Abstract

Wireless communications has become increasingly important in

technology, communication, and computer science. From cell phones to
wireless internet to home devices, everything is being converted from
wired into wireless. A major research and focus area in fact has been the
wireless sensor network. This network relies on low powered self-
contained nodes that sense the environment, such as temperature or
humidity. These nodes must be able to transfer and receive information
wirelessly. Indeed, a lot of research and funding has been put into
developing wireless systems. Most of the focus has gone to
radio frequency wireless communication.
This study describe the transverse of different digital modulation (ASK
and PSK) using simulation by Matlab program.
 Content Page no.

Chapter One
1.1 Motivation 1

1.2 Types of wireless systems 2

1.3 Applications of wireless systems 4

1.4 Wired vs. Wireless system 6

1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of wireless 7
systems
1.5.1 Advantages of Wireless Communication 7

1.5.2 Disadvantages of Wireless Communication 7

1-2. Project Objectives 8

1.3. Project Outline 8

Chapter Two
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Modulation 10

2.2.1 Analog Modulation 10

2.2.2 Digital Modulation 13

2.2.2.4 Differences between ASK and PSK 16

2.2.3 Differences between analog and digital systems 17

2.3 Communication system 19

2.4 Transmitter of the system 20

Chapter Three
3.1 introductions 21

3.2 3.2 ASK Modulation and Demodulation 22

3.3Algorithm generation of ASK 23

3.4 PSK Modulation and Demodulation 24

Algorithm of PSK Modulation and Demodulation 25

3.6 simulations Result 26

Conclusion 28
References 29

Program 31
 Chapter One

Introduction

1.1 Motivation

Wireless communication is the transfer of information or power between two or

more points that are not connected by an electrical conductor. The most common
wireless technologies use radio. With radio waves distances can be short, such as
a few meters for television or as far as thousands or even millions of kilometers
for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed,
mobile, and portable applications, including two-way radios, cellular telephones,
personal digital assistants (PDAs), and wireless networking. Other examples of
applications of radio wireless technology include GPS units, garage door
openers, wireless computer mice, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio
receivers, satellite television, broadcast television and cordless telephones.

Wireless operations permit services, such as long-range communications, that are

impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is
commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to
telecommunications systems (e.g. radio transmitters and receivers, remote
controls, etc.) which use some form of energy (e.g. radio waves, acoustic
energy,) to transfer information without the use of wires. Information is
transferred in this manner over both short and long distances. [1]

1
1.2 Types of wireless systems

1.2.1 Wireless PAN

Wireless personal area networks (WPANs) interconnect devices within a

relatively small area, that is generally within a person's reach. For example, both
Bluetooth radio and invisible infrared light provides a WPAN for interconnecting
a headset to a laptop. [2]

1.2.2 Wireless LAN

Wireless LANs are often used for connecting to local resources and to the
Internet, a wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices over a
short distance using a wireless distribution method, usually providing a
connection through an access point for internet access. The use of spread-
spectrum or OFDM (Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) technologies
may allow users to move around within a local coverage area, and still remain
connected to the network. [3]

1.2.3 Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

A wireless ad hoc network is also known as wireless mesh network or mobile ad

hoc network (MANETs). It is a wireless network made up of radio nodes
organized in a mesh topology. Each node forwards messages on behalf of the
other nodes and each node performs routing.

1.2.4 Wireless MAN

Wireless metropolitan area networks are a type of wireless network that connects
several wireless LANs.
2
1.2.5 Wireless WAN

Wireless wide area networks are wireless networks that typically cover large
areas, such as between neighboring towns and cities, or city and suburb. These
networks can be used to connect branch offices of business or as a public Internet
access system.

1.2.6 Global area network

A global area network (GAN) is a network used for supporting mobile across an
arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas, etc. The key
challenge in mobile communications is handing off user communications from
one local coverage area to the next. [4]

1.2.7 Space network

Space networks are networks used for communication between spacecraft,

usually in the vicinity of the Earth. The example of this is NASA's Network. Also

there are another two types of wireless, a radio frequency (RF): signal refers to a
wireless electromagnetic signal used as a form of communication, if one is
discussing wireless electronics. Radio waves are a form of electromagnetic
radiation with identified radio frequencies that range from 3Hz to 300 GHz. The
other type is Optical wireless: refers to the combined use of two technologies -
conventional radio-frequency (RF) wireless and optical fiber - for
telecommunication. Long-range links are provided by optical fiber (also known
as fiber optic cables), and links from the long-range end-points to end users are
accomplished by RF wireless. Sometimes the local links are provided by laser
systems, also known as free-space optics (FSO), rather than by RF wireless. [5]

3
1. 3Applications of wireless system

1.3.1 Mobile telephones

One of the best-known examples of wireless technology is the mobile phone, also
known as a cellular phone, with more than 4.6 billion mobile cellular
subscriptions worldwide. These wireless phones use radio waves from signal-
transmission towers to enable their users to make phone calls from many
locations worldwide. They can be used within range of the site used to house the
equipment required to transmit and receive the radio signals from these
instruments. [6]

1.3.2 Data communications

Wireless data communications are an essential component of mobile computing.

The various available technologies differ in local availability, coverage range and
performance, and in some circumstances, users must be able to employ multiple
connection types and switch between them. To simplify the experience for the
user, connection manager software can be used, or a mobile VPN deployed to
handle the multiple connections as a secure, single virtual network. [7]

Supporting technologies include:

 Wi-Fi
 Cellular data service
 Mobile Satellite Communications
 Wireless Sensor Networks

4
1.3.3Energy transfer

Wireless energy transfer is a process whereby electrical energy is transmitted

from a power source to an electrical load (Computer Load) that does not have a
built-in power source, without the use of interconnecting wires. There are two
different fundamental methods for wireless energy transfer. They can be
transferred using either far-field methods that involve beaming power/lasers,
radio or microwave transmissions or near-field using induction. Both methods
utilize electromagnetism and magnetic fields. [8]

1.3.4Medical technologies

New wireless technologies, such as mobile body area networks (MBAN), have
the capability to monitor blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen level and body
temperature. The MBAN works by sending low powered wireless signals to
receivers that feed into nursing stations or monitoring sites. This technology
helps with the intentional and unintentional risk of infection or disconnection that
arise from wired connections. [9]

1.3.5Computer interface devices

A battery powers computer interface devices such as a keyboard or mouse and

send signals to a receiver through a USB port by the way of a radio frequency
(RF) receiver. The RF design makes it possible for signals to be transmitted
wirelessly and expands the range of efficient use, usually up to 10 feet. Distance,
physical obstacles, competing signals. [10]

5
1.4 Wired vs. Wireless system

1.4.1 Wired Network

1. Wired networking requires cables to be connected to each and every computer
in the network.
2. Cost of a wired network is less as compared to wireless network as Ethernet,
cables, switches are not expensive.
3. Wired LAN offers better performance as compared to wireless networks.

4. Ethernet cables, Switches are used in wired network are reliable.

5. Security considerations for a wired network connected to the internet
are firewalls, Firewall software can be installed on each computer.

1.4.2 Wireless Network

1. Wireless network can be configured in two ways I.e. Adhoc or infrasture
mode. Wireless devices require WLAN cards and access points for
communication.
2. Wireless networks requires equipments like Wireless Adapters and access
points which are quite expensive. Cost of wireless networks is high as compared
to wired networks.
3. Maximum bandwidth provided by wireless network is about 11Mpbs.
4. The reliability of wireless network is less as compared to wired network.
5. WLANS use wired equivalent privacy (WEP) encryption to protect the data.
This makes wireless networks as secure as wired networks.
6. Laptops and other computing devices can be moved around freely within
the wireless network because mobility of wireless network is better as compared
to wired networks. [7]

6
1.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wireless system

1.5.1 Advantages of Wireless Communication

 As wireless frequency penetrates the walls, wireless networks are easy to

install anywhere based on choice. This flexibility is one of the great
benefits of wireless network where wired cable cannot be installed.
 Wireless networks are easy to install and easy to maintain compare to
messy wired counterparts. This will help when network grows and will
have hundreds to thousands of customers. [11]

1.5.2 Disadvantages of Wireless Communication

 Wireless networks require careful radio frequency planning at the

beginning of the installation.
 Wireless communication is subject to interference. There are various
receiver techniques and modulation techniques which make wireless system
robust against any kind of interference. [12]

7
1-2. Project Objectives

i) To study the wireless communication system.

ii) To make simulation program of implementation the transmitter and receiver of

wireless system using MatLab that uses BPSK and ASK modulation.

1.3. Project Outline

This project consists of four chapters. Chapter 1presents motivation, the
objectives and outline of the project. The chapter2 begins with brief explanations
of wirless systems Overview. Then, the chapter discusses on application,
advantages and disadvantages of wirless system. Also presents modulation &
demodulation techniques.Chapter3coverssimulationof transmitter and receiver
wireless communication system. Chapter four presents conclusion.

8
 Chapter Two
Overview of system
2.1 Introduction
Wireless communications is, by any measure, the fastest growing segment of the
communications industry. As such, it has captured the attention of the media and
the imagination of the public. Cellular phones have experienced exponential
growth over the last decade, and this growth continues unabated worldwide, with
more than a billion worldwide cell phone users projected in the near future.
Indeed, cellular phones have become a critical business tool and part of everyday
life in most developed countries, and are rapidly supplanting antiquated wire line
systems in many developing countries. In addition, wireless local area networks
are currently poised to supplement or replace wired networks in many businesses
and campuses. Many new applications, including wireless sensor networks,
automated highways and factories, smart homes and appliances, and remote
telemedicine, are emerging from research ideas to concrete systems. The
explosive growth of wireless systems coupled with the proliferation of laptop and
palmtop computers indicate a bright future for wireless networks, both as stand-
alone systems and as part of the larger networking infrastructure. However, many
technical challenges remain in designing robust wireless networks that deliver
the performance necessary to support emerging applications. [13]

9
2.2 Modulation

Modulation is a process of mixing a signal with a sinusoid to produce a new

signal. This new signal, conceivably, will have certain benefits over an un-
modulated signal. f(t)=A𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒕 + ∅)

We can see that this sinusoid has 3 parameters that can be altered, to affect the
shape of the graph. The first term, A, is called the magnitude, or amplitude of the
sinusoid. The next term, 𝝎 is known as the frequency, and the last term, ∅ is
known as the phase angle. All 3 parameters can be altered to transmit data. [13]

The Modulation Techniques of two types:

 Analog Modulation
 Digital Modulation

2.2.1 Analog Modulation

The Analog carrier signal is modulated by analog information signal so that

information bearing analog signal can travel larger distance without the fear of
loss due to absorption. [14]

The Analog modulation is of two types:

 Amplitude Modulation
 Angle Modulation

10
 Fig. (2-1) Basic Analog Communication System

Advantages of analog systems

1. Digital has finite levels and is easy to regenerate Analog has infinite levels and
never completely reproducible.
2. Digital offers multiplexing of different types of data, source coding, channel
coding, encryption and multiple access, all implemented in DSP Analog offers
them as well but is very hard to control.
3. Improved noise immunity and lower power consumption digital systems is
another advantage. Analog requires more power and lesser immunity. [14]

Disadvantages of Analog systems

Analog – Quality often degraded due to noise, Requires high quality processing
which in turn demands costly hardware, costly storage requirements due to more
data, high power requirements. [15]

11
Analog modulation techniques

 Amplitude modulation (AM), in which the height (i.e., the strength or

intensity) of the signal carrier is varied to represent the data being added to
the signal.
 Frequency modulation (FM), in which the frequency of the carrier
waveform is varied to reflect the frequency of the data.
 Phase modulation (PM), in which the frequency of the carrier waveform is
varied to reflect changes in the frequency of the data (similar but not the
same as FM).
 Polarization modulation, in which the angle of rotation of an optical carrier
signal is varied to reflect transmitted data.
 Pulse-code modulation, in which an analog signal is sampled to derive a
data stream that is used to modulate a digital carrier signal. [16]

Fig. (2-2) Analog Modulation techniques waves form

12
2.2.2Digital Modulation

In digital communications, the modulation process corresponds to switching or

keying the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a sinusoidal carrier wave according
to incoming digital data.

Three basic digital modulation techniques:

 Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) - special case of AM

 Frequency-shift keying (FSK) - special case of FM
 Phase-shift keying (PSK) - special case of PM

Advantages of digital systems

 Ease of programmability: The digital systems can be used for different

applications by simply changing the program without additional changes in
hardware.
 Reduction in cost of hardware: The cost of hardware gets reduced by use of
digital components and this has been possible due to advances in IC
technology. With ICs the number of components that can be placed in a
given area of Silicon are increased which helps in cost reduction.
 High speed: Digital processing of data ensures high speed of operation
which is possible due to advances in Digital Signal Processing.
 High reliability: Digital systems are highly reliable one of the reasons for
that is use of error correction codes. [18]
 Design is easy: The design of digital systems which require use of Boolean
algebra and other digital techniques is easier compared to analog
designing.

13
  Result can be reproduced easily: Since the output of digital systems unlike
analog systems is independent of temperature, noise, humidity and other
characteristics of components the reproducibility of results is higher in
digital systems than in analog systems. [15]

Disadvantages of digital systems

 Use more energy than analog circuits to accomplish the same tasks, thus
producing more heat as well.
 Digital circuits are often fragile, in that if a single piece of digital data is
lost or misinterpreted the meaning of large blocks of related data can
completely change.
 Digital computer manipulates discrete elements of information by means
of a binary code. [17][19]

Digital modulation methods

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

In the wireless digital communication, it is not easy to transmit the digital data
directly. This is because it needs to pass through the modulator and modulate the
carrier signal in order to send the signal effectively. One of the easiest ways is to
use the different data stream to change the amplitude of carrier, this kind of
modulation is called amplitude modulation, and we call it as amplitude shift
keying (ASK) modulation in digital communication. [18]

14
ASK modulation signal can be expressed as:

A cos 𝜔c t ……… for a=1 bit

𝑋𝐴𝑆𝐾(𝑡) =

0 ……………... for a=0 bit

Fig. (2-3) Amplitude shift keying

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

One of the simplest forms of digital modulation is binary or Bi-Phase Shift

Keying (BPSK). One application where this is used is for deep space telemetry.
The phase of a constant amplitude carrier signal moves between zero and 180
degrees. [18]

Fig. (2-4) Phase shift keying

15
Differences between ASK and PSK

ASK
• Advantage: simplicity

•Disadvantage: ASK is very susceptible to noise interference – noise usually

(only) affects the amplitude, therefore ASK is the modulation technique most
affected by noise

• Application: ASK is used to transmit digital data over optical fiber. [15]

PSK
•Advantage: ƒ PSK is less susceptible to errors than ASK, while it
requires/occupies the same bandwidth as ASK ƒ more efficient use of bandwidth
(higher data-rate) are possible, compared to FSK

• Disadvantage: more complex signal detection / recovery process, than in ASK

and FSK. [19]

Fig. (2-5)operation of ASK modulation

16
 Fig. (2-6)operation of PSK modulation

2.2.3 Differences between analog and digital systems [19]

Mode of Compression
Analog
Signal Analog signal is a continuous
signal which represents
physical measurements.
Waves Denoted by sine waves.
Representation Uses continuous range of
values to represent
information.
Example Human voice in air, analog
electronic devices.
Technology Analog technology records
waveforms as they are.
Digital
Digital signals are discrete time
signals generated by digital
modulation.
Denoted by square waves.
Uses discrete or discontinuous
values to represent information.
Computers, CDs, DVDs, and
other digital electronic devices.
Samples analog waveforms into
a limited set of numbers and
records them.

17
 Data Subjected to deterioration by Can be noise-immune without
transmissions noise during transmission and deterioration during
write/read cycle. transmission and write/read
cycle.
Response to More likely to get affected Less affected since noise
Noise reducing accuracy. response are analog in nature.
Flexibility Analog hardware is not Digital hardware is flexible in
flexible. implementation.
Uses Can be used in analog devices Best suited for Computing and
only. Best suited for audio digital electronics.
and video transmission.
Applications Thermometer PCs(personal communications
service), PDAs (Personal
digital assistants)
Bandwidth Analog signal processing can There is no guarantee that
be done in real time and digital signal processing can be
consumes less bandwidth. done in real time and consumes
more bandwidth to carry out the
same information.
Memory Stored in the form of wave Stored in the form of binary bit.
signal.
Power Analog instrument draws Digital instrument draws only
large power. negligible power.

18
2.3 Communication system

Communication is the basic process of exchanging information. The basic

components of electronic communication system are:

 Transmitter
 Communication channel
 Receiver

A Transmitter is a collection of electronic circuits designed to convert the

information into a signal suitable for transmission over a given communication
medium.

A Receiver collection of electronic circuits designed to convert the signal back

to the original information.
The Communication channels the medium by which the electronic signal is
transmitted from one place to another. [19]

Fig. (2-7) Communication system

19
2.4 Transmitter of the system

A transmitter is an electronic device used in telecommunications to produce radio

waves in order to transmit or send data with the aid of an antenna. The
transmitter is able to generate a radio frequency alternating current that is then
applied to the antenna, which, in turn, radiates this as radio waves. There are
many types of transmitters depending on the standard being used and the type of
device; for example, many modern devices that have communication capabilities
have transmitters such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, NFC (Near field communication) and
cellular. [17]

Fig. (2-8) Transmitter and receiver

20
 Chapter Three
Simulation of Modulation and Demodulation
Techniques
3.1 introductions

Modulation is defined process by which some characteristics of carrier signal

varied according with modulating signal. Here characteristics of carrier signal
like phase, angle, amplitude and frequency. And the modulating signal means the
massage signal which in binary form. Digital modulation techniques, consider
digital to analog conversion. and the demodulation or detection analog to digital
conversion. The modulation of digital signal information can be transmitted by
using cable, microwave system, satellite at different frequencies. As per practical
implement approach several type of delay, noise in analogous waveform which is
transmitted. All type of modulation techniques, as concern with practical
approach considering baseband signal and carrier frequency.
Type of modulation technique classified as following.
1. Binary phase shift keying (BPSK)
2. Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)
3. Amplitude shift keying (ASK)
4. Frequency shift keying (FSK)

In this project we are implementing the amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation
and demodulation ,and binary phase shift keying (BPSK) ) modulation and
demodulation in Matlab program by using M- File.[20][21]

21
3.2 ASK Modulation and Demodulation

a) Generation of ASK
In ASK modulator level of amplitude can be used to represent binary logic
0s and 1s.Wecan think of carrier signal as an ON or OFF Switch. In
modulated signal logic 0 is represented by the absence of carrier, thus giving
OFF/ON keying operation and hence the name given mathematically equation of
ASK. The fig (3.1) shows the ASK modulation

Fig. (3.1) ASK modulation

b) ASK Demodulators
At receiver side ASK modulated signal is multiplied by the carrier signal in
which is generated from the carrier generator output of multiplier consist of
higher frequency and lower frequency components this output of integrated
by integrator block and passed by Comparator block. Comparator blocks recover
digital data by comparing threshold values with integrated signal. The fig (3.2)
shows the ASK Demodulation
 ASK waveform act as ON/OFF. Pulse shaping can be employed to
remove spectral spreading.

22
  AKS poor performance, as it is heavily affected by noise, fading and
interference. [21]

Fig. (3.2) Block Diagram of Ask Demodulation

3.3Algorithm generation of ASK

A) ASK modulation
1. Generate carrier signal.
2. Start FOR loop
3. Generate binary data, message signal(on-off form)
4. Generate ASK modulated signal.
5. Plot message signal and ASK modulated signal.
6. End FOR loop.
7. Plot the binary data and carrier.
The M- file code of ASK modulation in appendix A [22]

23
B) ASK demodulation
1. Start FOR loop
2. Perform correlation of ASK signal with carrier to get decision variable
3. Make decision to get demodulated binary data. If x>0, choose ‘1’ else choose
‘0’
4. Plot the demodulated binary data.

The M- file code of ASK demodulation in appendix A

3.4 PSK Modulation and Demodulation

A) Generation of PSK

PSK is a digital modulation scheme conveys data by changing, or modulating,

the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave). PSK uses a finite number of
phases; each assigned a unique pattern of binary digits. Usually, each phase
encodes an equal number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms the symbol that is
represented by the particular phase. The demodulator, which is designed
specifically for the symbol-set used by the modulator, determines the phase of
the received signal and maps it back to the symbol it represents, thus recovering
the original data. The fig (3.3) shows the PSK modulation. [26]

In a coherent binary PSK system, the pair of signal S1(t) and S2 (t) used to
represent binary symbols 1 & 0 are defined by

S1 (t) = √2Eb/ Tb Cos 2πfct

S2 (t) =√2Eb/Tb (2πfct+π) = - √ 2Eb/Tb Cos 2πfct where 0 ≤ t< Tb and
Eb = Transmitted signed energy for bit
The carrier frequency fc =n/Tb for some fixed integer n. [23]

24
 Fig. (3.3) PSK modulation

b) PSK Demodulators

The received BPSK signal is applied to a correlator which is also supplied with a
locally generated reference signal c 1 (t). The correlated o/p is compared with a
threshold of zero volts. If x> 0, the receiver decides in favor of symbol 1. If x< 0,
it decides in favor of symbol 0.The fig (3.4) shows the PSK Demodulation.[24]

Fig (3.4) shows the PSK Demodulation

3.5 Algorithm of PSK Modulation and Demodulation [27]

Initialization commands

A) PSK modulation
1. Generate carrier signal.
2. Start FOR loop
25
3. Generate binary data, message signal in polar form
4. Generate PSK modulated signal.
5. Plot message signal and PSK modulated signal.
6. End FOR loop.
7. Plot the binary data and carrier.
The M- file code of PSK modulation in appendix B[25]

B) PSK demodulation
1. Start FOR loop
Perform correlation of PSK signal with carrier to get decision variable
2. Make decision to get demodulated binary data. If x>0, choose ‘1’ else choose
‘0’
3. Plot the demodulated binary data.
The M- file code of PSKDE modulation in appendix B

3.6 simulations Result

Figures (3.5) and (3.6) shows the waveform of ASK and PSK transceiver. The
curve (3.5 , 3.6) consist of the message signal , carrier signal , ASK , PSK
signal and original signal.

26
Fig. (3.5) waveform of ASK transceiver

Fig. (3.5) waveform of PSK transceiver

27
Conclusion

1- This study presented two different digital modulation transceiver (ASK

, PSK).

2- In general telecommunications, modulation is the process of conveying a

message signal, for example, a digital bit stream or an analog audio signal, inside
another signal that can be physically transmitted. Modulation of a sine waveform
transforms a narrow frequency range baseband message signal into
a passband signal, one that can pass through a filter.

3- digital modulation is to transfer a digital bit stream over an analog bandpass

channel, for example over the public switched telephone network (where a
bandpass filter limits the frequency range to (300–3400 Hz) or over a limited
radio frequency band.

28
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[25] B. Sklar, Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications, Prentice Hall,
[26] Communications Systems, H. Stern & S. Mahmoud, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2004, p.
283.
[27] Tom Nelson, Erik Perrins, and Michael Rice. "Common detectors for Tier 1
modulations". T. Nelson, E.

30
Program
%ASK Modulation
clc;
clear all;
close all;
%GENERATE CARRIER SIGNAL
Tb=1; fc=10;
t=0:Tb/100:1;
c=sqrt(2/Tb)*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
%generate message signal
N=8;
m=rand(1,N);
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N
t=[t1:.01:t2]
if m(i)>0.5
m(i)=1;
m_s=ones(1,length(t));
else
m(i)=0;
m_s=zeros(1,length(t));
end
message(i,:)=m_s;
%product of carrier and message
ask_sig(i,:)=c.*m_s;
t1=t1+(Tb+.01);
t2=t2+(Tb+.01);
%plot the message and ASK signal
subplot(5,1,2);axis([0 N -2 2]);plot(t,message(i,:),'r');
title('message signal');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('m(t)');grid on
hold on
subplot(5,1,4);plot(t,ask_sig(i,:));
title('ASK signal');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('s(t)');grid on
hold on
end
hold off
%Plot the carrier signal and input binary data
subplot(5,1,3);plot(t,c);
title('carrier signal');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('c(t)');grid on
subplot(5,1,1);stem(m);
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title('binary data bits');xlabel('n--->');ylabel('b(n)');grid on

% ASK Demodulation
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N
t=[t1:Tb/100:t2]
%correlator
x=sum(c.*ask_sig(i,:));
%decision device
if x>0
demod(i)=1;
else
demod(i)=0;
end
t1=t1+(Tb+.01);
t2=t2+(Tb+.01);
end
%plot demodulated binary data bits
subplot(5,1,5);stem(demod);
title('ASK demodulated signal'); xlabel('n--->');ylabel('b(n)');
grid on

% PSK modulation
clc;
clear all;
close all;
%GENERATE CARRIER SIGNAL
Tb=1;
t=0:Tb/100:Tb;
fc=2;
c=sqrt(2/Tb)*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
%generate message signal
N=8;
m=rand(1,N);
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N
t=[t1:.01:t2]
if m(i)>0.5
m(i)=1;
m_s=ones(1,length(t));
else
32
m(i)=0;
m_s=-1*ones(1,length(t));
end
message(i,:)=m_s;
%product of carrier and message signal
bpsk_sig(i,:)=c.*m_s;
%Plot the message and BPSK modulated signal
subplot(5,1,2);axis([0 N -2 2]);plot(t,message(i,:),'r');
title('message signal(POLAR form)');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('m(t)');
grid on; hold on;
subplot(5,1,4);plot(t,bpsk_sig(i,:));
title('BPSK signal');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('s(t)');
grid on; hold on;
t1=t1+1.01; t2=t2+1.01;
end
hold off
%plot the input binary data and carrier signal
subplot(5,1,1);stem(m);
title('binary data bits');xlabel('n--->');ylabel('b(n)'); grid on;
subplot(5,1,3);plot(t,c);
title('carrier signal');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('c(t)');
grid on;

% PSK Demodulation
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N
t=[t1:.01:t2]
%correlator
x=sum(c.*bpsk_sig(i,:));
%decision device
if x>0
demod(i)=1;
else
demod(i)=0;
end
t1=t1+1.01;
t2=t2+1.01;
end
%plot the demodulated data bits
subplot(5,1,5);stem(demod);
title('demodulated data');xlabel('n--->');ylabel('b(n)');
grid on
33