local wind
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) None of the above
 
5-Global Cold wind move from A
(A) Polar to equatorial region
(B) Equatorial to polar region
(C) Equatorial to oceanic region
(D) Oceanic to Equatorial region
 
6-Global Cold wind generated from Oceans moves to C
(A) Mountains
(B) Equator
(C) Plain areas
(D) Poles
 
7-_____ force is responsible for forcing the global winds towards westernly direction. A
(A) Coriolis
(B) Gravitational
(C) Centripetal
(D) Centrifugal
 
8-Global winds towards westernly direction are known as A
(A) Trade winds
(B) Western winds
(C) Eastern winds
(D) None of the above
 
9-Uneven heating occurs on land surface and water bodies are due to _____ B
(A) Air Currents
(B) Solar radiation
(C) Lunar eclipse
(D) None of the above
 
10-The following factor(s) affects the distribution of wind energy D
(A) Mountain chains
(B) The hills, trees and buildings
(C) Frictional effect of the surface
(D) All of the above
 
11-The wind intensity can be described by C
(A)  Reynolds number
(B) Mach number
(C) Beaufort number
(D) Froude number

12-The wind speed is measured using an instrument called C

(A) Pyranometer
(B) Manometer
(C) Anemometer
(D) Wind vane
 
13-The rate of change of wind speed with height is called A
(A) Wind shear
(B) Wind rose
(C) Wind solidity
(D) None of the above
 
14-At gradient height the shear force is A
(A) Zero
(B) Minimum
(C) Maximum
(D) None of the above
 
15-The gradient height is about _____ m from the ground. D
(A) 500
(B) 1000
(C) 1500
(D) 2000
 
16-The atmosphere with uniform wind speed is called the ____ atmosphere C
(A) Plain
(B) Surface
(C) Free
(D) Shear
 
17-Surface layer is the air layer considered from the height of local obstruction to a height of
about B
(A) 50m
(B) 100m
(C) 150m
(D) 200m
 
18-Air layer from 100m that extends up to the gradient height is known as B
(A) Surface layer
(B) Ekman layer
(C) Boundary layer
(D) None of the above
 
19-Low solidity rotors use which of the following force for rotation B
(A) Drag
(B) Lift
(C) Centrifugal
(D) Centripetal
 
20-The following is the tangential velocity of the blade due to the rotation of blade. C
(A) Wind velocity
(B) Incident wind velocity
(C) Blade linear velocity
(D) Relative velocity
 
21-Turbines blades have ____ type cross section to extract energy from wind. A
(A) Aerofoil
(B) Elliptical
(C) Rectangular
(D) All of the above
 
22-The Nacelle of windmill houses D
(A) Gearbox
(B) Brakes
(C) Generator
(D) All of the above
 
ANSWERS:
12-(C), 13-(A), 14-(A), 15-(D), 16-(C), 17-(B), 18-(B), 19-(B), 20-(C), 21-(A), 22-(D)

12. What is Beaufort number?

The Beaufort scale is a scale for measuring wind speeds. It is based on observation rather than
accurate measurement. It is the most widely used system to measure wind speed today. The
scale was developed in 1805 by Francis Beaufort, an officer of the Royal Navy and first
officially used by HMS Beagle.

13. How do you calculate wind speed in mph?

Calculate a miles per hour wind speed in feet per hour, then divide by the number of feet in a
knot. For the example wind speed of 100 mph, do as follows: 100 mphx 5,280 feet = 528,000
feet per hour; 528,000 feet per hour/6,080 feet = 86.8 knots.

Beaufort Wind Scale

less
than 1
0 --- Calm Smoke rises vertically
mph (0
m/s)
1 --- Light 1-3 Smoke drifts with air, weather vanes inactive
 mph 
air 0.5-1.5
m/s
4-7
2 --- Light mph 
Weather vanes active, wind felt on face, leaves rustle
breeze 2-3
m/s
8 - 12
3 --- Gentle mph 
Leaves & small twigs move, light flags extend
breeze 3.5-5
m/s
13 - 18
4 ---
mph 
Moderate Small branches sway, dust & loose paper blows about
5.5-8
breeze
m/s
19 - 24
mph 
5 --- Fresh
8.5- Small trees sway, waves break on inland waters
breeze
10.5
m/s
25 - 31
mph 
6 --- Strong
11- Large branches sway, umbrellas difficult to use
breeze
13.5
m/s
32 - 38
7 --- mph 
Moderate 14- Whole trees sway, difficult to walk against wind
gale 16.5
m/s
39 - 46
8 --- Fresh mph 
Twigs broken off trees, walking against wind very difficult
gale 17-20
m/s
47 - 54
mph 
9 --- Strong
20.5- Slight damage to buildings, shingles blown off roof
gale
23.5
m/s
10 -- Whole 55 - 63 Trees uprooted, considerable damage to buildings
gale mph  Gale: Gale is (meteorology) a very strong wind, more than
24- a breeze, less than a storm; number 7 through 9 winds on
27.5 the 12-step beaufort scale
 m/s

64 - 73
Storm: Storm is any disturbed state of the atmosphere,
mph 
especially as affecting the earth's surface, and strongly
11 -- Storm 28-
implying destructive or unpleasant weather.
31.5
Tempest: Tempest is a storm, especially one with severe
m/s
winds.
Violent destruction
over 73
Hurricane: A storm with a violent wind, in particular a tropical
12 -- mph 
cyclone in the Caribbean.
Hurricane over
"a powerful hurricane hit the Florida coast"
32 m/s

Typhoon:The definition of a typhoon is a tropical cyclone

with winds faster than 74 miles per hour that occurs in the
Typhoon North Atlantic Ocean, the Northeast Pacific Ocean east of
the dateline, the South Pacific east of 160E and the
Northwest Pacific Ocean west of the date line.
A mobile, destructive vortex of violently rotating winds
Turnado having the appearance of a funnel-shaped cloud and
advancing beneath a large storm system.
A system of winds rotating inwards to an area of low
barometric pressure, with an anticlockwise (northern
Cyclone
hemisphere) or clockwise (southern hemisphere)
circulation; a depression.
Strong winds of intermediate duration (around one minute)
are termed squalls.
Squall Long-duration winds have various names associated with
their average strength, such as breeze, gale, storm, and
hurricane
Breeze Breeze is (meteorology) a gentle to moderate wind.

MCQ
Multiple Choice Questions & Answers (MCQs) focuses on “Generation of Wind Energy”.

1. What does Heating and cooling of the atmosphere generates?

a) Thermo line circulation
b) Radiation currents
c) Convection currents
d) Conduction currents
Answer: c
Explanation: Wind energy can be economically used for the generation of electrical energy.
Heating and cooling of the atmosphere generates convection currents. Heating is caused by the
absorption of solar energy on the earth surface.

2. How much is the energy available in the winds over the earth surface is estimated to be?
a) 2.9 X 120 MW
b) 1.6 X 107 MW
c) 1 MW
d) 5MW
Answer: b
Explanation: The energy available in the winds over the earth surface is estimated to be 1.6 X
107 MW which is almost the same as the present day energy consumption. Wind energy can be
utilized to run wind mill which in turn, is used to drive the generators.

3. How much wind power does India hold?

a) 20,000 MW
b) 12,000 MW
c) 140,000 MW
d) 5000 MW
Answer: a
Explanation: India has a potential of 20,000 MW of wind power. Wind power accounts nearly
9.87% of India’s total installed power generation capacity. Generation of wind power in India
mainly account from southern state of India.

4. What is the main source for the formation of wind?

a) Uneven land
b) Sun
c) Vegetation
d) Seasons
Answer: b
Explanation: Wind is free and renewable form of energy, which throughout history has been
used to grind grain, power ships, and pump water. Wind is created when the sun unevenly heat
the earth surface.

5. Which country created wind mills?

a) Egypt
b) Mongolia
c) Iran
d) Japan
Answer: c
Explanation: The earliest known wind mills were in Persia (Iran). These early wind mills looked
like large paddle wheels. Centuries later, the people of Holland improved the basic design of
wind mill. Holland is famous for its wind mills.

6. “During the day, the air above the land heats up more quickly than the air over water”.
a) True
b) False
Answer: a
Explanation: During the day, the air above the land heats up more quickly than the air over
water. The warm air over the land expands and raises, and the heavier, cooler air rushes in to
take its place, creating winds.

7. What happens when the land near the earth’s equator is heated?
a) All the oceans gets heated up
b) Small wind currents are formed
c) Rise in tides
d) Large atmospheric winds are created
Answer: d
Explanation: The large atmospheric winds that circle the earth are created because the land near
the earth’s equator is heated more by the sun than the land near the north and south poles. Wind
energy is mainly used to generate electricity.

8. What type of energy is wind energy?

a) Renewable energy
b) Non-renewable energy
c) Conventional energy
d) Commercial energy
Answer: a
Explanation: Wind is called a renewable energy source because the wind will blow as long as the
shines. Wind power, as an alternative to burning fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely
distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, consumes no water,
and uses little land.

9. What are used to turn wind energy into electrical energy?

a) Turbine
b) Generators
c) Yaw motor
d) Blades
Answer: a
Explanation: Wind turbine blades capture wind energy, a form of mechanical energy, and put it
to work turning a drive shaft, gearbox, and generator to produce electrical energy. Many factors
affects wind turbine efficiency including turbine blade aerodynamics.

10. What is the diameter of wind turbine blades?

a) 320 feet
b) 220 feet
c) 80 feet
d) 500 feet
Answer: b
Explanation: Large utility-scale wind turbines can now generate more than a MW of electrical
power each and deliver electricity directly in to the electric grid, these turbines are placed at 200
feet height at the rotor hub and have blades which are 220 feet or more in diameter .
advertisement
11. At what range of speed is the electricity from the wind turbine is generated?
a) 100 – 125 mph
b) 450 – 650 mph
c) 250 – 450 mph
d) 30-35 mph
Answer: d
Explanation: Wind turbines are designed with cut-in wind speeds and cut-out speeds i.e. the wind
speeds when the turbines start turning or shut off to prevent drive train damage. Typically,
maximum electric generations occurs at speeds of 30-35mph.

12. When did the development of wind power in India began?

a) 1965
b) 1954
c) 1990
d) 1985

Answer: c
Explanation: The development of wind power in India began in 1990s. Presently India is the
world’s fourth largest wind power generator. The Indian energy sector has an installed
capacity of 32.72 GW. Today India is a major player in the global wind energy market
Short Questions
1. What is wind energy?
2. How is the energy in the wind captured?
3. How big are wind turbines?
4. What are wind turbines made of?
5. Are there good wind resources in the United States?
6. How many homes can be powered by a megawatt of wind-generated electricity?

LongQuestions
1. What are the factors responsible for distribution of wind energy on the surface of the earth.
2. Write the applications of wind energy
3. Write the basic components of the horizontal wind mill.
4. Define cut-in speed.
5. Define lift, hub and drag.
6. Write the expression for energy available in the wind.
7. Describe with a neat sketch the working of a wind energy system with maincomponents.
8. What are the factors to be considered for the site selection of a wind mill.
9. Explain about the horizontal and vertical axis wind mills with neat sketch.
10. Prove that the maximum power coefficient for a wind mill is 0.593.
11. Classify wind energy conversion systems.
12. What are the advantages of wind-generated electricity?
13. What are the economic obstacles to greater wind power usage?
14. Are there environmental problems facing wind power?
15. Are wind turbines hazardous to birds and bats?
16. Are wind turbines noisy?
17. Do wind turbines pose a safety hazard?
18. Are there other drawbacks to the use of wind energy?
19. Is wind energy good for the economy?
20. Is the cost of wind power competitive with conventional power plants?