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of Grade 10 Students
A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School Department
JERWIN DAMLAYON
JONALYN INDA
NASHRIA LUMINA
DEXTER BRYL MANALASAL
NORODIN TADO
CLAUDIN TOBORO
2020
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
The Philippines before the implementation of K to 12 was the only Asian country to have a 10-year
education program, and one of the three countries which still has it implemented along with Djibouti and
Angola in Africa (Geronimo, 2013). 10 years of education has always been a debate when it comes to
competitiveness with other countries which have 12 or more years of education and unable to master basic
competencies that they need. The mastery of basic competencies and the age of the youth who have undergone
the 10-year basic education were also things the Department of Education needs to contend to.
To battle the problem of unemployment and par up with the developing countries, The Department of
Education implements the K to 12 Basic Education Program because 10 years of education is insufficient and
is considered congested (SEAMEO, 2012). This initiative by the Department of Education aims to improve the
quality of education and offers an education system that provides ample time for students to master the needed
skills and the basic competencies that they will need. This program also prepares students in the future by
being eligible to work internationally because they completed the 12 year education which is the global
One thing that everyone has noted of is adding two years in the K to 12 Curriculum. Senior High School
will cover the two years in K to 12 whilst Junior high school (JHS) will replace the 1st year up to 4th year in
the secondary education (Banal-Formoso, 2016). Upon completion, they will receive a high school diploma.
When a student cannot graduate Grade 12, he/she will miss out the benefits of SHS such as having a job after
they graduate SHS, etc. The adding of two years has been particularly criticized by parents for being “heavy on
the pocket” and for students as “two more years of misery”. Senior High School ensures its graduates that they
Subjects in the K to 12 Program were taught by spiral progression. In a lesson, basic knowledge is
first taught and when eventually mastered, links to each lesson which “spirals upwards” to advanced lessons
which build up the study (Johnston, 2012). Through this, students can pick up knowledge more efficiently
because they will not be overwhelmed when an advanced topic is taught because they already have a good
grasp of the knowledge that is needed for the topic hence improving their skills.
Even before they arrive at SHS, Grade 10 students are into a dilemma in which strand to choose. This
study will be conducted in order to find out the preferences of Grade 10 students towards choosing a strand.
Furthermore, the researchers will pursue the study because they noticed the increased number of Grade 11
This study aims to identify the salient features affecting the strand preferences of Grade 10 students of
Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology – Secondary Laboratory School – Junior High
a) Sex;
c) Parent’s occupation?
3. What are the salient features affecting the strand preferences of the respondents in terms of:
a) Parental Influence;
b) Environment;
c) Interests and
d) Aptitude?
4. Is there a significant relationship between the respondent’s profile to their Strand preference?
TEACHERS.This will also be beneficial to them who play a big role in shaping students into
successful people, as this study helps them focus more in their mastery to deliver a better learning experience
CFCST ADMINISTRATION.The results of the study will serve them as a guide in improving
Senior High School strands for students to had choice in their preferred strand.
PARENTS.This study will a great help for them to guide their sons and daughters choosethe right
strand.
FUTURE RESEARCHERS.They can use this study as reference in helping them in their own
research study.
Grade 10 Students – refers to the individuals who are currently enrolled in the last grade of Junior High
Senior High School – refers to the two additional grade of high school
Strand Preferences – refers to the choice of program/specialization currently offered in CFCST Senior High
School Department, it includes General Acedemic Strand (GAS), Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS),
Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM), Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
(STEM), Argirculture, Fisheries and Arts (AFA), Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Home
Salient Features – refers to the most notable elements which affects the strand choice of respondents in terms
Environment- the feeling of Grade 10 student in his/her surroundings which makes him/her think of the things
Interest- these personality feature to be considered includes their mental abilities, special abilities and interest
Aptitude- these are the factors which defines the choice of Grade student based on their own abilities, skills,
This study will be an investigation on the salient features affecting the choices of the students under K-12
on which strand they would take for Senior High School. The study will only limit to the Grade 10 students of
the Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology – Secondary Laboratory School – Junior High
School. This study will mainly focus on the salient features such as the profile of the students, Parental
Influence, Peer Influence, Environment, Personality, Interests, and Aptitude. There may be more factors
This chapter indicates the ideas relevant to the present subject relating to the other studies and is
briefly discussed to provide the foundation of the proposed study. In order to develop a new method and
procedures, careful review of literature and studies must be done for the development of the study.
K-12 Program
Senior High School is two years of specialized upper secondary education; students may choose a
specialization based on aptitude, interests, and school capacity. The choice of career track will define the
content of the subjects a student will take in Grades 11 and 12. SHS subjects fall under either the Core
Curriculum or specific Tracks (Official Gazette, 2012). Senior High School (SHS) covers the last two years of
the K to 12 program and includes Grades 11 and 12. In SHS, students will go through a core curriculum and
The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and 12 years of basic education (six years of primary
education, four years of Junior High School, and two years of Senior High School [SHS]) to provide sufficient
time for mastery of concepts and skills, developed life learners, and prepare graduates for tertiary education,
middle-level skills development, employment, and entrepreneur ship. Each student in Senior High School can
choose among three tracks: Academic; Technical-Vocational-Livelihood; and Sports and Arts. The Academic
track includes three strands: Accountancy, Business Management (ABM); Humanities and Social Sciences
(HUMSS); and Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM). Students undergo immersion, which
may include earn-while-you-learn opportunities, to provide them relevant exposure and actual experience in
The benefits of the K to 12 program far outweigh the additional costs that will be incurred by both
In the study of Manalo, K. (2011) entitled “Perception of parents of the parents of the students
affected by the additional two years in basic education conclude that the most important contribution of the
program to the students is to improve their abilities and revolutionized the Philippines in terms of educational
attainment.
The K-12 program offers a decongested 12-year program that gives students sufficient time to master
skills and absorb basic competencies. The K-12 program accelerates mutual recognition of Filipino graduates
According to Daquioag, J. (2012), the enhanced K to 12 Basic Education System will contribute to the
development of emotionally and intellectually mature individuals capable of pursuing productive employment
In the near future, the smooth transition from the existing 10 - year education cycle to the K to 12
basic education cycle will produce holistically developed Filipino learners with 21 st century skills, which they
According to Super’s (1990) Developmental Theory of Career Development, high school students are
at the exploration stage of career development, which involves crystallizing and specifying their occupational
preferences, while also making preliminary decisions about their career choice. The review of the literature
showed the areas of a student’s life affect the plans, decisions, and career choice they make: Gender, Parental
Influence, and Peer Influence. The study attempted to identify and differentiate to what extent these factors
PARENTAL INFLUENCE
Parental influence has been implicated in the career choice of children (Roe 1987, Adigwe 1981,
Okeke 1996, Gesinde 1986). Okeke for example also studied the relationship between parental occupations
and their children’s occupational preferences. Okeke found that 60% of the children were willing to take after
their father’s occupations (medicine) while 23% were willing to follow their mother’s occupations (nursing).
Gesinde on the other hand posits that parents influence is much more intricate and more pervasive than is
shown. Students of secondary and tertiary institutions are often not aware of these influences and may accept
the choice of their parents as theirs. The situation owes its origin to early childhood when the child grabs his
parent’s attitude towards different vocations. A conflict therefore occurs when the child submits to his parent’s
choice while at the same time deeply resenting his submissions as he becomes aware of his loss of
(Taylor, Harris, 2011) Families, parents and guardians in particular, play a significant role in the
occupational aspirations and career goal development of their children. Without parental approval or support,
students and young adults are often reluctant to pursue—or even explore—diverse career possibilities.
Although parents acknowledge their role and attempt to support the career development of their children,
parental messages contain an underlying message of “don’t make the same mistakes that I did.” These
interactions may influence adolescents and young adults to select specific collegiate majors or pursue
particular occupations. Numerous studies (Knowles, 1998; Marjoribanks, 1997; Mau and Bikos, 2000; Smith,
1991; Wilson and Wilson, 1992) have found that college students and young adults cite parents as an important
influence on their choice of career. Yet parents may be unaware of the influence they have on the career
development and vocational choice of their children. University career services of the University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNCChapel Hill) decided to survey parents of incoming freshmen in order to learn
more about parents’ beliefs regarding their college-age children’s career choice and the influences on that
choice.
Studies find that the family appears to play a critical role in a child’s career development (Guerra and
Braungart-Rieker, 1999; Lankard, 1995; Mickelson and Valasco, 1998; Otto, 2000; Mau, Hitchcock and
Calvert, 1998). Researchers have attempted to understand the variables that influence students’ occupational
goals (e.g. family, level of parental education, school, peers, personality, and socioeconomic status).
There have been varying opinions and findings, however, as to which specific family characteristics
influence career aspirations. For instance, conflicting data exist regarding the influence of socioeconomic
variables. Some research (Crockett and Binghham, 2012; Mau and Bikos, 2000; Teachman and Paasch, 1998)
suggests that both parent education and income influence career aspirations, whereas other research (Hossler
and Stage, 1992; Sarigiani, Wilson, Peterson, and Vicary, 1990; Wilson and Wilson, 1992) indicates only
parent education is an influence. Other family variables that have been shown to influence career aspirations
include the parents’ occupation (Trice, 1991) and family size (Downey, 1995; Marjoribanks, 1986;
Schulenberg, Vondracek, and Croutter, 1984; Singh, et al., 1995). The father’s occupational status is highly
correlated with his son’s occupation (Blau, 1992; Blau and Duncan, 1967; Conroy, 1997). Family size also
appears to influence adolescent career aspirations because parents with large families tend to have less money
to aid the older children in attending college, while younger children may receive more financial assistance
since the financial strain is less once the older children leave home (Schulenberg, et al., 1984).
Yet, in other studies (Boatwright, Ching, and Parr, 1992; Mau and Bikos, 2012), each of these family
variables has also been found to be insignificant in influencing aspirations. Nevertheless, families appear to
influence, at least to some extent, career aspirations of adolescents and young adults. If these family factors are
influential in career decision making, then it becomes difficult to explain how an impoverished student from a
broken home can go on to become a wealthy, financially successful worker. As the paradigm of research shifts,
it becomes clear that family interactions are just as important as physical descriptors.
Over the years, research has moved from examining family demographics and their relationships to
career development to examining the dynamics of family interactions. One consistent finding in research
suggests that adolescents’ own aspirations are influenced by their parents’ aspirations or expectations for them.
When adolescents perceive their parents to have high educational expectations for them, adolescents are likely
to have higher aspirations for themselves. A 1998 Sylvan Learning Center report indicates that parents’ and
childrens’ views about career aspirations are more compatible than incompatible. Parents are influential figures
with whom, whether intentionally or unintentionally, children become aware of and get exposed to occupations
Other studies have separately examined the influences of each parent on the career choices of their
sons or daughters and have found that mothers tend to have more influence on the career decisions/aspirations
of their children than fathers. For instance, Mickelson and Velasco (1998) cited their interviews conducted
with 70 young adults in 1986. They found that mothers were the most influential and that daughters’
occupational aspirations were often similar to their mothers’ chosen professions (Mickelson and Velasco,
1998). In similar studies, students were asked items such as, “What do you want to do with your life?” and to
indicate if they agree or disagree with statements such as “My mother (father) encouraged me to make my own
decisions.” The students’ responses were similar to those of their parents. These studies also found that
students wanted to discuss career planning primarily with their mothers. Overall, research supports the
influence of parental expectations and aspirations on the career decisions and aspirations of their children.
These expectations lay a foundation for parents’ behaviors and interactions with their children, which then
ENVIRONMENT
Throughout a career, an individual seeks to accommodate the surroundings with one’s goals, while at
the same period of time being assimilated into the environment, (Kroll, et al., 1970). Career development is
stabilizing or recognizing and meeting requirements of the individual while at the same time answering to the
outer forces and realities of life. Career decision factors involve to sets of input, the self and the world of work.
The individual in a career has permanently stabilized one’s aspirations and how they have fitted into the reality
of the workforce. “Man’s occupation determines the kind of persons he becomes since, through his working
hours, his cognitions about himself, his wants and goals, and his interpersonal response traits are molded”,
(Kroll et al., 1970, p. 19). The author went on to say that much of the informal and formal knowledge
provided through the society and the environment has focused on acquisition, retention, and utilization of
information pertaining to the world. The researcher observed that both of the self and world emerge as
important factors in the constructs, that it would have attained, that it would have become the important
features in the acquisition, retention, and translation of information about one’s self, (Kroll et al., 1970).
Environmental play a significant role in the career position. The students attains in many ways, the
environment that is spoken about here is a factor that is to nurture decisions in career choice. Availing a better
environment for a student who wants to cross gender lines while choosing a career, skills present in males and
females alike have been indicative of their vocational interests. Grace Lalerger, in her Ph. D dissertation set out
to ascertain the skill levels of girls as they applied to interest that the girls had. The conclusion showed that
there was a disappointingly low correlation of skills to interest, (Lalerger, 1942). These kinds of studies have
shown how difficult it is to break the code of motivation that students may possess. The fact that Lalerger’s
study was done on 1942 shows that gender bias and the study of it is nothing new, and may continue to be an
always present part of the career choice process. One means of prompting students to participate in the career
choice planning is a mandated to require Southern California’s San Fernando Valley, District C’s students to
submit a description of their plans for some post secondary education or training to school officials; or atleast
Under this first year trail policy, the graduates need to spell out those goals, which could include
college, trade school, the military or other options, even if they have not met the requirement to graduate,
(Cavanagh, 2015). The intent of the career explanation was to have students with low expectations talk with
counselors about option for advancing their careers in the future. However, it has been shown that counselors
cannot “Do it All”. In a chapter titled “Career counseling realities”, discusses what counselors can and cannot
do. Counselors can draw career preferences to the forefront, in reflecting of student’s preferences clarifying
career preferences, summarizing and encouraging student’s career preferences. Counselors should not be
engaged with the evaluation for example, telling the students what they are or are not capable of doing
counselors should not moralize or tell the students what they should do, what their motives should be, or
persuade the student to adopt a different point of view. Career counselors are ineffective if they try to dictate,
judge or decide the student’s values and finally, counselors should not make predictions that go beyond tha
capability of their training, (Weiler, 1977). For students to provide themselves with answers to career choice
questions, decision- making has become a tool to form career choice, (Kroll et al., 1970). Cited Super’s (1990)
own research, which indicates that the decision making process concerning one’s career is not so much a
function of the information amend to the individuals, but more the process of maturity and planning. Kroll
cites Clarke, Gelatt and Levine in which they stressed that good decision- making relied upon adequate
information and effective strategies for making choice. Students can help themselves in to decide with from
reality, communication, and learning to operate autonomously are fundamental building blocks used in
effective career planning. In order to succeed in obtaining their goals, students must know what they want and
instead concentrate on meeting other people’s expectation. In doing this we end up spending most of our time
Kroll has provided models of the decision making process, John Dewey’s Model describes five
noticeable steps: perfective state, suggestion, intellectualization, hypothesis, and then reasoning, (Kroll et al.,
1970). Another from Poyla,( cited in Kroll et al., 1970) describes four basic areas in the decision making
process: First, Understanding the problem, second, seeing how various items of the problem are linked in order
to formulate a plan, third, carrying out the plan, and fourth is reviewing and discussing the completed solution.
Brim, Glass, Lavin, and Goodman work from different point of view utilizing a exact scientific method
exploring how people make decisions. Their decision making model includes problem identification,
information acquisition, solution production, solution evaluation, strategy selection, and actual performance
with subsequent learning and revision cited in, (Kroll et al., 1970). Tiedman and D’Haro (2011) have their
process in phases: Personal, Value, and Desires have seldom been realized without the active and conscious
efforts of the part of the students. The students must be motivated to the outcome. If the student wants to work
in the career choice, the student must know and understand the realities of that process. Only when the student
has developed awareness, can they begin to avoid deciding with the myths within the process as a whole. It is
at the point that the student develops a practical plan of action to get what they want from the decisions of their
career choice. Most students be rather on the reality of what is so stated, ( Weiler, 1977).
INTERESTS
It is important for students to have a good understanding of themselves, their personality, if they are to
make intelligent career plans. What they would like to be, and what they are like, is determining factors in their
career. The personality factors to be considered include their mental abilities, special abilities and interest,
(Slaver, 1977, p.13). Considered factors of mental abilities to be verbal comprehension, word fluency ability,
spatial ability, numerical ability, reasoning ability, and memory. Splaver matched careers with abilities in
backing up her reasoning. Students become familiar with their personality in order to guide their career choice.
A developed career plan included evaluation of personality through self assessment, and communication with
others another trait that depended heavily on personality, according to Harris and Jones (1997).
There have been numerous career clusters, as well as career clashers that coincide with abilities. The
students should become knowledgeable in these areas while searching for career interests. Personality has been
a tough quality for parents and teachers to mold into the individual especially if the career in question is not in
agreement with student. In addition contacts are a major job seeking method. The student’s personality must
match the criteria for their chosen career. Personality is defined as the collection or impressions in the
appearance of the student’s body and the impressions believed to have been made on others good.
APTITUDE
When choosing a career, you should also take your own abilities into consideration. For example, if
you do not perform well in an academic setting, it would be best to avoid hierarchical occupations where
continuing education is essential to success. Seek a career that will maximize your strengths and minimize
your weaknesses.
Everyone has unique talents that can be used in a career of some type. For many, these talents have
been present since childhood; for others they are learned over time. Skills can be broken down by types and
matched up with specific career paths. In order to determine what career you should choose, begin by looking
at skills that can be used on the job or look at career paths that compliment your current skills and talents.
Considering your skills and abilities and how they may fit a particular occupation comes out of one of
the earliest career development fields, Trait-Factor theories, and is still used today. These theories recommend
creating occupational profiles for specific jobs as well as identifying individual differences, matching
individuals to occupations based on these differences. You can identify activities you enjoy and those in which
In John Holland’s Theory of Vocational Choice, he stated that people who choose to work in an
environment compatible to their personality type are more likely to be satisfied and be successful in the future.
He also identified that there are six personality types: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising,
and Conventional. Also, there are six basic types of work environments that come hand in hand with each
personality type. The theory is based from the phrase, "Birds of the same feather flock together.", which means
that people are more likely to choose a career path in an environment which is suitable to their personalities
and to work with people who are more similar to them. (Holland, 1985) It shows that the personality of each
Grade 9 students can affect their choice in their career. Everyone has unique talents that can be used in a career
of some type. For many, these talents have been present since childhood; for others they are learned over time.
Skills can be broken down by types and matched up with specific career paths. In order to determine what
career you should choose, begin by looking at skills that can be used on the job or look at career paths that
compliment your current skills and talents. Also, with the theory of Lent, Brown and Hackett which is The
Social Cognitive Career Theory. It states that there are influences in an individual’s career choice which
connects to self-efficacy, outcome expectations and personal goals and on how these variables interact with
other aspects of the person and his or her environment (e.g., gender, ethnicity, social supports, and barriers.).
Social Cognitive Career Theory states that there are influences in an individual’s career choice which
connects to self-efficacy, outcome expectations and personal goals. SCCT focuses on several cognitive-person
variables (e.g. self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and goals), and on how these variables interact with other
aspects of the person and his or her environment (e.g., gender, ethnicity, social supports, and barriers.)
Conceptual Framework
Socio-demographic profile
o Sex
Senior High School Strand
o Parent’s highest educational
attainment GAS
o Parent’s occupation HUMSS
ABM
Salient features towards strand STEM
preference
AFA
o Parental Influence
ICT
o Environment HE
o Interests IA
o Aptitude
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, discussions of the methods of the study are presented which include research design,
Research Design
The descriptive method will be used in this study. Descriptive research involves gathering of data and
The respondents of the study will be all Grade 10 graduating students of Cotabato Foundation College
This study will be conducted at Cotabato Foundation College of Science and Technology – Secondary
Research Instrumentation
The researchers will utilize a survey questionnaire employing Checklist and Likert Scale which will
be evaluated and validated by the adviser and the research panel before administering to the respondents. The
comments and suggestions of the members of the panel will be the basis of modifying and improving their
survey questionnaire.
The requirements in the designing good collections of data will be considered in the preparation of the
instrument.
The researchers will write a letter of consent to the Chairperson of CFCST SLS-JHS to allow them
conduct the study. After the approval, the researchers will administer the questionnaires on the respondents.
Once the respondents will finish answering the questionnaires provided, the researchers will collect it
The researchers will use frequency and the mean scores of the results of the questionnaires, answered by
the grade 10 students, to identify the factors being researched. They will also use t-Test in order to track
whether there is a significant relationship between the respondent’s profile and Senior High School strand
preference.
Research Sampling
Survey Questionnaire
Dear respondent,
Sex:
Directions: Place a check mark on the space before your preferred answer.
1. What Senior HS track and strand do you want to enroll next School year?
(Choose one only.)
1a. What specific Academic strand do you want to pursue? (Choose one only.)
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
Humanities and Social Sciences (HUMSS)
Accountancy and Business Management (ABM)
General Academic Strand (GAS)
1b. What is the specific Tech-Voc strand do you want to pursue? (Choose one only.)
Agriculture-Fisheries and Arts
Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
Industrial Arts
Home Economics
2. Is the track you’re going to take in Senior HS final? (if it’s no, please specify the problem on the
Yes
No,
PART III. This part will be about the salient features affecting strand preferences. Please check (/)
the column below based on the following legend.
Legend:
PARENTAL INFLUENCE 4 3 2 1
APTITUDE 4 3 2 1
INTERESTS 4 3 2 1
3. I enjoy my track.
4. I think my track is good for me.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 4 3 2 1