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DEFINITION OF LITERATURE

The word literature came from

the Latin word “litera” which means
letter.

According to Daguio, literature is

the beautiful expression of man’s
personal interpretation of some
aspect of human life.
DEFINITION OF LITERATURE

Literature is a broad term that

refers to almost any widely available
written work that centers on a
common theme.

All literature can be sorted into

one of two categories: nonfiction,
which describes writing based on
facts, and fiction, which is fabricated
to some degree.
DEFINITION OF LITERATURE

Literature is a term used to describe

written or spoken material. Broadly
speaking, "literature" is used to describe
anything from creative writing to more
technical or scientific works, but the
term is most commonly used to refer to
works of the creative imagination,
including works of poetry, drama,
fiction, and nonfiction.
 ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE

1. Emotional Value. This is an element

of literature that deals with the
emotions. According to, Paz Latorena,
emotions is the distinguishing mark of
any literature worth its name. It could
be pleasant and unpleasant emotions.
 ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE

2. Intellectual Value. This is something

in a literary composition which makes
the reader think to some purpose so
that his mental life is enriched and
enlarged as a result.

Example of this are Noli Me Tangere

and El Filibusterismo of Dr. Jose Rizal.
 ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE

3. Humanistic Value. This elements of

literature moved his readers to
become more human. An improved
person with a better outlook in life
and with a clear understanding of
his/her inner self.
 GENRES OF LITERATURE

1. Prose Fiction. It presents a story that is

invented and not literally “true”. It is
written to be read rather than acted or
performed, and the events depicted are
told to us by narrator, not enacted or
dramatized.
 KINDS OF PROSE FICTION

a. Myth. It orients people to the other

dimensions, attempts to explain the
origins and nature of the world.

b. Legend. It comes from the Latin word

“legenda” which means unverified story
handed down from earlier times. These
are fictitious narratives usually about
origins.
 KINDS OF PROSE FICTION

c. Parable. It is a simple story illustrating

a moral or religious lessons.

d. Fairy tale. It is a kind of folk tale or fable.

In this story we meet witches and queens,
giants and elves, princes, dragons, talking
animals and fairies. A boy may become a
bird or a frog. A villain may become owl,
etc.
 KINDS OF PROSE FICTION

e. Short Story (Maikling kwento). Type of prose

fiction marked by relative shortness and
density, organized into a plot and with some
kind of denouement at the end.

f. Novel (Kathambuhay). It is a fictional prose

narrative of considerable length, typically
having a plot that is unfolded by the actions,
speech and thought of numerous characters
placed in number of different situations. It may
consists of 300 to 1, 300 pages. It is divided
into chapters.
 DIFFERENCES OF A SHORT
STORY & NOVEL

1. Iba ang banghay ng maikling kwento

sa nobela sa punto ng pagsapit ng
saglit na kasiglahan na maaaring
maganap sa pagitan ng mga kabanata,
samantalang ang saglit na kasiglahan
sa kwento ay magaganap lang ng
isang beses.
 DIFFERENCES OF A SHORT
STORY & NOVEL

2. Karakterisasyon at Dimensyon ng mga

likhang tauhan/karakter, bunga nang
paputol-putol na pagdebelop sa mga
tauhan sa nobela, nagkakaroon ito ng
mas masalimuot na mga pagbabago
kumpara sa karakter ng kwento na may
tiyak na sinusundamh ebolusyon.
 DIFFERENCES OF A SHORT
STORY & NOVEL
3. May isang kakintalan lamang na
hinahapag ang kwento, di tulad ng
nobelang nagbubukas ng maraming
tago/hayag na kaisipan.
 GENRES OF LITERATURE
3. Drama. It comes from the Greek word
“dran” which means to do or to act. It is a
story acted out. Examples are tragedy and
comedy.

a. Tragedy. It refers to drama in which a

heroic protagonist meets unhappy or
calamitous end brought by some fatal flaw
or circumstances outside of his/her
control.
b. Comedy. It depicts humorous
incidents in which protagonists are
faced with moderate difficulties but
overcome them and the play ends
happily. It may involve laughter at the
character who is fool, a coward, a
crazy. Example of comedy are Satirical
and romantic Comedy.
 EXAMPLES OF COMEDY

Satirical. It ridicules human foolishness and

associated political, social and moral.

Romantic Comedy. Involves idealized

romantic love, as in romance.
 GENRES OF LITERATURE
3. Non-fiction Prose. It presents factual
information or expresses a view point.
Example are:

a. Autobiography. It comes from the Greek

words “auton” means self “bios” means life
and “graphein” means write. Life story
written by the person himself.

b. Biography. Life story written by another

person.
 EXAMPLES OF NON-PROSE
FICTION

c. Diary. Is a daily record of events in

person’s life.

d. Editorial. It is a statement or an article by

a news organization, newspaper or
magazine that expresses the opinion of
the editor.
 EXAMPLES OF NON-PROSE
FICTION
e. Essay. It is a brief work of nonfiction that
offers an opinion on a subject. Its
purposes are to analyze, inform and
entertain.

f. News. This is a report of everyday events

in society, government, science and
industry and accidents happening
nationally or not.
 GENRES OF LITERATURE

4. Poetry. It is a literature of a highly

expressive nature using special forms and
choice of words, mental and emotional
images.

Examples are: poems, songs, and psalms

 CLASSIFICATIONS OF
LITERATURE
1. Escape Literature. This classification of
literature is written for entertainment
purposes. Escape literature has for its
object only pleasure.

2. Interpretative Literature. This

classification of literature is written to
broaden and sharpen our awareness of
life. It has for its object, pleasure plus
comtemplating.
THE ELEMENTS OF SHORT
STORY AND NOVEL
1. Plot. It is a chronological arrangement
of the event in the story. The plot is
planned, logical series of events having
the beginning, middle and end.

There are five essential parts of a plot

according to Gustav Freytag:
introduction (beginning), rising action
(conflict in the story revealed), climax
(highest point in the story), falling action
(beginning of resolution/unwinding) and
denouement (final outcome).
THE ELEMENTS OF SHORT
STORY AND NOVEL
 THE ELEMENTS OF SHORT
STORY AND NOVEL

2. Characters. These are life-like people,

sometimes animals and even objects
that make the story realistic. Characters
may be classified as follows:
 THE ELEMENTS OF SHORT
STORY AND NOVEL
3. Setting. It refers to the time and location which the
story takes place. There are several aspects of a
story’s setting to consider. These are:

a. Place. Deals with the geographical location.

(external/internal)
b. Time. When the story taking place. (historical
period, day, afternoon or night)
c. Social conditions. What is the daily life of the
character? (speech, dress, mannerisms etc. of
that place.
d. Mood. What is the feeling being created of the
story. (Cheerful or frightening?)
 THE ELEMENTS OF SHORT
STORY AND NOVEL
4. Point of View. It refers to the method of
narration employed by the author. This
methods reveals whether the author or
the narrator is part of the story or outside
the story.

5. Conflict. It is the opposition of forces

which ties one incident to another and
makes the plot moves.
 TYPES OF CONFLICT
a. Man versus man. The leading character
struggle s with his physical strength
against other man/men.

b. Man versus environment. The leading

character struggles with his physical
strength against forces of nature like
typhoon, flood, earthquake, animals
etc.
 TYPES OF CONFLICT
c. Man versus supernatural being. The main
character struggles with his physical strength
against entities, ghosts, spirits, aliens and
the like.

d. Man versus Himself. The main character

struggles with himself.

e. Man versus society. The leading character

struggles against ideas, practices or customs
of other people.
 THE ELEMENTS OF SHORT
STORY AND NOVEL
6. Theme. It is the authors/writers underlying
meaning or main idea that he is trying to
convey.

Example of Theme:
Man and Woman are equal
People are afraid of change
Love is powerful
 ELEMENTS OF POETRY
1. Language. Poetic language considers
diction, vocabulary, and level. Language
is connotative that it employs words for
their flavor or feel.

2. Tone. It deals with the feeling, attitude,

stand or the poet’s way of looking at his
subjects or at the world. It maybe serious,
bitter, joyful or sad.
 ELEMENTS OF POETRY
3. Rhythm. It is determined by metrical
stress. Rhyme or echoing of sound is
characterized by the presence of masculine
rime, feminine rime, repetition, sound
pattern.

4. Thought and Meaning. What does the

poem means?
 ELEMENTS OF POETRY

5. Imagery. It suggests symbols. It is the

total sensory suggestion of poetry.
(auditory, gustatory, tactile, and bodily).
 OTHER LITERARY TERMS
• Catharsis. Refers to emotional involvement
by readers or audiences with characters or
situations that lead to deeper appreciation
of the narrative.

• Flashback. To recounts events that

happened before.

• Poetic Justice. Is a literary outcome in

which bad characters are punished and
good characters are rewarded.